Finney v. Guy

Mat?.sttat,t,, J. As we view this case, the disposition of the question of whether the complaint states facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action against the defendant is decisive of the appeal. Some of the primary questions, upon which the ultimate question turns, are not free from difficulty. The nature of the statutory liability of stockholders of a bank to its creditors under the laws of Minnesota is precisely the same as under the laws of this state, according to the adjudications of the highest judicial tribunal in each. Sec. 2501 of the Minnesota statutes says that each stockholder in a bank shall be individually liable, in an amount equal to double the amount of stock held by him, for all the debts of such bank. Sec. 47 of the banking act of this state [Stats. 1898, p. 1537] provides that stockholders in a bank organized under the laws of this state, shall be indi — 264 — vidually responsible, to the amount of their respective shares of stock, for all its debts and liabilities of every kind. In Coleman v. White, 14 Wis. 700, it was said, in substance, that such liability is primary and absolute, attaching at the instant the liability of the bank accrues, but enforceable on a basis akin to that of a partnership liability, with the limitation fixed by statute of the par value of the stock held by each stockholder. To the same effect are Gianella v. Bigelow, 96 Wis. 185; Booth v. Dear, 96 Wis. 516; Gager v. Marsden, 101 Wis. 598; Foster v. Posson, 105 Wis. 99,— in which cases adjudications of the Minnesota court are cited as authority. The supreme court of Minnesota has decided that the liability is several of each stockholder to all the creditors, but joint in the sense that there must be one action in which all the liabilities of all the stockholders to all the creditors, and the equities of the stockholders between themselves, can be worked out. That is, in effect as stated by this court, that the liability of the stockholders is akin to that of partners, with a limitation as to extent thereof fixed by the statute. Allen v. Walsh, 25 Minn. 543; Arthur v. Willius, 44 Minn. 409; Harper v. Carroll, 66 Minn. 487; Hanson v. Davison, 73 Minn. 454. While the Minnesota court, in the two cases last cited, said that the liability is several, not joint, it is evident that the expression was not intended in a strict legal sense, for it was there distinctly held that, in respect to the manner the liability must necessarily be worked out, it is joint in that all the creditors participating must appear on one side of the controversy, and all the stockholders charged, within the jurisdiction of the court, must appear on the other. The courts of the two states are in perfect harmony in. that an action at law, as an original proceeding at least, cannot be brought in any jurisdiction by a single or any number of creditors against a single or any number of stockholders and that the liability, in view of the manner in which it must — 265 — be worked out, is nearer to that of partners to creditors of a partnership than to any other with which it can be compared, as was said by Dixorr, O. J., in Coleman v. White. The Minnesota statutes (Gen. Stats, secs. 5905, 5906) provide a remedy for the enforcement of the statutory liability of stockholders to creditors similar in all respects to that indicated by the statutes of this state on the same subject: secs. 3223, 3224, Stats. 1898. The courts in both states have held that the plain legislative purpose was to furnish, by the statutes referred to, a method for the enforcement of the statutory liability of stockholders, and that it requires one action in equity, in favor of all creditors, against all stockholders within the jurisdiction of the court, and against the corporation if there are corporate assets to be reached. Coleman v. White, Gianella v. Bigelow, and Booth v. Dear, supra (Wisconsin); Allen v. Walsh, Arthur v. Willius, supra (Minnesota). Both courts have said that the remedy plainly indicated by the legislature, for the enforcement of the liability, is inseparably connected with it and is exclusive. Allen v. Walsh, Foster v. Posson, supra. In regard to this last branch of the subject, it is claimed by the respondents that the doctrine of Allen v. Walsh has been to some extent changed, and that will be considered later. If we could rest the case at this point there would be no question but that the complaint is fatally defective. Unless the suggested modification of the doctrine of Allen v. Walsh in Minnesota requires a different result, such must be the decision, for two reasons: (1) The statutory right, coupled with the statutory remedy for its enforcement, clearly intended to be pursued at the home of the corporation, is not transitory. (2) The action in a Minnesota court is a bar to any other action to enforce the liability of stockholders. It is elementary that while a statutory remedy, not in terms exclusive, for the enforcement of a common-law right is cumulative, and that a statutory right, in the absence of — 266 — a remedy to enforce it, may be made available by some one of the ordinary remedies for the redress of wrongs, a statutory remedy, not by its terms cumulative, to en force a statutory right is exclusive. 1 Am. & En'g. Ency. of Law, 18ée. The ultimate question under consideration at this point, as appellant’s counsel suggests, was definitely passed upon in May v. Blade, 77 Wis. 101, where it was said that a statutory right, coupled with a remedy to make it effective, is enforceable only within the jurisdiction of its creation, and the statutory remedy is exclusive. Numerous cases are cited to support that doctrine, among them: Pollard v. Bailey, 20 Wall. 520; Fourth Nat. Bank v. Francklyn, 120 U. S. 747; Rocky Mountain Bank v. Bliss, 89 N. Y. 338; Christensen v. Eno, 106 N. Y. 97; Nimick v. Mingo I. W. Co. 25 W. Va. 184; Patterson v. Lynde, 112 Ill. 196. For further cases on the subject, see Huntington v. Attrill, 146 U. S. 657; New Haven H. N. Co. v. Linden Spring Co. 142 Mass. 349; Bank of N. A. v. Rindge, 154 Mass. 203. The subject was fully discussed in Pollard v. Bailey, supra, and the decision there reached has been followed without exception in the. federal supreme court. Waite, O. J., speaking for the court, said: “ The individual liability of stockholders in a corporation for the payment of its debts is always a creature of the statute. At common law it does not exist. The statute ■which creates it may also declare the purpose of its creation and provide the manner of its enforcement. Here the liability and the remedy were created by the same statute. This, being so, the remedy provided is exclusive of all others. A general liability created by a statute, without a remedy, may be enforced by a proper common-law action, but where the provision for the liability is coupled with a provision for a special remedy, that remedy and that alone must be employed.” So, in Erickson v. Nesmith, 4 Allen, 233, it was said: “ A creditor of a corporation established in New Hampshire, the stockholders of which are individually lia — 267 — ble for its debts under the statutes of that state, cannot maintain a bill in equity to enforce his claims against the stockholders in Massachusetts, although some of them live here.” In Marshall v. Sherman, 148 N. Y. 9, after an exhaustive review of decisions on the subject, it was said, in substance, ‘ that while it is not easy to state with exactness the principle upon which the courts of one state will not take jurisdiction of an action to enforce against one of its citizens a stockholder’s liability under the laws of another state, the ■ great weight of authority is against the maintenance of such an action.’ The case of May v. Black, 77 Wis. 101, is there cited as one of the significant instances where the law has been so declared. It is useless to pursue this subject further. There was little use of saying more in regard to it than to state the law as indicated and refer to the decisions of our own state establishing it as the prevailing rule here. Our attention is called to some recent adjudications which are said to conflict with the rule that a statutory liability of stockholders to creditors will not be enforced outside the jurisdiction of the state creating it, which, though' in point as to the abstract question, are not as applied to the facts of this case. One of the most significant cases referred to is Hancock Nat. Bank v. Ellis, 172 Mass. 39. It differs from Marshall v. Sherman, 148 N. Y. 9, in that it holds that the statutory liability of stockholders under the Kansas statute can be enforced in a foreign jurisdiction, solely upon the ground, however, that the law of Kansas does not furnish an exclusive remedy to enforce the right, according as such law is construed in the home jurisdiction; that every stockholder is thus liable in an action at law to the first creditor who pursues him, in any court where service can be made upon him, till he has paid the full amount of his statutory liability, such liability being treated as in every sense several and on contract, so that the remedy of a.creditor to enforce it — 268 — can as well be pursued in one jurisdiction as another; and that under such circumstances a foreign jurisdiction should lend its aid to creditors against stockholders within its reach if thereby no serious inconvenience or injustice will be inflicted upon its own citizens. Turning to those statutes coupling a right with a remedy against stockholders, the court said: “This court has many times decided that the statutes of other states, creating the liability of stockholders to creditors of a corporation, which provide for a suit of a special kind to which the corporation and all stockholders are to be made parties, will not in general be enforced by the courts of this state; the special remedy provided by the statute must be pursued, and as the statutes of a state have no force eye proprio vigore beyond the territorial limits of the state, the remedy usually must be pursued in the state where the corporation has been established and the statute passed.” Citing numerous cases in that and other courts, including May v. Black, 77 Wis. 101. The court, having come to the conclusion that the cause of action under the Kansas statute was transitory, tested the question of whether courts of Massachusetts should take jurisdiction to enforce it by the general principles governing the conduct of courts in enforcing rights dependent upon foreign laws, which principles, other than such as relate to penal statutes, were stated, in substance, as follows: the foreign law must not contravene the policy of the state whose jurisdiction is invoked, or be contrary to public morals or abstract justice, or be calculated to injure the state or its citizens; the jurisdiction invoked must be able to reach all the parties affected by thé litigation, so as to do complete justice between them, and it must be able to attain that end consistent with its own forms of procedure. Testing the situation before the court by such principles, it was concluded that the enforcement, in the courts of Massachusetts, of the statutory liability of a stockholder, resident in that state, of a Kansas banking corpora — 269 — tion, does no injustice to such stockholder, because, if he be compelled to pay, he has the same right to pursue his associate stockholders for contribution as if he were a citizen of, and compelled to respond to creditors in, Kansas; that the difficulties are no greater in the one case than in the other; that whatever difficulties exist, they were created by the Kansas statute, which permits individual actions at law •against stockholders wherever they may be found, which law entered into the stockholder’s contract with the corporation and its creditors when he became a member of such corporation. So it will be seen that the Massachusetts case, confidently relied upon by the respondents, does not militate at all against the doctrine that a statutory right, dependent in the home jurisdiction .upon a statutory remedy, must be enforced in such jurisdiction or not at all, nor against the doctrine that a statutory right cannot be enforced in a foreign jurisdiction unless all the necessary parties to an action of that kind are before the court, nor if its enforcement will violate the policy or will subject the citizens of the foreign jurisdiction to serious inconvenience or injustice. It was principally on the latter ground that the New York court, in Marshall v. Sherman, 148 N. Y. 9, declined to take jurisdiction. Another case confidently referred to is Western Nat. Bank v. Lawrence, 117 Mich. 669. The action was to enforce a statutory liability created by the Kansas statute, and jurisdiction was taken for the same reason as that stated by the Massachusetts court in the case before referred to, that is, upon the sole ground that the liability under the Kansas statute, as construed by its court, is enforceable by an action against any stockholder as an ordinary liability on contract, till such stockholder shall have paid to creditors the full amount for which he is responsible; that the action is transitory and should be enforced in all jurisdictions the same as other actions on contract, that can be as well enforced in — 270 — one jurisdiction as in another, and where there is no good reason why the foreign court should not lend its aid to the enforcement of the right. True, the Michigan court made the extraordinary statement that the right to maintain a suit to enforce a statutory right under the Kansas statute in Michigan does not depend upon the law of comity. That Avas unnecessary to the decision. It is directly contrary to Hancock Nat. Bank v. Ellis, 172 Mass. 39, and, as it seems, to elementary principles. In all cases where a court is called upon to give effect to a right dependent upon a foreign statute, it involves the enforcement of a foreign law'and its action in that regard depends upon the rule of comity. That, as it seems, is too clear for reasonable controversy. Neither Hancock Hat. Bank v. Ellis, Western Nat. Bank v. Lawrence, Bell v. Farwell, 176 Ill. 489, nor any other of the numerous cases that might be referred to regarding the enforcement of the statutory liability of stockholders to creditors, created by the Kansas statute, and statutes of other states creating a several liability of stockholders to creditors, in the sense that each stockholder is made liable directly to each creditor and may be made to respond accordingly in an action at law against him alone wherever he may be found, have any significance in determining the right of creditors in a foreign jurisdiction under statutes like that of Minnesota and this state, which plainly require the equities of all stockholders as between themselves to be worked out in a single action in equity at the home of the corporation, and the contributions of all stockholders accumulated in the action to be treated as one fund, to be administered for the benefit of all creditors in proportion to the respective claims against the corporation as established in such action, to which such corporation is a necessary party if there are corporate assets to be reached, and a proper party in respect to the issue regarding the indebtedness for which stockholders may be held liable. By a moment’s con — 271 — sideration of the distinction between the two statutory systems, represented by the Kansas statute and the statute of Minnesota, it will be seen that the remedial processes that will effect the purposes of one are entirely unadapted to the •other. A failure to keep such distinction in mind has led textwriters and courts into the error of supposing that the decisions in regard to one of such systems are in conflict with those in regard to the other. It is contended that, admitting the rule above discussed — that where a statutory right is created, coupled with' a specific remedy to enforce it, such remedy is exclusive and cannot be pursued outside the home jurisdiction, as indicated in May v. Black, 77 Wis. 101, — it does not apply here, because we are dealing with a Minnesota law and the supreme court of that state, in Hanson v. Davison, 73 Minn. 454, has decided that the statutory remedy given there to enforce the liability under consideration is only exclusive so far as it goes; that it requires an original action by a creditor or creditors in behalf of all persons so circumstanced who shall come into the action, against all the stockholders of the bank within .the jurisdiction of the court, and that the liabilities of all such stockholders must be there enforced, and the indebtedness of the corporation forming the basis therefor and for any action that may thereafter be brought in aid of the statutory action determined; that the statutory remedy does not preclude the institution and prosecution of ancillary actions to reach stockholders, either in the home or other jurisdictions, that cannot be reached in the first instance, and that such stockholders by such actions may be pursued in ■any jurisdiction in Minnesota where they can be found, and in any foreign jurisdiction where the court will permit it. Such is the state of the law as it now exists in Minnesota. It is a wide departure from the doctrine announced in Allen v. Walsh, 25 Minn. 543, where the statutes governing the subject were carefully and plainly construed, which construe — 272 — tion, for a period of some twenty years, covering that within which the liability in question accrued, was the settled law of the state. In the early case it was said that the statute prescribes a single action in equity, in which the liability of all stockholders to all creditors and the equities between the stockholders must be worked out or not at all. There is no room to mistake what the court intended in that case. The following language was used: “It is reasonable to suppose that the legislature intended by those sections [referring to the sections set forth in the complaint here] to provide an efficient and sole remedy for enforcing payment of the debts of an insolvent corporation out of the individual liability of its stockholders, for the rule is well settled that where a statute which creates a right also prescribes an adequate remedy the latter is to.be taken as the exclusive one; that the chapter which gives this remedy forms a part of the General Statutes, which, were adopted in 1866 and which contain the enactment that creates the statutory liability-, and therefore the rule referred to is fairly applicable. It is shown, from an examination of these sections, that the remedy they provide contemplates a single action, in which all persons having or claiming any interest in the said action shall be joined or properly represented and their rights, equities, and liabilities finally settled and determined.” We might easily, but it would draw this opinion out to an unnecessary length, refer to the decisions that followed Allen v. Walsh down to Hanson v. Davison and show that the plain language of the early case was taken and applied in every instance in its literal sense. In view of the foregoing we read with some surprise the statement of the court in the Hmison Case that the doctrine of Allen v. Walsh does not go so far as to preclude the institution and prosecution of an action ancillary to the principal action against those who cannot be brought in in the first instance. The reason of the later decision does not appeal — 273 — very strongly to onr judicial judgment. It starts out by overturning twenty years of established law at home and runs counter to the decisions of this and all other states where similar laws exist. While admitting that the Minnesota statute gives a specific remedy for the enforcement of the right under consideration, and that in pursuing such remedy the corporation may be a necessary party, and that such remedy must be pursued at the home of the corporation, the court not only ignores, as it seems, the law of the state long and firmly established, and that elsewhere, as indicated, but ignores the principle, of universal application, that a remedy coupled with a new right and evidently given for the purposes of its enforcement is exclusive. To justify the position taken, without expressly overruling its long line of decisions to the contrary, the Minnesota court arbitrarily ingrafted onto the existing system an element that the language of the statute and of the court construing it, as well as elementary principles, plainly exclude. To sustain the new doctrine that there must be a statutory action in the first instance, commenced and prosecuted to a termination, and that other actions may be brought in the home and other jurisdictions, it became necessary to hold that the result in the first action, as to all questions necessarily there litigated, is binding not only on all persons made parties to such action, but all so circumstanced that they might have been made parties could they have been found within the jurisdiction of the court, and on all parties that might have been admitted as participants in the action upon their own application; that in an ancillary action all questions litigated in the principal action must be deemed at rest, so that while defendants in the first action have their day in court as to the vital questions standing at the threshold of their liability, those in actions subsequently brought are bound without having that privilege; that while some stockholders can have their eauities as between themselves and as — 274 — sociate stockholders settled in the action where their liability is enforced, others may be made to respond and to cancel their liability, and then be compelled to resort to some other action, in some other jurisdiction, to settle their equities with their associates. It is recognized that it would be unjust to bind a stockholder by an adjudication in an action to which he is not a party; but it is said that such is not the result of the new doctrine, because in the first action the corporation stands for all of its stockholders who are not present. How .that can be it is easy to assert, but exceedingly difficult to demonstrate upon princijDle. The cases cited by the court do not appear to touch the question, as clearly indicated in the able dissenting opinion of Mr. Justice CaNty. We shall not take time to review the authorities which the learned court refers to, to sustain its position on this branch of the case; suffice it to say, that they are all cases to enforce corporate rights. They do not appear to be in point in any respect to the theory they are used to support; not ■one is a case to enforce a superadded liability of stockholders to creditors or case involving any analogous question. The corporation is not made a defendant in the principal action as a representative of the stockholders in any sense. It is joined of necessity only where there are corporate assets which ought to be applied to the payment of the debts. ■Otherwise, it is a proper party, but only for the purpose of •establishing against it as a finality the amount of the indebtedness for which the stockholders are liable. The primary right to be adjudicated in such an action is the stockholders’ liability. As an incident thereto, where there are corporate assets which should be applied to the payment of the indebtedness, the corporation must be brought in for the purpose of sequestrating and reaching such assets. If there are no such assets the corporation need not be made a party at all. That has been repeatedly held by this and other courts. Booth v. Dear, 96 Wis. 516; Sleeper v. Good — 275 — win, 67 Wis. 577; In re People's L. S. Ins. Co. 56 Minn. 180; Minneapolis B. Co. v. City Bank, 66 Minn. 441. We shall not further discuss the present state of the law governing the subject under consideration as it exists in the state of Minnesota. There are many features, not before referred to, that are entirely out of harmony with the law here and elsewhere under similar statutes. While the statutes of Minnesota, as construed by its court, are supreme in that state, their effect here depends upon the law of comity. The doctrine of Hanson v. Davison, 73 Minn. 454, as we view the decisions cited in support of it by respondents’ counsel, and all others bearing on the subject that have come under our notice, from a pretty thorough study thereof, is without substantial support except by Hale v. Hardon, 95 Fed. Rep. 747, where two federal district judges rendered a decision following such doctrine and reversing the circuit judge who decided the case in the first instance, and the third member of the court, a circuit judge, dissented from his associates in a vigorous and quite exhaustive opinion, in which he stated, in substance, after reviewing the authorities, that the decision in Hanson v. Davison is so out of harmony with the previously established doctrine of the Minnesota court and with elementary principles, and so subversive of the rights of parties equally interested in .a controversy to an equality of remedies, and of the right of every person to his day in court as to every material question involving his interest, that there is no rule of comity which requires or justifies its recognition in any other jurisdiction. With due respect for the able court that pronounced the decision in Hanson v. Davison, we have reached the same conclusion as that expressed in the dissenting opinion referred to. To give effect to the Minnesota statutes as now construed by its highest tribunal would be unjust to the de-iendant, because it would, in effect, make a liability enforce — 276 — able here that was not enforceable when it accrued and that could not have been enforced under the law of Minnesota as it existed prior thereto during the time the defendant was a member of the corporation; it would subject defendant to substantially an independent action to enforce her liability, while, when it accrued, it was enforceable only in an action in equity at the domicile of the corporation, having sole jurisdiction of the entire subject of stockholders’ liabilities to the creditors of the corporation, and of all questions necessarily incident thereto; it would conclude her, as to questions vital to her liability, by a judgment rendered in an action to which she was not a party; whereas when she became a member of the corporation she did so in contemplation of a liability with certain incidents, she would be burdened with materially different incidents; whereas the plain purpose of the law is that all stockholders shall stand equally as regards rights and remedies, it would subject the defendant to a much more burdensome remedy, before her ultimate rights could be determined and enforced, than it does the resident stockholders; it would result in giving to resident stockholders their day in court and denying that valuable right to the defendant; it would give effect to a 1-aw which is contrary to the policy of the law of this state. For these and many other reasons that might be named, the law of Minnesota, as at present understood, should not be made effective here. Clearly the court cannot, consistent with the rules of comity, give effect to a doctrine which, if recognized, would lead to the oppressive results mentioned. This court recognizes fully the importance of interstate comity and uniformly freely gives effect to it as regards the laws of sister states when it will not seriously violate the policy of our own laws or the rights of our own citizens. Tested by that standard and the most liberal rules usually applied to the subject, courts of this state cannot lend their — 277 — aid in the circumstances presented in the complaint before ns. A liberal course in the enforcement of the laws of other states in proper cases should be the rule, but the paramount duty of our judicial system is to safeguard our own state policy and prevent injustice to our own people within reasonable limits. Gilman v. Ketcham, 84 Wis. 60; Emery v. Burbank, 163 Mass. 326; Seamans v. Temple Co. 105 Mich. 400; Hancock Nat. Bank, v. Ellis, 172 Mass. 39; Dearing v. McKinnon D. & H. Co. 33 App. Div. 31. The doctrine of the Eanson Case, 73 Minn. 454, is not sustained, in its main features, in the home court, upon any other theory than that the corporation in the original action stands for all the absent members, and that a judgment as to it, after it has ceased to exist for any practical purpose, concludes such absent members on questions in which the corporation has no interest and as to which it is not bound to protect their interests. That doctrine, as stated in the dissenting opinion referred to, in the federal court, was never promulgated in Minnesota prior to Hanson v. Davison, and no case has been found elsewhere, except Hale v. Hardon, where it has been even partially recognized, unless based on some special statute entering into the contract sought to be enforced. The conclusion reached is, that the complaint fails to state a cause of action that can be entertained by the courts of this state, and that the decision of the Tower court to the contrary must be reversed and the cause remanded for further proceedings according to law. By the Oourt.— So ordered. Dodge, J. The decision in this case seems to me to destroy a clear and absolute right by denying any remedy for its enforcement, and that, too, for no better reason than mere inconvenience to courts in their procedure; an inconvenience, too, which seems to me rather imaginary than — 278 — real. This is a result which is not to the credit of the courts,, and should not be reached without a struggle .to avert it. The constitution of Minnesota provides, and at the time the defendant acquired his shares of stock did provide: “ Each stockholder in any corporation . . . shall be liable to the amount'of stock held or owned by him.” [Const, art, N, sec. 3.] Under that provision the defendant, with her co-stockholders, were permitted to be a corporation. By availing herself of that privilege she entered into an absolute contract with the creditors of the corporation to pay, if needed after exhausting the assets of the corporation, a sum equal to the par value of her stock. That such is her position, and such the relation to creditors which she assumed, is the settled law of the state of Minnesota. Willis v. Mabon, 48 Minn. 140; Hanson v. Davison, 73 Minn. 454. Not only is it the law now, but so it was at all the times when defendant acquired or held her stock. I can hardly believe that the suggestion is deliberately made in the opinion of my brethren that the court has changed the law by its decision in Hanson v. Davison so that it is now other than it was before. Courts do not make or change law — they declare and administer it — and the supreme court of Minnesota has, by the case last mentioned, simply declared what the law of that state has been ever since the adoption of the constitution. True, that court, or the author of the opinion, in an earlier case had indulged in certain remarks from which might be drawn inferences inconsistent with the decision in Hanson v. Davison, but those remarks were mere obiter diota, which, as is usual with obiter dicta, did not serve to make or establish any law, but merely to subject to criticism the opinion containing them. This absolute liability existing on the one hand and its corresponding right upon the other, this court is confronted by the command’of the constitution of Wisconsin (art. I, sec. 9): “Every person is entitled to a certain remedy in the laws for all in — 279 — juries or wrongs which he may receive in his person, property or character; he ought to obtain justice freely, and without being obliged to purchase it, completely and without denial, promptly and without delay, conformably to the laws.” That command is disobeyed, and the excuse does not seem to me sufficient. That excuse is that this court, like the court of Minnesota, long ago decided that serious inconvenience and confusion would result from enforcement of the individual liability of each stockholder at the behest of each creditor and therefore that, for mere convenience of procedure, the action which the courts were bound to extend to a creditor having such a right should be an equitable one, in Avhich, as plaintiffs, should be joined all the creditors, either actually or by representation, and to which should be joined such of the stockholders as could be brought within the jurisdiction of the court, together with the corporation itself, to the end that in the one action the court might ascertain the extent to which the assets of the corporation were inadequate to satisfy its debts and the resulting extent of the liability of stockholders, and could adjust and apportion that liability among such of them as were solvent. That is the whole scope and extent of the decisions in this state from Coleman v. White, 14 Wis. 700, to Foster v. Posson, 105 Wis. 99. That, too, is the full extent of the decisions of the supreme -court of Minnesota. Row, for the first time it is held that the judgment in such a suit discharges the liability of all stockholders, whether parties to it or not, and that the stockholder who evades the jurisdiction, either as a fugitive or as a nonresident, until the judgment has been rendered, has successfully defied and annulled the constitution of Minnesota and of this state as well. The cases referred to could not, with propriety, go further than decision of the questions presented in them. Courts are created to decide controversies, not to emit abstract — 280 — treatises. It is, therefore, as always, to be presumed that anyr utterances general in their terms were not intended by the court to apply to controversies or situations distinguishable from those present for decision. The assertion in Coleman v. White that a general equitable suit, with all creditors as plaintiffs, and all stockholders within the jurisdiction, ■together with the corporation, as defendants, is the exclusive remedy, could mean no more than that such remedy is exclusive of a direct action at law by one creditor against one stockholder when the equitable procedure was neither obstructed nor exhausted. So the assertion in Foster v. Posson that the judgment in such general suit is final as to all rights, whether as between creditors and stockholders or as between different stockholders, must be understood as limited to stockholders over whom the court had jurisdiction, since that was the situation of those litigating as alleged by the complaint, though the fact is not made apparent in the opinion. The suggested inconveniences attending the enforcement of the creditors’ rights against stockholders who successfully evade the jurisdiction in the original suit are quite fully demonstrated to be insignificant by the reasoning in Hanson v. Davison, 73 Minn. 454, and in Hale v. Hardon, 95 Fed. Rep. 747, which I shall forbear repeating. In the case presented by the complaint at bar there are absolutely none. The excess of debts over all assets in an amount exceeding the total stock, and the entire exhaustion of all stockholders over whom jurisdiction can be obtained, are set forth; and the absolute liability of defendant for a definite amount, with no possible right of contribution against any solvent co-stockholders, is made to fully appear. Is it not the part of justice to vindicate the clear rights of the plaintiffs in this case, where it is obvious that no undue or unequal injury will be done the defendant, rather than to perpetrate certain wrong on the plaintiffs from mere apprehension that — 281 — under some other circumstances it might not be easy to fully protect a defendant? If either is to suffer, should it not rather be the stockholder, who, by the same diligence she finds easy when demanding her dividends, could have informed herself of the general litigation and, by appearing therein, have protected herself from any inequality ? I the more deplore this decision because it diminishes the solvency of our own banks, and denies to their creditors the liability of any stockholders who, by reason of nonresidence or otherwise, may escape the process of the court in which the general equity suit must be prosecuted. It invites fraud and evasion by offering exemption to stockholders upon the easy expedient of placing their holdings in the names of nonresidents. These are evils which, with the probable drastic legislation to avert them, seem to me much more terrible than the inconvenience of courts or incongruity in mere forms of procedure. Since the decision of this case, the opinion of the supreme court of the United States in Whitman v. Oxford Nat. Bank, 176 U. S. 559, has been published, and seems to me to be squarely in conflict with the opinion of this court. True, the liability under the Kansas constitution was there under consideration, but the recovery was justified not alone because the statute of Kansas would permit it, but because the provision of the constitution was self-executing and, without the aid of any statute, imposed a contract liability upon holders of stock enforceable in any court of general jurisdiction, considerations equally characterizing the Minnesota constitution. In that case also is shown how untenable are the objections to the binding effect upon stockholders of the adjudication against the corporation in the general closing-up action, which objections are deemed so weighty by my brethren.