Lyle v. McCormick Harvesting Machine Co.

Dodge, J. 1. The first, second, and third assignments of error naturally fall together for the purposes of discussion.. They present the question whether plaintiff has shown himself entitled to any damages, and, if so, to what amount85 These questions were raised by the motion for nonsuit and for direction of verdict and for an instruction to allow only nominal damages for the reason that no actual damages had been proved. Appellant’s position is predicated upon the propositions: (1) That the action is not in tort, for the reason that the disposal of the note by the defendant is not alleged to have been wrongful, and that it is neither alleged nor proved that the note was in its possession or control at the time when plaintiff’s contract right to and demand for its delivery came; therefore no conversion or other wrong could be committed by refusing its delivery. (2) That, being an action on contract, it falls within the class of those where the contract is substantially one of indemnity, and in this case is to be construed as indemnity only against the damage resulting from liability on the note, and therefore cannot be maintained until damage has been actually suffered by the compulsory payment of the note or the judgment thereon. (3) That, defendant being insolvent, the note has no value, and liability thereon occasions him no damage. In the view we have taken of the other propositions, the first need not be authoritatively decided. It is urged in response thereto that, although no tort may have been committed at the time of refusing plaintiff's demand, still the defendant was under a duty to retain the note within its control so as to enable its delivery in case the plaintiff demanded it, and that its disposal thereof even before demand was in breach of that duty to the plaintiff, and therefore a conversion. In either event the measure of damage would be the value of the note prima facie, there being no special damages alleged. Such value, of course, might involve consideration of plaintiff's financial condition, and perhaps other circumstances. The second proposition presents an interesting and somewhat novel question, upon which no entirely direct authority has been cited, and little has resulted from our own re — 86 — search. The principle is well recognized that, in case of an agreement to indemnify, ordinarily the construction of indemnity against damage only will be adopted, rather than indemnity against mere liability. This proposition is decided in Thompson v. Taylor, 30 Wis. 68, 72, and Taylor v. Coon, 79 Wis. 83, while the enforceability of a contract of indemnity clearly against liability alone is established by Smith v. C. & N. W. R. Co. 18 Wis. 17, 24. This contract before us, however, on its face is not a contract of indemnity. It is a plain and simple contract, under the circumstances shown to exist,- to deliver up plaintiff’s note upon demand. That demand being made, and not complied with, a distinct and complete breach of defendant’s contract was committed, and no reason is apparent why the plaintiff should not have a right to maintain an action upon such breach for whatever damages he has suffered. The measure of damages in an action for the breach of a contract is, of course, contractual. It is that which the defendant, either expressly or impliedly, has agreed to pay upon nonfulfilment of his stipulation. Where there is no express agreement as to what those damages shall be, the law raises the implication that they shall be compensation for what the plaintiff suffers by reason of the breach, so far as reasonably to be contemplated by the parties at the time of contracting. Analyzing the situation in the light of that principle, obviously the damage which fell upon the plaintiff in this case by reason of noncompiiance with the agreement to deliver up his note was the continued existence against him of a liability thereon; a liability the very existence of which was a breach of his right. The question, therefore, for trial was, What would compensate him for that liability ? It cannot be said that the damage which he suffered by defendant’s breach of its contract could only be what he might at some future time have to pay, for that would not be the damage falling upon him at the time of and by reason of the breach. That would result — 87 — from various subsequent circumstances. If the note were in the hands of the defendant, overdue, so that a perfect defense thereto might be made, he might ultimately have to pay nothing, or only the expenses of defense, while under other circumstances he might be put to expense and pecuniary loss much greater than the amount of the note. In Barth v. Graf, 101 Wis. 27, 40, this general subject was considerably discussed, and the language of Church, C. J., from Kohler v. Matlage, 72 N. Y. 259, was quoted with approval, as follows: “ It is settled that upon an obligation to do a particular thing, or to pay a debt for which the covenantee is liable, or to indemnify against liability, the right of action is complete on the defendant’s failure to do the particular thing he agreed to perform, or to pay the debt, or discharge the liability.” This language was used in a case where a retiring partner gave bond to his copart-ners to pay on a day fixed certain debts for which all were liable. On his failure so to do, the obligees were held to have a complete cause of action for the amount of those debts; the court saying that, if there had been merely a bond to indemnify against damage by reason of those debts, no cause of action would have existed until they had actually paid them. This view was also taken in Loosemore v. Radford, 9 Mees. & W. 657, in which case the defendant, a debtor, had agreed with the plaintiff, his surety, that he would pay the guaranteed debt by a day certain. On failure so to do, it was held that the cause of action of his surety was complete, although the latter had not been called on to pay. Numerous other authorities similar in effect may be found. Lathrop v. Atwood, 21 Conn. 125; Redfield v. Haight, 27 Conn. 31; Gage v. Lewis, 68 Ill. 604, 617; Merriam v. Pine City L. Co. 23 Minn. 314, 322; Johnson v. Britton, 23 Ind. 105; Wilson v. Stilwell, 9 Ohio St. 467; Sedgwick, Damages (8th ed.), §§ 786, 789. The reasoning of these cases seems to us founded on sound — 88 — principle. The breach of contract by the defendant is complete, and in analogy to all other situations the plaintiff should have his right of action therefor. If the measure of his damages is still involved in some degree of uncertainty, or if possibly a recovery of the full amount of the face of the note may work injustice to the defendant, still it must be remembered that the situation results from the fault of the latter, and not of the former. The postponement of the plaintiff’s recovery till he has paid, especially if he be poor or embarrassed, may subject him to serious injuries meanwhile, enhanced by his poverty. His attempts to do business or to emerge from his state of insolvency may be thwarted at every turn by the impairment of his credit from the mere existence of the liability. Any property acquired by him may be promptly sacrificed in the effort to enforce that liability, and still the debt remain unpaid, and he without remedy; and that, too, without any fault on his part save poverty. As' between the two, inconvenience should fall on the guilty rather than the innocent. The peril, suggested by defendant, that plaintiff may recover and collect judgment against defendant, and still not pay the note, was pointed out, and held not sufficient to prevent a recovery, in Loosemore v. Radford, 9 Mees. & W. 657, and was considered in Johnson v. Britton, 23 Ind. 105, where it was shown that under Code practice, where law and equity are administered by the same court, it might readily be averted by equitable counterclaim. Two decisions of our own court are cited by appellant as in conflict with conclusions here reached, namely, Learned v. Bishop, 42 Wis. 470, and Selleck v. Griswold, 57 Wis. 291. In those cases a purchaser of real estate had assumed and agreed to pay certain incumbrances thereon. The holders of those incumbrances had thereafter demanded and taken proceedings to enforce payment of the indebtedness secured by such incumbrances against the grantors, and the latter — 89 — had sued their grantees. The court disposed of the cases on the ground that the effect of the contract assuming and agreeing to pay the debts was to constitute the purchasers of the land principal debtors, and the grantors sureties merely, whereupon they applied the familiar doctrine that the implied contract from a principal to his surety is merely to protect the latter from damage resulting to him by reason of the liability assumed, not to indemnify him against liability alone,— a principle reiterated in Momsen v. Noyes, 105 Wis. 565. The grounds upon which these decisions went, as well as the fact that there was no time specified at which the grantees of the land had agreed to pay these debts, we think clearly distinguish them in principle from the class of cases last before cited and from the case in hand. The case of Learned v. Bishop is further distinguishable by the fact that it was not an action for a breach of the contract to pay the incumbrance, but -was a suit in equity to foreclose a mortgage given to secure an agreement to pay that debt and to hold the mortgagee harmless from it; and relief was refused on the ground that the only part of the contract which the mortgage secured was the indemnity clause, which would not be breached until the mortgagee suffered harm. From what has been said it is apparent that no error was committed in refusing to hold that no damages, or only nominal damages, had been suffered, because the plaintiff was insolvent or execution proof, even if such fact conclusively appeared. A note is not necessarily entirely valueless «because its maker is insolvent, or because no property subject to execution exists. Many a note has been paid notwithstanding such condition. That situation, too, would largely disappear upon recovery of judgment in plaintiff’s favor which might be in reach of execution. Still less is it true, as already pointed out, that insolvency precludes damage to the maker of such a note from its existence as a liability against him. At most, plaintiff’s financial condition — 90 — was a circumstance to be considered by the jury in assessing the damages. It was so treated. 2. Error is assigned for that the court refused defendant’s request to submit a question for consideration: “ Could the judgment obtained by J. H. Weber against the plaintiff upon his note, which has not been paid, be collected upon execution ? ” Defendant points out that there was evidence of declarations made by the plaintiff of his insolvency and invulnerability to execution at some previous date. The court submitted to the jury question 15, as to the amount of plaintiff’s damages, and instructed them generally that the measure of damages is jprimafaoie the amount due on the note, but that the defendant was at liberty to reduce this valuation or amount by showing the insolvency of the maker thereof; the measure of damages being the actual value of the note to be found from the evidence. We think no error was committed in refusing to submit this question. The special verdict should properly pass upon all the material controverted issues of the case, but ordinarily there is no propriety in going further and inviting the jury to pass upon each conflict of testimony upon evidentiary facts. Ward v. C., M. & St. P. R. Co. 102 Wis. 215, 220; Baxter v. C. & N. W. R. Co. 104 Wis. 307, 317. The jury were informed that the solvency or collectibility of the plaintiff was an element to be taken into consideration in ascertaining the amount of his damages. This sufficiently submitted to them the question which would have been presented by defendant’s interrogatory, which at best was merely a collateral consideration in reaching a conclusion upon the real issue of the amount of the plaintiff’s damage. 3. The charge is criticised as being a general one, and not merely a series of directions calculated to aid the jury in understanding and answering the several questions submitted to .them, within the remarks of this court in McDermott v. Jackson, 102 Wis. 419; Fox v. Martin, 104 Wis. 581; Rhyner — 91 — v. Menasha, 107 Wis. 201. We are unable to discover any error in this respect prejudicial to the defendant. True, the court did not — as is very good practice — take up each question and explain to the jury its meaning and their method of consideration of it. It is due to the court, however, to-say that most of the questions were so clear and unambiguous that such instruction was hardly necessary. The charge is made up of general instructions as to weight of evidence, burden of proof, and the conduct of the jury generally, more- or less applicable to their consideration of every question; but we do not find it obnoxious to the criticism that general rules of law governing the rights of the parties are given to-the jury therein so as to inform the latter of the effect of their answer either way to any interrogatories. Ward v. C., M. & St. P. R. Co. 102 Wis. 225; New Home S. M. Co. v. Simon, 104 Wis. 120, 126. It should also be borne in mind that no requests for specific instructions with reference to-any of the questions were made by the defendant, except as hereafter discussed. 4. The sixth assignment of error is predicated upon the-court’s refusal to give the instruction as to the sixth question set out in the statement of facts. This instruction is open to the criticism that the only portion of it which is in any wise broader or more instructive than the question itself is obnoxious to the rule stated under the last assignment,— that instructions of a general character, such as to inform the jury of the effect of their conclusions upon the rights of the parties, should not be given. It substantially informed the jury that the rights of the parties were not to be affected by the question of who suggested that the machine should not be tried or tested on June 21st. In that respect it is improper, and under the provision of the statutes that an instruction is to be either refused or given in the exact words in which it is presented no error can be predicated upon its refusal alone. We think, also, that the question itself was92 so clear and unambiguous as not to require, for the protection of either party, any qualifying charge; so that failure to caution the jury in the line suggested by appellant’s request was not prejudicial, although such caution, if given, might not have been improper. By the Court.— Judgment affirmed.