Kasten v. Interstate Casualty Co. of New York

Maeshall, J. The evidence goes no further than the complaint. It may be said to establish the fact of death as alleged, that is, that it was produced by the accidental planting of septic matter in the mouth of the deceased at or about the time his teeth were extracted. While the inference from the allegations of the complaint is that the introduction of the foreign substance, which subsequently caused death, into the person of the deceased, was accidental, it was nevertheless by an act to which he consented. So the rulings on the demurrer to the complaint and the motions for the direction of a verdict, all present the same question, which is, Admitting everything alleged, is plaintiff entitled to recover? Such being the case, the rulings will be considered together. The theory upon which the complaint was sustained and the verdict directed in respondent’s favor, and upon which her counsel seek to sustain such rulings, defeats them if the plain wording of the contract is to be given effect according to the obvious intention of the parties thereto. It is contended that the septic matter was accidentally introduced into the wound caused by the extraction of the teeth, by its being in the cotton with which the wound was plugged [76] to stop the hemorrhage; that it was absorbed from the cotton into the surrounding parts; that death was the result;, and that because the poisonous substance was thus accidentally planted, the calls of the policy for an injury caused by external, violent, and accidental means were all satisfied. Whether that be so or not, and if so, whether it can be said from the evidence, as a matter of law, that death ensued from the injuiy independently of all other causes, so as to satisfy the terms of the policy in that regard, are not by any means free from difficulty, but they are questions unnecessary to decide, because, the injury having been admittedly caused by something accidentally taken, administered, or absorbed, and death caused in whole or in part from such circumstances, by the plain language of the policy, the verdict should have been directed in favor of the defendant instead of the plaintiff. - While the word “ poison,” as used in the policy, may be construed to mean liquids commonly known as poisons, it is followed by the words “ or anything,” which clearly indicates that the intent was to include under the entire term everything of a poisonous nature. While it is true that, where the meaning of words in an insurance contract is in doubt, courts are to lean to that reasonable construction most favorable to the assured, they can go no further without making contracts for the parties which they did not intend to make. If words are plain, courts must give effect to them accordingly, or contractual obligations will be subject to variations and violations to suit the exigencies of particular cases. Here, in order to sustain a recovery, the court is asked, after having successfully passed difficulties in the way of holding that the death of the assured was caused solely by external, violent, and accidental means, in the face of evidence that the septic poison was voluntarily, though accidentally, planted in the system of the deceased, to pass the barrier by which the defendant excepted from the con [77] tract death caused in whole or in part by the administration or absorption, accidental or otherwise, of poison or any other substance. Ho precedent to which we have been referred by counsel, or which we have been able to discover, warrants a construction of the contract of insurance that will enable the court to do that. Humerous cases may be found to the effect that the clause excepting death caused by inhaling gas, accidentally or otherwise, only covers cases of voluntary conscious inhalation. Such are Fidelity & Casualty Co. v. Waterman, 161 Ill. 632; Travelers' Ins. Co. v. Dunlap, 160 Ill. 642; Paul v. Travelers' Ins. Co. 112 N. Y. 472; Menneiley v. Employers' L. Ass. Corp. 148 N. Y. 596, and Pickett v. Pacific M. L. Ins. Co. 144 Pa. St. 79; but they do not apply to this case. Here, there was not that absence of volition and consciousness that were the turning circumstances of those cases. The rule itself is by no means free from criticism, nor has it passed without criticism from respectable courts. Richardson v. Travelers' Ins. Co. 46 Fed. Rep. 843. Certainly no good reason can be given for extending it to cases of accidental taking or absorption of poisonous substances into the system through the voluntary use, for a remedial purpose, of some other substance. In the instances cited the word “ inhaled ” and the word “ take,” in view of other language used in the contract, were easily construed to contemplate voluntary conscious action, not in the sense that the victim should know the precise nature of what he was taking or inhaling, or its effect on his ■system, but that the thing taken should be by his act or permission. Here the cotton was placed in the mouth of the ■deceased by his permission. True, the fact that it contained the germs which propagated and evolved the poison which was, absorbed into the blood with fatal effects was unknown ■and accidental; but that was within the express terms of the exception under consideration. In Early v. Standard L. & Acc. Ins. Co. 71 N. W. Rep. 500, a very recent case, the su [78] preme court of Michigan reached the same conclusion to' which we have arrived; and to the same effect is Westmoreland v. Preferred Ago. Ins. Co. 75 Fed. Rep. 241, where chloroform was administered, from the effects of which, and some other causes, death ensued, and it was held that, as the chloroform would not alone have caused death, the accidental concurrence of some other unknown cause did not make a cause of action. Here the cotton alone would not have produced death. It was properly used, but on account of its containing the poisonous germs not known to exist in it, they were voluntarily, though accidentally, introduced into the system of the deceased, and the poison evolved by their propagation was thereby carried into the circulation., corrupting the blood and causing death. That is one of the very things most carefully guarded against by the words of the insurance contract. By the Court.— The judgment of the circuit court is reversed, and the cause remanded for further proceedings according to law.