J. Thompson Manufacturing Co. v. Gunderson

BaRdebn, J. The facts in this case are involved in a great deal of doubt and uncertainty. Indeed, the confusion is so great that the labors of the court have been greatly increased in endeavoring to arrive at the ultimate rights of the parties. The contract regarding which the main controversy has arisen is as follows: “Beloit, Wis., May 18th, 1892. ,. “ G. 8. Gunderson, Beloit, Wis.: We will make and furnish and complete fifty tobacco transp. machines, built like your model planter, except we will furnish steel shoes instead of cast-iron, for the sum of forty dollars ($40.00) each. We are not to guaranty working of machines. You assume all risk, and will sell, set up, and start all machines, and get settlement for same. You to pay us six hundred dollars ($600.00) cash now, and the balance tó be settled by cash or good notes within ninety days. Respectfully, “ J. Thompson & Sons Meg. Co. •“Accepted. G. S. Gundeeson.” Under this contract the plaintiff claims to have manufactured fifty machines, thirty-nine of which were delivered, and the remainder were held in the shop subject to defendant’s order. It appears that the defendant was the inventor of'the machine. It had been tested to a limited extent during the years prior to 1892 by a crude model made under defendant’s directions. In the early part of 1892 defendant caused a complete model to be made, which was the one taken to plaintiff’s shops, and was the one referred to in the contract. This model had a cast-iron instead of a steel shoe. Whether the gatherers, concerning which a great deal of — 452 — controversy has arisen, were attached to the model, or were simply delivered at the shops, is a matter of very much doubt. It is practically agreed, however, that the machines sent out in 1892 had no gatherers upon them, and that the defendant set up and attempted to operate his machines without them. These gatherers were made of a narrow;, strip of steel, polished on one side, and designed to run in the ground and press the earth up to the plant after it had been set. In order for them to do good work it was necessary that they scour. Their cost was about fifty cents for each machine. It will be observed that the contract calls for a steel instead of a cast-iron shoe. The evidence shows that a large number of these machines (just how many no one can tell from the evidence) were sent out with cast-iron shoes,— whether with defendant’s consent and approval, or not, the evidence is equally uncertain. These facts, however, do appear : Prior to the date of the contract, plaintiff had manufactured a number of these machines,— just how many, no one appears to know. On May 14th one of the machines was sent to Spaulding, at Broadhead, and another to Wag-ley, at Orfordsville. On May 21st another was shipped to Perrigo, and on the 25th one to Poltz, at Clinton Junction,— each with a cast-iron shoe and without gatherers. On June 10th twenty more were sent to Spaulding. The defendant saw this consignment and knew that they had no gatherers and had the cast shoe. It is reasonably certain that the first four machines sent out had been made before the contract was drawn. It is equally certain that they were considered and treated as machines made under the contract. No one seems to be able to explain why the machines sent to Spaulding on June 10th had the cast-iron instead of the steel shoe, or why gatherers were not sent. The defendant knew of these facts before they were sent, and went out and set up and attempted to operate the machines, — 453 — without the least objection. The machines worked unsatisfactorily At defendant’s request, steel shoes were sent out, but for how many machines the evidence fails to give any light. The steel shoes failed to work because they would not scour. Only one of the machines sent out worked satisfactorily, and this was paid for. At some time before the opening of the season of 1893 the defendant bargained with plaintiff to remodel these machines according to his directions, for which he agreed to pay $5 each. Changes were made, but in how many no one seems to know. The machine was again tested in 1893, and failed to work because the shoes and gatherers would not scour. The defendant claims that, if the machines had been made according to the contract, he could have sold the entire lot the first season and realized a handsome profit on each one. The case was submitted to the jury on that basis, with the added qualification, stated in the charge of the court, that the law implied a further condition to the contract,— that the steel to be used in shoes and gatherers should be of such quality as would scour in the soils of this country, and if they did not meet this requirement it was not a compliance with the contract. ' We do not think the case was fairly submitted to the jury. In the. first place, if the machines sent out the first year with the cast-iron shoes and without gatherers were sent with the knowledge and consent of defendant, he cannot hold the plaintiff responsible in damages for their failure to work. Or if, with full opportunity for examination and knowledge on his part of the variance between the machines contracted for and the ones furnished, he took them and failed to give the plaintiff timely notice that he did not accept them as being in compliance with the contract, the defects will be deemed waived. Such is the law of this state. Locke v. Williamson, 40 Wis. 377; Morehouse v. Comstock, 42 Wis. 626; McClure v. Jefferson, 85 Wis. 208. The — 454 — fact that the machines were to be made like tbe model furnished does not alter the rule, so long as the defects complained of are obvious and conspicuous, as they were in this case. There was evidence in the case from which the jury might have inferred that the cast-iron shoes were put on by defendant’s consent, and that he likewise acquiesced in sending out the machines without the gatherers. The evidence as to notice given defendant is vague and indefinite, and somewhat in dispute. Under the charge of the court, no' such fact was presented to the jury; and, being fairly in the case, it was error not to so submit it. The jury might well have found a waiver of the exact conditions of the contract, under the circumstances in proof. An important question arises as to the true construction to be given to the contract in suit. The defendant seeks to apply the rule that when a manufacturer contracts to supply an article which he produces, to be applied to a particular purpose, so that the buyer necessarily trusts to the judgment and skill of the manufacturer, there is an implied warranty that it shall be reasonably fit for the purpose for which it is to be applied. This is the rule adopted by the court when he instructed the jury that the law implied an obligation on the part of plaintiff to use a quality of steel that would scour in the soils of this country. No such engagement appears on the face of the contract. The contract is to make a given number of machines according to the model, except that the shoes were to be steel instead of cast-iron. It is nothing more nor less than an executory contract to manufacture goods. The obligation imposed by the law, as stated by some of the authorities, is that the machines shall be free from any latent defect growing out of the process of manufacture. Durbrow & H. Mfg. Co. v. Cuming, 35 App. Div. 316; Cosgrove v. Bennett, 32 Minn. 371; Goulds v. Brophy, 42 Minn. 109; Carleton v Lombard, A. & Co. 149 N. Y. 137; Hoe v. Sanborn, 21 N. Y 552. — 455 — Durbrow & H. Mfg. Co. v. Cuming was a case where the plaintiff contracted to make 100 machines for sewing in sweat bands, in accordance with a model. The defense was that the machines did not work properly. The court say: “ The rule is well established that, in cases of executory contracts for the manufacture and sale of goods of a particular description, there is an implied warranty that they are free from any latent defect growing out of the process of manufacture, and that this is the sole warranty that attaches to such a contract. But when there are defects in the goods which could be discovered upon inspection, and the vendee neither returns nor offers to return the property, nor gives to the vendor notice or opportunity to take it back, in absence of a collateral warranty or agreement as to quality, he is conclusively presumed to have acquiesced, and may not therefore complain of inferior quality,” — citing Studer v. Bleistein, 115 N. Y. 316; Coplay I. Co. v. Pope, 108 N. Y. 232. ¥e obtain the following from Cosgrove v. Bennett, supra: “The defendant insists that a Avarranty is, under the circumstances, to be implied, that the mill ordered should be reasonably fit for the business for which it was intended. To this we do not agree. . ■. . The general rule is stated to be that, Avhen an article is ordered to be manufactured for. a particular use or purpose, there is an implied warranty that it is to be reasonably fit for such use or purpose. But when, as in this case, the article ordered was to be of a particular design or pattern, well defined and understood between the parties, and the article made and delivered in pursuance of the contract conforms to the pattern or model, there is no warranty implied, further than it should be of good Avork-manship and material.” Along the same line is the case of Gachet v. Warren, 12 Ala. 288, in which Chief Justice Bbicicell used the following language: “ But if a manufacturer or dealer contracts to sell a known and described thing, although he may know — 456 — the purchaser intends it for a specific use, if he delivers the thing sold there is no implied warranty that it will answer or is suitable for the specific use to which the purchaser intends applying it.” Another ease very frequently cited is Whitmore v. South Boston I. Co. 2 Allen, 52, and which fully sustains the general doctrine. In Mason v. Chappell, 15 Grat. 572, it is said that where a specific article is ordered and furnished, although the purchaser states the purpose to which he intends to apply it, there is no implied warranty on the part of the vendor that it is suitable for that purpose; and he will not, in absence of fraud or an express warranty, be held liable, however unfit and defective it may turn out to be. In further support of this same rule is Wis. R. P. B. Co. v. Hood, 54 Minn. 543, which says: “If an order be given for a specific article, of a recognized kind or description, and the article is supplied, there is no warranty that it will answer the purpose described or supposed, although intended and expected to do so.” The ground upon which the seller or manufacturer is held liable on the warranty is whether the purpose, and not the specified article, is the essential matter of the contract. A copious note covering the question of implied warranty on sales of personal property may be found appended to the case of McQuaid v. Ross (85 Wis. 492) in 22 L. R. A. 187. A case bearing a close parallel to the one at bar is Schoenberger v. McEwen, 15 Ill. App. 496; the holding being that where one orders an article of a manufacturer, and designates a particular kind of material out of which the article is to be made in whole or in part, such material not being made by the manufacturer himself, if he uses the designated material the law does not imply a warranty as to its quality or fitness, unless it be shown that the -manufacturer failed to use reasonable and ordinary care in selecting it. In Cunningham v. Hall, 4 Allen, 268, the contract was for the con — 457 — struction of a vessel, in which it was agreed that it should be covered with pine plank; the builder to see “that she is just right in all respects.” It was held that the latter agreement was qualified by the former, and that the purchaser assumed the risk of defects which were naturally incident to pine plank and not known to the builder and could not have been discovered by him by the exercise of reasonable care and skill. And in such case there is no implied warranty which will cover the defect. Reference has been made to the authorities in other states to show how deeply the rules thus stated are intrenched in the jurisprudence of this country. Following this line of authorities, this court held in Milwaukee B. Co. v. Duncan, 87 Wis. 120, that when a known, described, and defined article is ordered of a manufacturer, although it is stated to be required by the purchaser for a particular purpose, still, if the thing described be actually supplied, there is no warranty that it should answer the particular purpose intended by the buyer; and if the article is sold by a formal written contract, which is silent on the subject of warranty, no warranty can be ingrafted or added to the written contract. There is some language in the opinion in J. I. Case P. Works v. Niles & Scott Co. 90 Wis. 590, which is supposed to encroach upon this rule. In that case the evidence tended to show that the wheels in controversy ought to have been made of refined iron. There was a stipulation against the use of defective material, and the court said, in effect, that this stipulation meant that material not suited for the purpose should not be used, and that it was no compliance with the contract to use a kind of iron unfit to be used in the manufacture of such wheels. Stress was laid upon the stipulation against the use of defective material, and it was said that this was “ substantially an agreement that material not suitable to the purpose should not be used, and required that the iron for the spokes should be of the necessary grade and — 458 — quality, if there was any such procurable in the market.” If this is to be construed to mean that r'efined iron should have been used, and that such was the implied agreement, the case goes beyond any to be found in the books. If, however, the meaning intended was that the manufacturer was bound to use reasonable cai’e in the selection of material for the wheels, and that he ought not to have used a kind of iron notoriously unfit for the purpose intended, it can easily be reconciled with the cases cited. Any broader construction than the one last suggested ought not to be sustained. This result is reached by a construction of the contract itself, and not by the interpolation of implied covenants. Applying the principles of law hereinbefore stated to the case before us, we are satisfied that no implied warranty arose, from the contract in suit, that the steel to be used for the manufacture of the shoes and gatherers should “ scour in the soils of this country.” The law implied an obligation that plaintiff should use reasonable care in the selection of the materials, and that, in so far as the plaintiff’s efforts entered into the manufacture of the materials, there should be no latent defects in either materials or workmanship. The proof is undisputed that plaintiff used open-hearth steel for the shoes and gatherers,— a kind of steel in common use, and a kind the plaintiff had used for many years in the manufacture of a corn planter which it had been selling, and which had worked successfully. The instruction given the jury by the court furnished no proper test of the plaintiff’s liability. The court further instructed the jury that, if they found for the defendant, he might recover the profits he would have made on the entire lot of machines. This was error, because one of the machines, at least, had been accepted and paid for. The court also proceeded upon the assumption that the machines were entirely worthless. The defendant testified that they were perfect in every respect, except as to the shoes — 459 — and gatherers. The evidence does not show what it would have cost to have obtained new shoes or gatherers, but it is-perfectly evident therefrom that the cost would not have exceeded $5 or $6 for each machine. These portions could easily have been duplicated, and the entire machine could have been utilized. Moreover, none of the machines was returned to plaintiff. The evidence fails to disclose any basis upon which we can compute their value, but they were certainly worth something. The rule is that if the vendee retains the property, without any offer to return, he takes upon himself the burden of showing that the property purchased is entirely worthless, not only for the purpose for which it was purchased, but for every purpose. In such case the vendor may recover the real value of the chattel, if any, notwithstanding its total unfitness for the use for which it was purchased. Warder v. Fisher, 48 Wis. 338. In such case the measure of damages would be the difference between the contract price and the actual value, and, if the case should show special damages, the vendee would.also be entitled to recoup or recover such as he had properly alleged and proven. IJpon any proper theory of the case, the rule of recovery given by the court was erroneous. Many other questions have been raised and discussed, but sufficient has been said to cover the main issues in the case and furnish a proper" guide upon another trial. By the Oourt.— The judgment of the circuit court is reversed, and the cause remanded for a new trial.