Rupiper v. Calloway

Marshall, J. The first contention of the appellant is that sec. 3092, Stats. 1898, does not apply to a person circumstanced as respondent was when his motion was granted, because there was no judgment against him. The wording of such section is as follows: “ The court in which any such judgment shall have been rendered, otherwise than upon failure to answer, shall, upon application of the party against whom the same was rendered, his heirs, devisees, or assigns, within one year from the rendition thereof, vacate the judgment and grant a new trial upon condition that all costs recovered thereby or awarded on affirmance of such judgment on appeal or writ of error be paid, and that the applicant execute and file an undertaking, with sufficient sureties, in such sum as the court shall direct, to the effect that he will pay all costs and damages which may be finally awarded the other party.” It is claimed that the words “upon condition that all costs recovered thereby . . . be paid ” indicate that the benefit of the statute is confined to persons against whom a judgment for costs has been rendered, thereby excluding one who has a judgment for costs in his favor. The statute does not say that a person against whom a judgment on the merits, together with costs, shall have been rendered, may have a new trial. That would require a reading into it of words not there by necessary implication or by the manifest intent of the legislature, which is not permissible. Courts may ignore the literal sense of words even where there is no uncertainty of expression, in order to clear up obscurities and avoid absurd consequences, and to carry out the idea of the lawmakers, if such idea, in the light of all the aids that can properly be resorted to, [7] can be reasonably said to be covered by the language used (State ex rel. Heiden v. Ryan, 99 Wis. 123; Indianapolis & St. L. R. Co. v. Horst, 93 U. S. 300); but cannot arbitrarily read words into a statute or twist them out of their ordinary meaning for any purpose. In the statute under consideration it is provided, as before indicated, not that a person against whom a judgment for costs shall have been rendered may have a new trial, but that a person against whom a judgment has been rendered may have it vacated and a second trial, upon, as one of the conditions, payment of the costs recovered thereby. It is the fact that a judgment has been rendered against the party which creates the condition to be relieved by the statute. The payment of costs, if any be recovered by the judgment, is a condition of the relief. Obviously, if the- judgment is adverse to a party, yet no costs are recovered of him thereby, the condition as to the payment of costs does not apply, but he is entitled to a sec•ond trial regardless of that condition. The important question on this branch of the case is, Was plaintiff, when the new trial was ordered, a person against whom judgment had been rendered, within the meaning of the statute? In determining that, the court is not confined to the words of the judgment alone, any more than if called ■upon to determine the effect of a judgment in applying the -doctrine of res adjudieata. In other words, the judgment is to be considered with reference to the pleadings, and held to be as broad as the isssues raised thereby, upon which the court passed or might have passed in reaching the final con■clusion.in the case. Wentworth v. Racine Co. 99 Wis. 26; Cromwell v. Sac Co. 94 U. S. 351; Campbell v. Rankin, 99 U. S. 261; Van Valkenburgh v. Milwaukee, 43 Wis. 574. Every issue raised by the pleadings, and which was decided -or might have been decided in reaching the final conclusion involved, was as effectively closed by the judgment, to all future litigation between the parties, as the particular con8 elusion expressly covered by the language of the judgment. Case v. Hoffman, 100 Wis. 334; School Trustees v. Stocker, 42 N. J. Law, 115. Applying the foregoing doctrine to this case, the issues raised by the pleadings, as to the land which plaintiff did not recover, were, by the judgment, viewed in the light of such pleadings, decided against him. That decision was embraced within the judgment by implication, against the plaintiff, just as effectively as the decision in his favor as to the lands he did recover. Hence, as to such unfavorable decision, the judgment was against the plaintiff within the meaning of the statute under consideration. Any other interpretation of such statute would lead to the absurd result that if a person sue to recover several tracts of land and fail as to all of them, he can obtain a second trial; but if a judgment be rendered, which, if it shall stand, will preclude Mm from recovering any of the land except some one tract, however insignificant, no second trial can be obtained. The plain intent of the statute, as remarked by the circuit judge in his opinion, citing Howell v. Leavitt, 90 N. Y. 238, is to give to a person defeated in an action of ejectment, as to any land claimed by him, a second trial upon his complying with the specified conditions. That intent is not only reasonably within the language of the statute, but plainly covered by it. The absurd consequences of a contrary construction, if there is any uncertainty calling for construction, and none is perceived, require the court to seek for some other meaning which is reasonable and in accordance with the manifest legislative idea. To that end a literal, liberal, or strict construction of the language used may be adopted, as may seem best calculated to carry out the real purpose of the lawmakers, if within the reasonable meaning of the language used. This keeps strictly within the rule that statutes which are plain, having regard to the expressions used as well as to the results which the plainness of expression, if followed-, [9] ■will lead to, must be taken, to mean just what the natural import of the words used signifies. Duluth, S. S. & A. R. Co. v. Douglas Co. 103 Wis. 75. It also keeps strictly within the rule that the right to a second trial in an action of ejectment is purely a creature of the statute, and that a person is not entitled to such right unless he is so circumstanced as to be within the statutory provisions, giving to them such fair scope and meaning as to effect the purpose to give to a person a second opportunity to establish his title before being finally concluded in ejectment proceedings. The right to recover the land described in the complaint, aside from that described in the judgment, was, as before stated, to all intents and purposes, adjudged against' the plaintiff. He is concluded by that judgment, it having been rendered upon the merits. He was a party against whom the judgment was rendered, within the meaning of the statute, hence was entitled to have such judgment vacated, and to a new trial, upon his complying with the statutory conditions, the payment of costs not being one of them, because no costs were recovered by such adverse judgment. It is further contended by appellant that the court erred in granting a new trial before the condition of the statute was complied with, respecting the giving of an undertaking to pay the ultimate judgment for costs, should one be. rendered against the appellant. The language of the statute on that subject is plain. The giving of the undertaking is a condition precedent, not subsequent. A law would be exceedingly unreasonable that authorized the vacation of a judgment and the granting of a new trial upon a cohdition subsequent, which, if not performed, would require, in effect, a re-entry of the judgment, and unnecessarily deprive the successful party of the benefit of his recovery for a year, possibly. That meaning could not properly be attributed to a law unless plainly expressed, which is not the case in the statute under consideration. On the contrary, the lan [10] guage, as well as the reason of the statute, plainly indicates that the conditions of the vacation of the judgment are precedent, and that the new trial cannot be granted till the judgment shall have been first vacated. That is in accordance with the decisions elsewhere, and previous decisions of this court. Oetgen v. Ross, 36 Ill. 335; Haseltine v. Metcalf, 66 Wis. 209; Golden v. Snellen, 54 Ind. 282; Cook Co. v. Calumet & C. C. & D. Co. 131 Ill. 505. In the last case cited, the court held, in effect, that until the conditions are performed, named in the statute, the motion should not be entertained granting a new trial. In Oetgen v. Ross it was held that for an order to be entered at all, prior to the statutory provisions being satisfied, is not the better practice, and tha.t in any event, if so entered, it should be conditioned not to take effect till after the requisites of the statute are satisfied. In Golden v. Snellen it was held that the application for a new trial should not be made till the conditions precedent to its being granted are performed. Standard text writers uniformly refer to the performance of the statutory conditions as precedent to the entry of the order. Newell, Ejectment, 840; Sedgwick & W. Tr. Tit. lands, § 598. As a matter of practice it is considered that the judgment in this case should have been so framed as to show on its face that the case went against the plaintiff on the merits as to that part of the lands which he failed to recover. The fact that the effect of a judgment is to conclude a party as to land he fails to recover is at the foundation of the right to a second opportunity to .litigate the question in that regard. Forsythe v. Van Winkle, 11 Biss. 108. It is further considered that where the right of the party to several tracts of land is submitted to a jury and they render a verdict in favor of the plaintiff as to a part of such land and say nothing about the balance, the effect of it as to such balance is a finding of no cause of action, hence a [11] judgment dismissing tbe complaint as to such, balance, satisfies the statutory requirement that the judgment shall be in accordance with the verdict. It is further considered that it is the better practice to follow the statute strictly in entering an order for a second trial; that is, not only to require previous performance of the conditions mentioned in the statute, so far as they apply, but to so frame the order that it will show the facts in that regard and will in terms vacate the judgment and grant a new trial. The order here says nothing about vacating the judgment. The only way we can reach a conclusion that it was vacated is by inferring that, since the motion was for a new trial in conformity to sec. 3092, Stats. 1898, it included a request for a vacation of the judgment, and that, since the order in terms granted the motion, it operated as a vacation order as well as an order granting a new trial. It is just as easy, however, to follow the statute in such matters, in fact easier, it would seem, than not to do so, where the practitioner is seeking a strictly statutory right. By the Court.— The order is reversed, and the cause remanded with directions to deny the motion.