Becker v. Chester

The following opinion was filed June 19, 1902: Maksiiali,, J. This action pertains to the settlement of the estate of Sherburn S. Merrill, deceased. The county court having jurisdiction of the subject matter thereof had full original jurisdiction to hear all questions and make all orders necessary to a complete adjustment of the rights of all the-parties interested. By a judicial rule, and by statute as well, that jurisdiction was exclusive, precluding the legitimate commencement of this suit in the circuit court unless .jurisdiction by the latter court existed under some of the exceptions to such rule. Catlin v. Wheeler, 49 Wis. 507, 5 N. W. 935; Meyer v. Garthwaite, 92 Wis. 571, 66 N. W. 704; Burnham v. Norton, 100 Wis. 13, 75 N. W. 304; ch. 5, Laws of 1899. Counsel for appellants claim that the circuit court had jurisdiction, first, because the purpose of the suit was to “construe a will;” second, because the object of the suit, in part, was “to affect or pass the title to- real property;” and third, because .“the county court could not afford a remedy as adequate, complete, prompt or efficient as the circuit court.” We do not depm it necessary to consider any of those grounds of jurisdiction except the last. Whether this suit can be — 103 — sensibly deemed an action to construe a will, when the primary-object thereof is neither that nor one sought to be obtained, necessarily, by invoking judicial construction of a will, but rather by a judicial avoidance thereof; and -whether it can reasonably be said that the action is to affect or pass the title to real estate, when the primary object thereof is manifestly to charge the executors of the Merrill will as trustees of a resulting trust, and no effect to pass title by judicial decree is sought or will probably be necessary in any view of the case, — is by no means clear. It seems, however, that it is not unreasonable to hold that, if appellants have a cause of action against the executors on the facts alleged, the county court could not afford a remedy “as adequate, complete, prompt or efficient as the circuit court.” The quoted language is from ch. 5, Laws of 1899, which was manifestly intended to put prior judicial rules on the subject into statute law and furnish a definite legislative guide in the administration of justice. In doing so the broadest possible view, so to speak, of the effect of the decisions of this court, was taken. The words, “full and ample relief” used in Batchelder v. Batchelder, 20 Wis. 452, “complete and adequate relief” used in Hawley v. Tesch, 12 Wis. 299, 39 N. W. 483, “complete and efficient relief” used in Burnham v. Norton, 100 Wis. 13, 75 N. W. 304, and “practicable, efficient and prompt,” used in Meyer v. Garthwaite, 92 Wis. 571, 66 N. W. 704, construing the words “adequate and complete,” and other expressions found in the cases cited, to the effect that, in special circumstances deemed sufficient in the sound discretion of the circuit court to warrant the use of its original jurisdiction notwithstanding competency of the county court to afford a full and complete remedy, tire jurisdiction of the former is not superseded by that of the latter (Willis v. Fox, 25 Wis. 646), were combined in the legislative enactment with the intention of embodying therein our settled judicial policy. It is still true, as said in Burnham v. Norton, that much latitude must be — 104 — given to the trial court in determining its jurisdiction on the facts of each case as presented, and in instances of doubt as to the rightfulness of its decision such doubt should be resolved in favor thereof. In short, the trial court should be sustained on that point, unless "wrong beyond reasonable controversy. Respondents are not in a position, of course, to invoke the full benefit of that rule, because the record does not definitely show whether the trial court decided in favor of its jurisdiction or not. But it is reasonable to infer that such was its decision, inasmuch as leave was granted to amend. That indicates that it was not the judgment of the circuit court that jurisdiction of the subject matter was wanting, and that the demurrers were sustained upon some other ground going to the merits of the litigation: However, we are inclined to so view the case to the extent of not giving effect to the orders appealed from as indicating a considerate determination by the trial court, on the jurisdictional question, adverse to appellants, treating the question of whether there is any infirmity in its jurisdiction, on the facts alleged, very much as an original proposition. It is said in Meyer v. Garthwaite that by the phrase “adequate and complete remedy” is meant a remedy “as practicable and efficient to the ends of justice and its prompt administration as the remedy in equity.” That is explained. by saying that the term has reference, among other things, to time and expense. That idea, as we have shown, was embodied in the act of 1809. Probably the mere economy of time in reaching a final result is not sufficient to warrant the circuit court in taking jurisdiction of a matter that can readily be settled in the county court. The element of time, however, is material when, by reason of peculiar circumstances, the speedy settlement of a controversy, that can only be determined by judicial remedies, is rendered of more than ordinary importance. In that view it is provided in the law of 1899, as before indicated, that an executor may be sued in — 105 — the circuit court "when, notwithstanding the county court can afford a remedy, that remedy is not ‘as prompt as the one afforded in the circuit court.’ Applying that to the facts of this case, the jurisdiction of the circuit court seems clear. Upon plaintiffs’ theory the rightful distribution of the Merrill estate has been delayed for many years. During such delay it has been handled in violation of the legal rights of the heirs, though in the utmost good faith. In the meantime a great property, which upon plaintiffs’ theory should, in tire main, have gone to the heirs in specie, has been changed in form, and many persons have become interested therein who might be injuriously affected if the full legal and equitable rights of the heirs were now insisted upon. The business of administering the estate is of such magnitude and character that it cannot be disturbed for any considerable length of time without prejudice to many persons, regardless of the final outcome of plaintiffs’ claim. The settlement of the estate of Sarah Worthing Becker will probably await the outcome of the controversy in question. Looking at all these features, and others that might be pointed to, particularly the amount, kind, and situation of the property, the great length of time the interest therein represented by the plaintiffs has been kept from its rightful owners, if their theory be correct, the complications growing out of past transactions should all the alleged rights be insisted upon, and others that might probably arise by a continuance of the present situation, the length of time that would be required to litigate the questions involved in the county court, without any material progress toward a final settlement of the controversy, because of the number and importance of such questions to be judicially determined, — a strong ease is presented, calling for the exercise of original jurisdiction by the circuit court. If the sixth clause of the will be valid, there is little or no ground for claiming that either the complaint, or the answer of Marion Merrill Ohe.ster, states a good cause for relief. — 106 — Its validity depends on the maintenance of some, and fairly calls for a consideration of all, of the several propositions affirmed by counsel for appellants which we will separately discuss. Does the sixth clause of the will offend against the statute-prohibiting restraints upon the power to alienate real estate ? At the outset, on that question, we should look to the statute-itself, determine its scope and purpose, and not, as some courts have done, and textwriters as well, assume that the-legislative policy embodied therein was intended to be in harmony with the common law on the subject of perpetuities as a whole, and give effect thereto accordingly. There is much want of harmony in the decisions of courts and the writings of textwriters regarding statutes similar to-ours, as to their being aimed, primarily, at the prevention of perpetuities, when, by the plain reading thereof, their object is to prevent restraints upon the power to convey real estate— to prevent absolutely taking the title thereto out of the field of business for a longer period than that named therein.. There are two distinct ruling ideas found in the authorities:: one, that restraint on the power to alienate realty is primarily to prevent perpetuities, so that, though absolute power to convey the title may rest in persons in being, if the converted' fund arising from such conveyance must remain upon trust for a longer term than the power to alienate the realty could' lawfully be suspended, the whole scheme offends against the statute; and one that the primary object of the statute is not to prevent the tying up of property in the broad sense of the-term, but to prevent unduly suspending the power to absolutely alienate title to realty, — that such power not being restrained in contravention of the express words of the statute, restraint upon the ownership of property, regardless of its form, must depend upon some other provision of law. The-dividing line between the two theories, under statutes like-ours, would probably always have been distinct and well — 107 — recognized if the plain -wording thereof had been followed instead of courts endeavoring to give effect thereto in accord with the policy of the common law against perpetuities, from which the statute of Eew York, and those in whole or in part modeled thereon, including our own, materially differ when compared with the later decisions of the English courts. Our statutes on the subject under discussion have been modified somewhat since the will was drawn. Sec. 2039, E. S. 1878, was then in force, and is as follows: “The absolute power of alienation shall not be suspended, by any limitation or condition whatever, for a longer period than during the continuance of two lives in being at the creation of the estate.” If the term “absolute power of alienation” could be considered ambiguous in any view of it, or the purpose of the statute, standing alone, could be reasonably said to aim at the tying up of property in a general sensé, in harmony with the common-law doctrine not established in England till 1881, in London & S. W. R. Co. v. Gomm, 20 Ch. Div. 562, we would be prevented from adopting it by the legislative exposition of the statute in the following language contained in sec. 2038, E. S. 1878: “Such power of alienation is suspended when there are no persons in being by whom an absolute fee in possession can be conveyed.” Before the origin of the system in Yew York, from which our statutes were modeled, as to real estate, these two ideas received attention in the English decisions: first, no future estate in land which can be released is too remote, as regards the land itself, to offend against the law prohibiting per-petuities ; second, a future interest in land is too remote notwithstanding the title thereto is not tied up so as to prevent dealing therewith if it be in a trust required to be carried beyond the period of limitation fixed by law, as regards per108 petuities in property. In Gooch v. Gooch, 3 De Gex, M. & G. 366, 381, the Lord Chancellor, giving the test to be applied at common law in determining whether the power of alienation is unduly suspended, said that the sole test was whether there were persons in being by whom a fee could be conveyed.. Gilbertson v. Richards, 4 Hurl. & N. 277; Birmingham C. Co. v. Cartwright, 11 Ch. Div. 421; and Avern v. Lloyd, L. R. 5 Eq. 383, — are to the same effect. That doctrine can be easily traced back in the judicial history of England to Wash-bourn v. Downes, 1 Cas. Ch. 213, decided in 1672, where this language was used: “A perpetuity is where, if all that have interest join, and yet cannot bar or pass the estate. But if by the concurrence of all having the estate tail may be barred, it is no perpetuity.” In London & S. W. R. Co. v. Gomm, supra, after reviewing the whole field of judicial history from the time of Wash-bourn v. Downes, the conclusion was reached that decisions based thereon were contrary to the true policy of the law and wrong; that restraints upon alienation are aimed primarily at tire prevention of perpetuities; that a trust in real estate, tying up the estate itself,'may be within the limitations of tire rule against perpetuities, notwithstanding there are persons in being competent to convey a full title in possession to the realty. When the view which finds its first definite expression in Washbourn v. Downes — that so long as there are persons in being, no matter how numerous they may be, who by joining can convey a full title in possession to the realty, there is no offense against the doctrine of perpetuities — was supposed to be the law of England, the statutes of New York were framed; and that idea was made a part thereof so plainly that there is no good reason for going astray in respect thereto. Mr. Gi’ay, in his work on Perpetuities (sec. 747), while insisting that the doctrine is wrong, states that it has been unmistakably engrafted upon the New York statutes and those — 109 — that are modeled thereon. Note the complete harmony between the language of Washbourn v. Downes and the statute: “A perpetuity is where, if all that have interest join, and yet cannot bar or pass the estate. But if by the concurrence of all having the estate tail may be barred, it is no perpetuity.” “Such power of alienation is suspended when there are no persons in being by whom an absolute fee in possession can be conveyed.” The New York courts, before the adoption of its system as regards real estate here, took the view above expressed. Hawley v. James, 16 Wend. 176. In Robert v. Corning, 89 N. Y. 225, in harmony with a long line of New York decisions, and in treating a situation precisely the same as the one we have here, the following language was used: “The mere creation of a trust does not, ipso facto, suspend the power of alienation. It is only suspended by such a trust where a trust term is created, either expressly or by implication, during the existence of which a sale by the trustee would be in contravention of the trust. Where the trustee is empowered to sell the land without restriction as to time, the power of alienation is not suspended, although the alienation in fact may be postponed by the nonaction of the trustee, or in consequence of a discretion reposed in him by the creator of the trust. The statute of perpetuities is pointed only to the suspension of the power of alienation, and not at all to the time of its actual exercise.” Eightly understood, we venture to say all the New York authorities, with unimportant exceptions1, axe in harmony with Robert v. Corning. Norris v. Beyea, 13 N. Y. 273, 279; Genet v. Hunt, 113 N. Y. 158, 172, 21 N. E. 91; Nellis v. Nellis, 99 N. Y. 505, 516, 3 N. E. 59; Gott v. Cook, 7 Paige, 521; Williams v. Montgomery, 148 N. Y. 519, 43 N. E. 57. The early English rule, in almost the exact language used to express it in the cases which were condemned in London & S. — 110 — W. R. Co. v. Gomm, is stated in Williams v. Montgomery. We quote: “The test of alienability of real or personal property is that there are persons in being who can give a perfect title. Where there are living parties who have unitedly the entire right of ownership, the statute has no application. The ownership is absolute whether the power to sell resides in one individual or several. If there is a present right to dispose of the entire interest, even if its exercise depends upon the consent of many persons, there is no unlawful suspension of the power of alienation.” The point is made that so long as there is a trust term in real estate, with a mere discretionary right to sell which may or may not be exercised within the limits set by the statute for the suspension of the absolute power of alienation, the trust will fail; that to tahe the case out of the statutory rule, the exercise of the power of sale must be peremptory; that there must be persons in being who can compel such exercise within the statutory period. Bolles, Suspension of Power of Alienation, § 68, so states the law, but he does not support the same by any reference to judicial or other authority. The text is merely the author’s view of what the law is or ought to be. He states, in effect, at sec. 67, that it is not in harmony, fully, with the language of Robert v. Corning, 89 N. Y. 225. He seems to have been governed more by the general statutory policy of New York as to perpetuities, under which a trust term in realty with power of sale must be susceptible of being closed, both as to the realty and the converted funds, within the limitation upon the right to suspend the absolute power of alienation as to realty, the limitations being the same as to one kind of property as to the other. It may well be that, where a limitation is placed by law upon the right to suspend the absolute power to pass the title to realty, and also upon the right to tie up the ownership of personal property, a trust term in the former, with power to convert the same into the latter, is void if, upon the exercise — 111 — •of such power, the equivalent of the realty in its new form would be left under an invalid trust. That is the idea which ruled or was present in all the cases upon which counsel rely ■on the point now under consideration. Allen v. Allen, 149 N. Y. 280, 43 N. E. 626; In re Tower’s Estate, 49 Minn. 371, 52 N. W. 27; Lee v. Tower, 124 N. Y. 370, 26 N. E. 943; Penield v. Tower, 1 N. D. 216, 46 N. W. 413; Niles v. Mason, 126 Mich. 482, 85 N. W. 1100. Ttue, it was said in Lee v. Tower, when decided in the supreme court of New York, the situation being similar to the one presented here, that the result of unduly tying up the estate, in that the converted fund was unduly fettered by the trust, rendered the trust invalid under the statute prohibiting the suspension of the absolute power of alienation. But it seems clear that the real foundation of the decision is that since the prohibition as to the ownership of the converted fund was the same as that in regard to the realty under the New York law, a mere change in the form of the property made no difference in the result. That is obvious, because no attempt was there made, nor when the case was affirmed in the court of appeals-, nor has any suggestion been subsequently made in any decision by the New York court, to limit the doctrine clearly stated in Robert v. doming. This subject received consideration in Palms v. Palms, 68 Mich. 355, 36 N. W. 419, and if it were not for what is said to be the conclusion there reached, in Niles v. Mason, supra, we should unhesitatingly say it was to the effect that so long as power is vested in a trustee of realty at his option to pass the absolute title thereto’, there can, be no unlawful suspension of the absolute power of alienation in contravention of the statute; that if the converted fund, by the terms of the trust in such a case, is left unduly tied up, the estate being fettered illegally notwithstanding competency to pass the title to- the realty, it is because of some law in respect to limitations upon the power to fetter the ownership •of personalty. That is in perfect harmony with Thatcher v. — 112 — Wardens, 37 Mich. 264, so fax as that case goes. Justice ChampliN, who dissented from the decision of the court in the Palms Case, did so in the main, we should say, upon the ground indicated by this language, which we quote from his opinion : “I cannot accede to the proposition ‘that the absolute power of alienation is not suspended when the instrument gives the trustees power to dispose of property at their option. When power is given to convey the trust estate, the absolute power of alienation can in no possible way be said to be suspended/ Doubtless the proposition is true, as applied to the alienation of any particular property, but it seems the object and purpose of the law was not kept in view in the opinion (speaking of the opinion in Thatcher v. Wardens). The fact that there is a power of sale of the trust property can have no bearing upon determining the validity of the trust as postponing the ultimate vesting of the trust estate in the beneficiary. If the trust estate is tied up1 longer than the law allows, it is void.” To fully understand that, it must be kept in mind that the Michigan statute as to realty is the same as that of this state, while the common law prevails as to personalty. Justice ChampliN, it will be seen, treated the common-law rule against perpetuities and the statute in respect to alienation as parts of an entire system preventing the tying up of estates, and as if the purpose of every part of the system was primarily to guard against unduly withdrawing estates from the beneficiaries. He regarded a trust with power of sale as invalid, if not subject to be closed till a time subsequent to that beyond which power to alienate the land held under the trust could be suspended. -His reasoning forms the basis of the decision in Niles v. Mason, 126 Mich. 482, 85 N. W. 1100, repudiating the doctrine that the statute, as to the alienability of realty, is aimed primarily at the subject expressed therein, and holding that it goes' to' the prevention of the tying up of estates; that an estate in land under a trust term, with power of sale thereof, is governed by the — 113 — statutory limitations upon- the suspension of the power of alienation; that there must be not only absolute power to convey the land, but the trust estate — to fully close the trust— to take it out of the statute. Justice Oi-iampliN cited and followed London & S. W. R. Co. v. Gomm, 20 Ch. Div. 562, and subsequent English cases, where, as: we have seen, the early English doctrine, which became a part of the statute of this state, as it did that of Michigan, was repudiatéd. The learned justice overlooked, as it seems> the fact that siich repudiated doctrine was, ex industria, made a part of the statutory system at the time of its origin in New York, when it was supposed to be in accordance with the settled policy of the common law, by the words: “Such power of alienation is suspended when there are no persons in being by whom an absolute fee in possession can be conveyed.” It is difficult to see why a repiudiation of the rule upon which the statute is based is not a judicial nullification of the statute itself. We entertain great respect for the Michigan court, but cannot see our way clear to follow its lead. It seems that if the history of the statute had been fully understood, the court would have considered that the judicial function did not extend so far as to permit it to follow the later English doctrine, and it would have adhered to the decision in Thatcher v. Wardens, 31 Mich. 264. It is considered that the proposition that a trust in land with, power of sale may offend against the law prohibiting perpetuities if, upon the execution of the power of sale, the converted fund is left fettered by a trust, is true only in case that trust is invalid — a trust contravening some law on the subject as to the converted fund. Penjield v. Tower, 1 N. D. 216, 46 N. W. 413, decided by the supreme court of North Dakota, upon which counsel for appellants rely, is in perfect harmony with that doctrine. In that state there is a statute as to realty similar to ours, and a statute as to per — 114 — sonalty as well, and, in addition, a legislative exposition of such statutes in these words: “The suspension of all power to alienate the subject of a trust, other than a power to exchange it for other property to be held upon the same trust, • or to sell and invest the proceeds to be held upon the same trust, is a suspension of the power of alienation, within the meaning of section 2717.” Sec. 2744, Comp. Laws N. D. In that situation the court was compelled to hold that absolute power, resting somewhere, to pass a full title in possession to real estate held in trust, will not satisfy the statute prohibiting the suspension of the power to pass the title to the subject of the trust. The Minnesota statute as to real estate is the same as ours, while as to personalty the common-law rule probably prevails. In In re Tower’s Estate, 49 Minn. 371, 52 N. W. 27, much discussed in the briefs of counsel, the court held, in harmony with the views we have expressed, that the primary object of the statute is to prevent restraints upon alienation, and, when that is not violated in a trust of realty, the trust is valid unless it unduly suspends the ownership of personal property under the rule on that subject. The court cited and followed Robert v. Corning, 89 N. Y. 225, and Thatcher v. Wardens, 37 Mich. 264. We can best record here the full scope of the decision by the following quotation from the syllabus written by the court: “Where a single trust embraces both personal and real property, and it does not offend against the rule as to1 perpe-tuities in respect to personalty, and by the instrument creating the trust an unconditional power of sale is given to the trustees, under which they may at any time convey the lands, and the converted fund is subject to a valid trust, the power of alienation is not suspended and the trust is not in contravention of the statute.” ' That seems to touch this case at all points on the subject under discussion. — 115 — What has been said demonstrates, in our judgment) that the question of whether the sixth clause of the will offends against the statutory limitation upon the suspension of the 'absolute power of alienation must be answered in the negative. The trustees were given the amplest power to sell the real estate or any part of it at any time they might see fit. The absolute power of alienation in respect thereto was not suspended for a moment. Under the terms of the trust the trustees were empowered to sell and convey the realty as fully and absolutely as the creator of the trust might h'ave sold and conveyed the same in his lifetime. We adopt the doctrine that the absolute power of alienation is not suspended within the meaning of the statute so long as absolute power is located somewhere to alienate, regardless of the condition in which the equivalent of the property alienated may be left; that undue suspension of the absolute ownership of an estate is one thing, and unlawful suspension of the power of alienation of real estate is another; that a trust term that does not involve the latter because of its being characterized by a power to convert realty into personalty is valid in any event if, when the power is exercised, such trust does not involve the former; and that, if there is no law as to the former, a trust that does not involve the latter, though it may necessarily continue beyond the statutory period for which the power of alienation of realty under the trust may be suspended, is valid. Counsel for appellant point to Ford v. Ford, 10 Wis. 19, 33 N. W. 188, as significantly out of harmony with the views above expressed. The following language is referred to: “The necessity of the corpus of the estate being held by a trastee during such several periods and awaiting such several contingencies and possibilities, seems to be absolute. Such trustee or executor is directed to sell some lands and buy others, but he has no authority under the will to pervert or alienate any portion of the estate, in contravention of the trust. — 116 — In other words, the corpus of the estate is inalienable during the continuance of the trust.” 70 Wis. 59, 33 N. W. 201. We perceive no difficulty in that when it is read in connection with the subject to which it relates. The court was talking about restraint upon the power of alienation of realty. The corpus of the'estate was regarded all the time as composed of realty under the scheme 'of the will. Since by sec. 2089, R. S. 1878, beneficial interests in a trust for the receipt of rents and profits of land were not assignable, it was said that beneficiaries of such interests could not join with the trustee holding the legal title and pass the title absolutely in possession, and therefore a trust involving such interests, which may or must continue beyond the limit of time for the suspension of the absolute power of alienation, offends against the statute on that subject, and is void. By the terms of tire will the property spoken of as the corpus of the estate was realty, and made inalienable under any circumstances when sec. 2089, R. S. 1878, was read into the will. In those circumstances, nothing said by the court about the trust being invalid because it tied up the corpus of the estate beyond the statutory limitation upon the suspension of the absolute power of alienation as to realty can be legitimately invoked to defeat the trust in question in this case. There was no1 equitable conversion of the real estate into personal property. That proposition — though presented for consideration by appellants’ counsel and ably discussed in the briefs of counsel upon both sides as one liable to be the vital point in the case — in view of the conclusion we have reached, might be passed over. But it is deemed better to consider and decide it. The general principles to be satisfied in determining whether equitable conversion of personal property into realty or realty into personalty was wrought in any given case, are too well understood to call for any extensive discussion of them. Equity deems that done which ought to be done. Therefore, if a testator, in a valid testa — 117 — mentary way, unmistakably directs, expressly or by unmistakable implication, tbat bis real estate shall be treated in the administration of his estate as personalty, equity will deem that purpose impressed upon the property immediately upon the talcing effect of the will, and rules regarding personal property will govern. A mere optional or discretionary purpose to convert — that is, discretionary authority as to whether to convert or not — is not sufficient. There must be a mandatory direction, express or implied, to convert; but the time of the execution of the purpose may be left discretionary. The rule as to when such a direction to convert will be implied is stated in Dodge v. Williams, 46 Wis. 70, 1 N. W. 92, 50 N. W. 1103, and often since affirmed, thus: “When a will contains a power of sale, not in mandatory terms, but it is apparent, from the general scope and tenor of the will, that the testator intended all his realty to be sold, the power of sale will be held imperative, and the doctrine of equitable conversion applied.” Probably that cannot be much improved upon if at all. If it has any infirmity, it is in not indicating the necessary degree of certainty with which the intention of the testator should be manifested in his will. In some jurisdictions it is said that the power of sale without an express direction will not work a conversion unless there is “an. absolute necessity to sell to execute the will; or such a blending of the real and personal estate by the testator in his will as to clearly show that he intended to create a fund out of both real and personal estate, and to bequeath the said fund as money;” and that in either ease the intent to convert will be deemed as conclusively indicated as if expressed in words, and the doctrine of equitable conversion will be applied. Appeal of Hunt, 105 Pa. St. 128. In Hobson v. Hale, 95 N. Y. 588, Justice hliLLER, speaking for the court, said that the testator’s desire to have his realty turned into personal property should be so certain as to leave no question in regard to it, — 118 — before the court should give effect thereto. The implication should be so strong as to leave no substantial doubt., was the rule stated in Scholle v. Scholle, 113 N. Y. 261, 21 N. E. 84. It should appear by necessary implication, was said in Ford v. Ford, 70 Wis. 19, 48, 33 N. W. 188. When the provisions of the will cannot be carried out without converting the realty into personalty, and the conditions are such that the testator must have contemplated that such conversion would take place to that end, were the words used in Harrington v. Pier, 105 Wis. 485, 82 N. W. 345. Erom the foregoing we deduce this: When the execution of the scheme of the testator would be impossible, or attended with such difficulties that it would be unreasonable to suppose that its execution was contemplated by him, without the conversion of his real estate into personal property, a direction for such conversion will be deemed imperatively expressed in the will by necessary implication, to the same effect as if expressed in words-; and the realty so directed to be converted will be deemed im-' pressed with the character of personal property from the time of the death of the testator. We must determine, by established rules for judicial construction more than by precedents, whether, in framing the sixth clause of his will, the testator purposed having the residue of his estate therein mentioned administered as personal property. Precedents help as regards the rules to be applied, but very little otherwise. It was truly said by Justice WiLMOT, in Keiley v. Fowler, Wilm. Opi 319, that it will not do to tie to precedents in determining the meaning of a will: “Every case stands upon the evidence of the testator’s intention arising out" of each will. In questions of intention, cases, unless they coincide in word's and every other circumstance, never assist, but perplex the exposition. A will is the picture of a man’s mind; and one may as well look at the picture of one man to know the person of another, as look at the will of one mind to know the mind of another.” — 119 — In construing a will, the same as in construing any other written instrument, the aim must be to read out of the language thereof the purpose intended to be expressed therein, so far as that can reasonably be done consistent with‘rules of language and of law. That is, to determine the intention of the testator from the instrument itself, and to give effect to it only so far as it can be found expressed therein with reasonable clearness. It is true, however, that courts take greater liberties with the language of wills than with that of other instruments. And that is one of the reasons assigned in the books for saying that precedents are less helpful in enabling courts to correctly construe such instruments than other writings. Swarthout v. Swarthout, 111 Wis. 102, 86 N. W. 558. The rules to be observed in reading the clause before us, we assume, are too familiar to need to be more than stated. One of the most important of them is that a general intent, clearly indicated, will control a particular intent. Woerner, Administration, § 416. Under that,-- mere details' prescribed in carrying out a manifest general purpose, that are inconsistent therewith, must bend to harmonize with the dominant idea of the testator. A second rule of much importance is this: A construction that will render a will valid will be adopted if within the boundaries of reason in view of the language of the instrument, rather than one that will render it invalid. In re Donges’s Estate, 103 Wis. 497, 79 N. W. 786; Bennett v. Bennett, 40 N. H. 498, 500; Fussey v. White, 113 Ill. 637, 643; Roe v. Vingut, 117 N. Y. 204, 22 N. E. 933. A third significant rule, in view of the facts of this case, is this: The state of the law, as understood at the time of the execution of the will, should be considered. Gray, Perpetuities, 633. That consideration is of peculiar significance when it is manifest, as here, that the work of reducing the desires of the testator to testamentary form was done with care, and by one especially fitted therefor by reason of his legal attainments, and when the expressions used, and — 120 — general framework of the instalment, indicate a studied purpose to satisfy all legal essentials and avoid all dangers reasonably to be apprehended from unsettled questions of law. We should say in passing that it could not reasonably have escaped the attention of the person who drafted the will that the time the trust might continue was fatally long as to the real estate if the purpose was to have it administered as such, and that grave questions might arise respecting the validity of the trust as to the realty if the trustees, were given merely an optional power of sale, and that this court, in Dodge v. Williams, 46 Wis. 70, 1 N. W. 92, 50 N. W. 1103, had decided that there was no rule, statutory or otherwise, in this state, as regards perpetuities in the ownership of personal property, and no shadow of doubt had yet been cast upon that decision. A further important rule to be observed is that a .construction should be adopted, if possible, that will give a sensible effect to all the words of the will. The use of rules at all, of course, for judicial construction, is legitimate only to solve some ambiguity in literal sense, or in the application of language to the subject with reference to which it is used. In the light of the foregoing we will turn to the language to be construed, assuming without discussion that it is open to construction. The great bulk of the testators property was disposed of under the sixth or residuary clause. It consisted mainly of real estate. There was upwards of half a million dollars in value of realty, and we may assume that much of it was noivineome-paying property and was not susceptible of division and subdivision into many interests in severalty without converting the same into money. The executors were imperatively directed, “as soon as convenient” after the death of the testator, to divide what, in their judgment, would be equivalent to the residue of the estate, into four equal parts. It is manifest that the word “equivalent” was not used with the idea that the property was to be — 121 — divided in specie, but with the idea that the residuum of the estate was to be estimated a® soon as’ practicable, and divided into four equal parts or shares, “as soon as convenient” after the death of the testator, while the estate, as a whole, would not be administered, so as to determine with exactness the true amount of the residuary portion thereof, for a long time thereafter. It is significant that the setting aside of the estimated amount of the residuary estate, and dividing it into four equal parts or shares to be thereafter administered as four independent properties, was not to wait upon the result of the general administration 'of the estate. It was to be done at the earliest time that the executors could determine on a sum, so to speak, that would, in their judgment, reasonably stand for the residuary estate. IIow this first determination and division of the residuary estate could be made with the I accuracy called for by the will without regarding it as a fund, is not easy to understand from a business point of view. The plan for the disposition of each of the two' parts, shares, or fourths, designed primarily for the testator’s daughters, was as follows: In one contingency it was to be divided into three equal parts and one of such parts added to each of the other fourths. On a second contingency it was to be divided into two equal parts and one of them added to each of the two portions of the residuary estate to which, in the circumstances mentioned, it would then be reduced. In a third contingency it was to be added to the only other share of the estate. that would then be remaining- in the circumstances mentioned. In a fourth contingency it was to be divided into two equal shares or parts, and one of them be divided into two or three other equal shares or parts, or treated as an entirety, according to circumstances named, and merged into other portions of the trust estate, the other share to be administered to the end of the trust term subject to a specified •contingency, upon the happening of which it was to be divided into two or three equal parts or shares, or dealt with as — 122 — an entirety and merged into other independent parts of the trust estate, according to circumstances specified. In the absence of the last contingency mentioned, the trust term as to such minor share being at an-end, it was to he subdivided into certain specified equal portions or treated as an entirety and paid over or conveyed to the person or persons mentioned, according as the circumstances stated might require, or divided into two or three equal parts or shares, or treated as an entirety, according to circumstances mentioned, and merged into other portions of the trust estate. It is considered that argument is unnecessary to demonstrate that the-execution of a plan contemplating such numerous divisions and subdivisions of a great property into shares is practically impossible without treating it as a fund, — as a sum of money. The words “pay or convey” and “dispose of” are used many times in connection with the administration and final disposition of the two major shares, primarily calculated for the testator’s daughters; but we observe nothing in their use inconsistent with the dominant purpose that the-property should be administered from beginning to end as a fund, — as property that could be readily divided and subdivided to meet any of the contingencies mentioned. Substantially the same features as those we have mentioned as to-division and subdivision into shares, characterized the two original shares directed to be set aside primarily for the-testator’s sons. The idea of payment, as to such shares, is dominant throughout. The words, “balance,” “balance of' said one-fourth,” “aforesaid balance,” “unpaid balance of said one-fourth,” “pay,” and “payment,” are used over and over again. True, the word “convey” is also used, but where that occurs in the provision for finally turning one half or all of a share over to the person for whom it was primarily set apart, ending the trust in respect thereto, it is in connection with the word “pay” and is followed by the words “such payment,” referring to the words “pay and convey,” and in — 123 — dicating that both such words were used with the single idea of payment, thus: “The entire balance of said one-fourth shall be paid over or conveyed to my said son, Fred F. Merrill, five years after the last aforesaid -payment shall have been made, if in the judgment of my said executors such payment would be proper; but if his habits and mode of life at the expiration of said five years are such as in the judgment of my said executors will render such payment unsafe or improper, then they shall withhold the same until they shall deem such payment prudent.” Such significant use of the word “payment,” which ordinarily conveys the idea of the movement of money or of something near akin thereto, as securities of some kind, has uniformly been regarded as indicating a purpose that realty shall be administered as personalty. In some eases it has been regarded as controlling. Dodge v. Williams, 46 Wis. 10, 96, 1 N. W. 92, 50 N. W. 1103; Clarke v. Clarke, 46 S. C. 230, 24 S. E. 202; Webster v. Morris, 66 Wis. 366, 28 N. W. 353; Going v. Emery, 16 Pick. 107; Delafield v. Barlow, 107 N. Y. 535, 539, 14 N. E. 498; Salisbury v. Slade, 160 N. Y. 278, 287, 54 N. E. 741. On the whole it appears to us that the sixth clause of the will satisfies the test laid down in Dodge v. Williams, supra, as regards equitable conversion, and also the much more severe test required by other authorities to which we have referred. It would be imprac-’; ticable to carry out the testator’s plan without treating the;' residuary estate as money. There were serious dangers to be apprehended at the time the will was drawn, in tying up the estate as was done, in any other view than that it was' to be treated as money. The details of the plan in all particulars are consistent with the idea that four separate funds were to be created out of the residuary estate and administered and disposed of as such. Some of the most significant details are inconsistent with any other theory than that they refer to personal property in the form of money or securities — 124 — of some kind. The trustees have, from the first, construed the will in harmony with these views, as appears from the fact that they have converted most of the real estate into personal property. All the reasonable probabilities are in favor of the view that the desire of the testator was that the residuum of his estate should be treated as money. That makes a plain case for the application of the doctrine of equitable conversion. While, as we have said, precedents are not very valuable in a case of this kind, we think those found here in principle justify our conclusion. Appeal of Chandler, 34 Wis. 505; Dodge v. Williams, 46 Wis. 70, 50 N. W. 1103, 1 N. W. 92; Gould v. Taylor Orphan Asylum,, 46 Wis. 106, 50 N. W. 422; Ford v. Ford, 70 Wis. 19, 33 N. W. 188; Harrington v. Pier, 105 Wis. 485, 82 N. W. 345. The precedents that might be cited from other courts are too numerous to warrant any attempt to do more than to refer to a few of the more important of them particularly applicable to the facts of this case. Phelps’s Ex’r v. Pond, 23 N. Y. 69; Delafield v. Barlow, 107 N. Y. 535, 14 N. E. 498; Salisbury v. Slade, 160 N. Y. 278, 54 N. E. 741; Asche v. Asche, 113 N. Y. 232, 21 N. E. 70; Clarice v. Clarice, 46 S. C. 230, 24 S. E. 202; Power v. Cassidy, 54 How. Pr. 4; Vanness’s Ex’rs v. Jacobus, 17 N. J. Eq. 153; Forsyth v. Forsyth, 46 N. J. Eq. 400, 19 Atl. 119; Appeal of Dundas, 64 Pa. St. 325; Green v. Johnson, 4 Bush, 164; Appeal of Paist (Pa.) 17 Atl. 6; In re Marshall’s Estate, 147 Pa. St. 77, 23 Atl. 391; Davenport v. Kirkland, 156 Ill. 169, 40 N. E. 304; Fahnestock v. Fahnestock, 152 Pa. St. 56, 25 Atl. 313; Phelps v. Phelps, 28 Barb. 121; Morse v. Morse, 85 N. Y. 53. In Phelps v. Phelps, 28 Barb. 121, the controlling feature of the will was the necessity, at the expiration, of ten years> to “divide up” the residue of the estate, consisting largely of realty, into as many “equal shares” as the testator might then have children and grandchildren, the probable number of such shares being — 125 — upwards of twenty, the intention being, in the words of the testator, that “each child and grandchild shall be placed upon an equal footing as to such residue, and each child and grandchild receive one equal share of my residuary estate upon such division as aforesaid.” Looking at that feature, and the .full power of sale, discretionary in terms, contained in the will, the court held that a purpose to bequeath the residuary estate as money was clearly expressed. In Delafield v. Barlow,, 107 N. Y. 535, 14 N. E. 498, the will contained a power of sale and provided for dividing the residuary estate, consisting of both real and personal property, into two “equal parts,” then for dividing one of such parts into “four equal parts,” each of such parts to be held in trust for ultimate division, possibly into many other equal parts, and “paid, transferred and delivered” to as many different persons in severalty, and for dividing the other half into “four equal parts,” one to be paid to each of the testator’s children. The court held that the discretion vested in the executors respect-) ing the sale of property, related to the. time of actually con-i verting realty into personalty; that otherwise it was clearly'1 mandatory, as the execution of the will made a distribution of the residuary estate as personal property a matter of necessity. In Salisbury v. Slade, 160 N. Y. 218, 54 N. E. 741, decided by the court of appeals of Hew York in 1899, the will contained the same features, in all essential particulars, as those to which we have just referred, and those in this case. In deciding the case the court used this decisive language: “It seems too clear to require argument that the provisions for the children raise of necessity an implied trust to sell. . It was impossible for the executors and trustees to carry out the provisions of this will without selling the property.” In re Marshall's Estate, 147 Pa. St. 77, 23 Atl. 391, decided by the supreme court of Pennsylvania in 1892, and other cases to which we have referred, are of the same de — 126 — cisive character, though in no one of them, -we venture to say, did the will include so clearly a testamentary purpose to dispose of the property as personalty as the one in controversy in this case. Does the sixth clause of the will offend against any law of this state as to perpetuities respecting personal property? We have seen in the discussion of the proposition respecting whether it unduly suspends the absolute power of alienation of realty, that the statute on that subject cannot be invoked to limit, primarily, or incidentally, power to tie up a fund derived from the sale of realty; and that if it were otherwise, the statute would not apply, because the trust property was, as we have seen, from the death of the testator, impressed with the character of personalty. Counsel for appellant contend that even in that view the trust is invalid because, though we have no statute on the subject, the common law is in force here, and condemns the trust because it involves possible interests that may not vest till after the termination of the period allowed by such rule. The conclusion which we have reached, as to whether the trust offends against such common-law rule, which will be hereafter stated, would enable us to fully dispose of this case without deciding the proposition suggested at the head of this paragraph; but if there be any doubt as to how it ought to be decided, it is considered that the subject is of such vast importance to> the state that this court ought not to be responsible for permitting that doubt to continue longer. If there is one thing more than any other, respecting property rights, which the court should firmly establish so far as responsibility therefor rests with it, and carefully guard against changes and uncertainties by judicial decisions or dicta, or obiter remarks in judicial dei-■eisions, it is the system governing title to property; and yet we are confronted with the suggestion, in this fifty-fourth year of our judicial history, that there is such serious doubt, •as to whether 'the common-law rule as to perpetuities respect — 127 — ing personal property exists in this state, as to call for a judicial consideration of the matter; and we are in no position to say that such suggestion is wholly without warrant. Here is a legitimate occasion for putting such doubt as may exist ■on the subject at rest, and no want of judicial courage should allow it to pass unimproved merely because the way is open to decide the ease and leave untouched the uncertainty created, we may say, by a passing judicial suggestion made here many years ago and since repeated. So we will decide the proposition.submitted, and base our final conclusion, in part, “thereon. In Dodge v. Williams, 46 Wis. 70, 1 N. W. 92, 50 N. W. 1103, decided ‘in 1879, it was at least proper to decide whether the common law as to perpetuities respecting personal property was in force in this state. A conclusion in regard thereto was reached and duly promulgated. It was ■one of the grounds upon which the judgment of the court was pronounced. There is no legitimate reason, that we can perceive, by a careful study of the case, for referring to what the court said on that occasion as mere obiter or as anything less significant than its deliberate judgment. That, as between the parties to the litigation, the decision on that point was res judicata by all rules on that subject, seems clear. It cannot properly be said that the conclusion of a court upon a minor point is mere judicial dicta because the ultimate decision arrived at might have been bottomed upon some other minor conclusion or conclusions also reached in the case. Otherwise, obviously, it would be easy to avoid the effect, as regards judicial rules, of the most solemn decision of the court in any case when supported by more than one independent and sufficient ground. The general rule is that every proposition assumed or decided, leading up to the final conclusion reached in a case, and upon which such conclusion is based, whether it be the sole or only one of several independent and sufficient grounds for such final conclusion, is — 128 — as effectually passed upon as the ultimate question solved. Case v. Hoffman, 100 Wis. 334, 75 N. W. 945; South Bend C. P. Co. v. George C. Cribb Co. 105 Wis. 443, 81 N. W. 675; School Trustees v. Stocker, 42 N. J. Law, 115; Wells, Res. Adjud. § 217. Now in Dodge v. Williams, with the question, as stated, up for decision, Ryah-, C. T., speaking for the whole court, said: “The statute limiting the rule against perpetuities to realty, manifestly abrogates the English doctrine as applicable to personalty.” Language could not well be plainer than that. In editing the case for the official reports of the decisions of the court, the headnote to the case was written as follows: “Our statutes prohibiting perpetuities and regulating uses and trusts are expressly limited to realty; and the English doctrine as to perpetuity as applicable to personalty was thus abrogated.” No reference to the subject was made in any decision after Dodge v. Williams until De Wolf v. Lawson, 61 Wis. 469, 21 N. W. 615, decided in 1884, where Cole, O. J., — the subject of legal l’estraint upon the absolute ownership of personal property not being involved — said, his remarks; we may properly say, being, for the reason stated, plainly obiter: “The late distinguished chief justice obsetrved in Dodge v. Williams, 46 Wis. 96, 50 N. W. 1106, that these provisions, limiting the rule against perpetuities to realty, manifestly abrogate the English doctrine as applicable to personalty. There can be no question but the statute refers to real estate alone. It may, however, admit of doubt whether the remark of the chief justice is strictly accurate in saying that it abolishes the common rule of perpetuities as to personalty when applied to private trusts.” Further along in the opinion the obiter character of the quoted remark is indicated by the following: “This common rule of perpetuity as to personalty may be unaffected by our statute. However that may be, the above clauses of the will plainly refer to real estate.” — 129 — - It ■will be noticed that the decision of the court in the former case was referred to as if, instead of being, what it seems clearly to be, the judgment of the court, it was the mere observation or passing obiter remark of the chief justice. If such were its real character, it could be well neutralized by a contrary passing remark or observation of the same character ; but as it received the indorsement of the court, as before stated, as its solemn conclusion upon a point up for decision, such conclusion must be regarded as the law of the state, too firmly entrenched to be more than clouded by the subsequent inaccurate reference thereto as the mere observation of Chief Justice Evan. The next time the subject was spoken of was in Webster v. Morris, 66 Wis. 366, 28 N. W. 353, decided in 1886. There the statement in Dodge v. Williams was again mentioned as the mere “expression of the late chief justice,” that idea being apparently carried forward from the similar remark in De Wolf v. Lawson, 61 Wis. 469, 21 N. W. 615. It was repeated without any accompanying suggestion indicating whether the expression “of the late chief justice” was or was not to be regarded as overruled by the expression of Chief Justice Cole. In fact, Dodge v. Williams was left by the Webster Gase substantially where it was left by De Wolf v. Lawson, though, we should say in passing, the court in the former had a more legitimate opportunity to remove the cloud cast upon the early decision, or reverse it, than in the latter. The next time the subject was referred to was in Harrington v. Pier, 105 Wis. 485, 82 N. W. 345, decided in 1900. There, what was said in the early case was mentioned, in effect, as the statement of reasons for the final conclusion in such ease, it being stated, historically, that the ease was referred to in De Wolf v. Lawson as indicated, and the reference noticed in Webster v. Morris without adding to its significance on the point involved in the Harrington Gase. hTo opportunity existed in the latter case — 130 — to consider tlie subject as one for decision. What was said was merely incidental to the vital questions there under discussion. Row we have gone over the history in this state of the subject of whether we have the common-law rule as to perpetuities respecting personalty, and have seen that, instead of a mere passing remark or individual expression of opinion by the chief justice in Dodge v. Williams, on the subject, we have the deliberate judgment of the court, establishing the law for. this state. It has stood as so established, though somewhat clouded, it is true, by intimations indicating that the way was open for a reconsideration of the matter, without ehange for twenty-three years, — long enough to be regarded as a rule of property and safe from danger of change except .by legislative enactment. Whether the decision was right or wrong, to disturb it now by mere judicial power would be a far greater mistake than the making thereof, if it were clearly erroneous. When such a question has been so long settled as to have become firmly impressed upon property, the maxim, Blare decisis, et non quieta movere, should be regarded as a governing principle in respect thereto. Harrington v. Pier, 105 Wis. 493, 82 N. W. 345. That textwriters should have fallen into some confusion respecting the situation in this state, on the subject above discussed, is not to be wondered at. In 18 Am. & Eng. Ency. •of Law' (1st ed.) 379, it is said that the rule against per-petuities has been held to be abolished in Wisconsin so far as .it relates to personalty, citing Dodge v. Williams and De Wolf v. Lawson. In 2 Woemer,_Administi’ation, § 427, it is said ■that there is no statute in Wisconsin on the subject of per-petuities respecting personal property, and in mentioning the .•states where the common-law rule prevails on the subject, 'Wisconsin is not mentioned. In Gray’s work on Perpetuities, iin the note to sec. 266, the statement is made that the rule against perpetuities prevails in Wisconsin, no authority being — 131 — cited to support such statement, though in close connection therewith Dodge v. Williams is cited to the point that the statutory limitation upon the power to suspend the absolute power of alienation does not apply to a trust term in realty with a discretion to convert the same into personal property. Neither by the foregoing conclusion, nor by anything said in reaching it, do we intend, expressly or inferentially, to give any opinion as to whether the correct conclusion was ' reached in Dodge v. Williams. That case may not have been correctly decided. There were good reasons, perhaps, for saying that it was not, when the De Wolf Gase was decided; but it seems that it was an inadvertence to refer to what was said as the “observation” of the justice who wrote the opinion, and possibly not the law. In states having a statutory situation similar to ours, it has been held that the common law is in force. It is by no means improbable that, if we were permitted to deal with the subject as an original matter, we would so hold. The question was new when it was decided here. It had not, therefore, been considered, so far as we are able to find, in any jurisdiction, under conditions similar to ours. We have come to the conclusion, upon the most careful consideration of the matter, that whether it was here decided right or wrong, the decision has remained undisturbed so long that it ought to be given th# force of a statute, leaving any change of policy that may be desired to be effected by the legislature. If the conclusion were different as to the last subject discussed, the final result would be the same, because the next proposition submitted must be answered favorably to the respondents. . This is the proposition: If the 'trust were to be tested by the common-law rule as to perpetuities, would it fail ? That depends upon whether the twenty-one years of the rule is a gross term and an existing period of gestation, or whether the term refers to and is limited by existing infancy. There can be no reasonable controversy at this late — 132 — day, it would seem, Rut that the prevailing idea in the home of the common law, at the time it came to us, was that the term was a certain period of twenty-one year's and the period of gestation added, though the rule was not distinctly formulated and settled in the English courts till Cadell v. Palmer, 1 Cl. & F. 372; S. C. 10 Bing. 140. As we understand it, that decision, since it was promulgated, has been accepted both in England and in this country, not only as to what the law of England is, but what it was when we took therefrom the principles of the common law. We venture to say that no decision of any importance can be found to the contrary of this. Counsel for appellants have not cited any to our attention, and we have been unable to find any. Substantially all textwr iters (we may except one) and courts have unhesitatingly accepted Cadell v. Palmer, as having correctly formulated the common-law rule, and have followed it in the compilation of their works. Professor Gray, in his work on Perpetuities (sec. 186), though inclined to a contrary view as to the true rule, says that Cadell v. Palmer closed all controversy in England, and no question ever seems to have been made in America of the propriety of allowing a gross term. In Toms v. Williams, 41 Mich. 552, 2 N. W. 814, the court said: “Under the old law alienation might be suspended for any number of lives in being and twenty-one years, and of course for twenty-one years as a distinct period independent of lives. This was settled in Cadell v. Palmer, 1 Cl. & F. 372; S. C. 10 Bing. 140. This decision was not made until several years after the adoption of the New York Revised Statutes, although its principle was previously regarded as generally received.” That remark is borne out by Barnitz v. Casey, 7 Cranch, 456, 469; Odell v. Odell, 10 Allen, 1, 5. See, also, Chilcott v. Hart, 23 Colo. 40, 45 Pac. 391; Rhoads v. Rhoads, 43 Ill. 239 ; Waldo v. Cummings, 45 Ill. 421. The entire roll of the elementary writers, with one exception, might be success — 133 — fully called as evidence of the recognized soundness of Cadell v. Palmer. We will mention a few of them: Woemer, Administration, § 427; Eice, Eeal Prop. 758; 18 Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law (1st ed.) 340; Kerr, Real Prop. § 1129 ; Perry, Trusts, § 379; 1 Powell, Dev. (19 Law Lib.) 389, note; Lewis, Perpetuities, 140-162; 1 Washb. Real Prop; (5th ed.) 293; Burton, Eeal Prop. 269. A study of those authorities must convince any one, it would seem, that the twenty-one years of the common law is an absolute term; that Gadell v. Palmer did not promulgate any new rule, but only brought into clear light the law as it had existed from as early as 1766, at least, and that it has stood since without any challenge of consequence. One has but to follow the- discussion of the subject in Professor Gray’s work, to discover, notwithstanding his dissent as to the correctness of the English decision, that the principle thereof was recognized in the English courts long before the American Eevolution. Throughout his lengthy discussion he fails to cite an English case decided since 1833 inconsistent with Cadell v. Palmar or any such case decided in this country at any time. notwithstanding suggestions to the contrary, we are unable to read out of the trust clause any possible contingency that can arise that will suspend the absolute vesting of any part of the trust estate beyond twenty-one years from the termination of lives in being at the death of the testator. The plan of the will clearly is that the trust shall, at the end of such period, absolutely terminate, and the absolute title to the entire property pass from the trustees to persons then ascertainable. “To come within the rule of the common law against per-petuities the estate . . . must be one which, according to the terms of the grant or devise, is to vest upon the happening of a contingency which may t>y possibility not take place within a life or lives in being (treating a child in its mother’s womb as in being) and twenty-one years afterwards.” McArthur v. Scott, 113 U. S. 340, 381. — 134 — That is, one the resting of which is made dependent upon an event limited to happen within a period not too remote. Webster v. Morris, 66 Wis. 366, 383, 28 N. W. 353. No infirmity of that kind is discovered here. The idea advanced by counsel is that the provisions of the trust clause, requiring the trustees to “pay over,” etc., at the expiration of twenty-one years after the termination of lives in being, expressly prohibits the vesting of the absolute right to the property till some appreciable time after the termination of the twenty-one year term. Perhaps we do not appreciate the force of counsel’s reasoning on that point. We certainly cannot understand the language of the clause as they seem to understand it They argue as if it were to the effect that payment shall be made only after the expiration of the term, mentioned, when the language plainly is that it shall be made at the expiration of such term. That obviously does not put off the vesting of the estate in the ultimate beneficiaries to a period subsequent to the termination of twenty-one years. That being so> the reasonable construction of the language is that all interests are to vest absolutely within the period. The law will not take notice of a time that is neither within nor without the period mentioned in the trust. Moreover, the time for paying over must necessarily be subsequent to the time of vesting. In any view one takes of the language, no infirmity is perceived. It is suggested that the persons who will be entitled to the trust estate, from the necessities of the case, cannot be ascertained till a time subsequent to the termination of the twenty-one year period, and that such feature of the trust condemns it by the common-law rule against perpetuities. We are not familiar with any authority for the proposition that the identity of all the persons entitled to participate in the distribution of a trust estate must be ascertained within the time limited by such rule. If the vesting of the estate cannot, by the terms of the trust, be postponed to a period too remote, — 135 — that satisfies the rule. It does not involve, necessarily, the time when property vests in possession, hut when the right vests. The contingency upon which that depends must happen, as has been indicated, within lives in being and the stated time thereafter. That being satisfied, the dependent estate vests instantly, though possession be deferred to a subsequent time. To avoid confusion on this subject one must keep clearly in mind that the rule against perpetuities differs from the rule against restraint upon alienation, and that it does not apply to vested interests at all. There must be contingencies upon which the vesting depends, or we have no use for the rule against perpetuities. If the right seasonably vests, postponement of the enjoyment does not offend against the rule. Scott v. West, 63 Wis. 565, 24 N. W. 161, 25 N. W. 18; Webster v. Morris, 66 Wis. 366, 383, 28 N. W. 353; In re Johnston’s Estate, 185 Pa. St. 119, 39 Atl. 879; Madison v. Larmon, 170 Ill. 65, 48 N. E. 556; Gray, Perpetuities, §§ 117, 205, 321; Page, Wills, 728. A further suggestion is made that the trust does not satisfy sec. 2071, Stats. 1898, in that it is not fully expressed and clearly defined upon the face of the instrument. Suffice it to say, on that point, that we have carefully considered counsel’s argument and are unable to see the uncertainties suggested. That is not uncertain which may readily be made certain by some definite test provided in the trust when the time shall have arrived for action. That simple proposition seems to amply answer all the suggestions made in support of this point. We have now disctissed all of the more important questions submitted for consideration, including. several, as indicated, that might have been omitted but which it was deemed best not to pass over, since a legitimate occasion was presented for deciding them, and the decision thereof seemed important to the end that the judicial policy of the state may be definitely known regarding property rights. The trust clause of the — 136 — will being found in every respect valid, and valid from any point of view that can reasonably be taken of the same, the complaint and answer based upon the contrary idea must be held insufficient and the demurrers thereto properly sustained, and the orders appealed from must be affirmed, and the cause be remanded for further proceedings according to law. By the Court. — So ordered.