Merton v. O'Brien

Winslow, J. The essential facts appearing from the complaint are, in brief, that the defendant James O’Brien in February, 1877, and more than twenty years before the commencement of this action, went into possession of certain lands which had been devised to him by his father, subject to the payment of certain cash legacies which were specifically made a lien thereon by the will, and that he has ever since remained in possession thereof, claiming ownership under said will; that one of said cash legacies was in favor of the plaintiff’s intestate, and has never been paid; and that this action is brought to enforce the lien upon said lands created by the will. The sole question presented is whether the action is barred by the statute of limitations, and the respondent’s contention'is that the statute has never commenced to run, because the appellant James O’Brien has held the land as a trustee of an express trust, which has never been denied or repudiated. In support of this contention the respondent relies upon the cases of Powers v. Powers, 28 Wis. 659, Severin v. Bueckerick, 62 Wis. 1, 21 N. W. 789, and Wier v. Simmons, 55 Wis. 637, 13 N. W. 873, holding, in effect, that where one holds land subject to a charge thereon in favor of another, created by will or deed, he holds it in trust to the extent of such charge; and upon the cases of Sheldon v. Sheldon, 3 Wis. 699; Howell v. Howell, 15 Wis. 55; Spear v. Evans, 51 Wis. 42, 8 N. W. 20; Bostwick v. Estate of Dickson, 65 Wis. 593, 26 N. W. 549; Fawcett v. Fawcett, 85 Wis. 332, 55 N. W. 405, and Williams v. Williams, 82 Wis. 398, 52 N. W. 429, holding, in effect, that the statute of limitations has no application to the case of an ex — 440 — press or acknowledged trust until there has been a denial or repudiation of the trust. It is frequently said in the authorities that in case of an express trust, as between trustee and cestui que trust, the statute of limitations does not apply. This language is not accurate, and may be very misleading. This court has had occasion very recently to carefully examine this question. Boyd v. Mut. F. Asso. 116 Wis. 155, 90 N. W. 1086, 94 N. W. 171. In that case the supposed express trust which was claimed to prevent the running of the statute of limitations concerned personal property alone.. The trust relationship there claimed was that existing between officers of a corporation and its stockholders in the handling of the corporate property. This court then adopted Chancellor Kewt’s view, as given in Kane v. Bloodgood, 7 Johns. Ch. 90, to the effect that it cannot be held that all express or direct trusts are relieved from the operation of the statute, but only those express trusts which may be called “technical and continuing trusts, which are not cognizable at law, but fall within the proper, peculiar, and exclusive jurisdiction of this court” — i. e., ,the court of chancery. Again, in the later case of Buttles v. De Baun, 116 Wis. 323, 93 N. W. 5, which was also a case of an alleged trust in personal property, it was said: “All trusts arising otherwise than by contract inter partes, trusts created by operation of law, whether implied, resulting, or constructive, and all trusts founded in contract having some of the elements of express trusts and properly referred to. as such, though not belonging to that species of express trusts cognizable only in a court of equity, are subject to statutes of limitation.” It must therefore be considered as settled in this state that a trust which is to be held exempt from the operation of the statute must be (1) an express trust and (2) a technical and continuing trust, cognizable only in a court of equity; and the question is whether such a trust is disclosed in the complaint before us. — 441 — The trust claimed is a trust in real estate. Our statute, .as it existed when the will took effect (sec. 11, ch. 84, R. S. 1858; see. 2081, R. S. 1878), limited express trusts in real estate to certain purposes, viz.: “(1) To sell lands-for the benefit of creditors; (2) to sell, mortgage or lease lands for the benefit of legatees, or for the purpose of satisfying any charge thereon; (3) to receive the rents and profits of lands and apply them to the use of any person during the life of such person or for any shorter term, subject to the rules prescribed in the last preceding chapter; (4) to receive the rents and profits of lands and to accumulate the same for the benefit of any married woman, or for any of the purposes and within the limits prescribed in the preceding chapter; (5) for the beneficial interests of any person or persons, when such trust is fully expressed and clearly defined upon the face of the instrument creating it, subject to the limitations as to time prescribed in this title.” A slight addition made to the fifth subdivision in the revision of 1878 is immaterial here. There are only two of the above subdivisions under which it can be claimed for a moment that the present case falls, namely, the second and fifth. The second must be at once rejected, because the will does not direct the legatee to sell, mortgage, or lease the lands. Therefore there can be no trust for that purpose. But the claim is seriously made that it may be a trust for the beneficial interest of the legatee, fully expressed and clearly defined under the fifth subdivision. If this claim is to be sustained, certainly we shall have to materially enlarge our conceptions of express trusts in real property. It is to be remembered that the defendant James O'Brien was never the executor of his father’s will, as the defendant was in the case of Powers v. Powers, 28 Wis. 659, and hence that the trust relationship existing between executor and legatee never arose. He was simply a devisee of real estate, upon which was imposed a money charge or lien in favor of a third person. He was not required by the will either to sell the real estate and pay the charge out of the proceeds, or to. use it in — 442 — any particular manner for the benefit of the legatee, or to nse it in any manner if he did not choose to. It was his own property, subject simply to the payment of the charge. By accepting the devise, and taking possession thereof under the devise, he doubtless became personally liable to pay the charge thereon when it became payable by law. Evans v. Foster, 80 Wis. 509, 50 N. W. 410. His situation, then, was that he owned real property, subject to a lien thereon, which he had agreed to pay, and which might be foreclosed and enforced at any time after it fell due, which, under any theory of the facts stated, was more than twenty years before-the commencement of this action. Sec. 3850, R. S. 1818. If, under these circumstances, he is to be held the trustee of an express trust, under the terms of subd. 5 of the section quoted, then it is difficult to see why every mortgagor of lands is not also the trustee of an express trust, under said subdivision, or why every owner of lands which are subject to a lien, whether for purchase money or building materials or unpaid taxes, is not such trustee. This conclusion seems unavoidable if the premise be granted, and it becomes, perhaps, the strongest argument against the correctness of the premise. It is not meant that, in case a man owns and occupies property subject to a mortgage or charge, there may not be some characteristics which may properly be called “trust characteristics” in his holding. Ilis holding is fiduciary, to the extent that he may not destroy the property or commit waste to the prejudice of the mortgagee or owner of the charge; and so he may properly enough be called a trustee, in a general sense, as that term is frequently used to cover fiduciary relations of many kinds which do not rise to the dignity of express trusts. The case of Bostwick v. Estate of Dickson, 65 Wis. 593, 26 N. W. 549, was much relied upon by the respondent, but this was a case of express trust created by contract in lands under the fifth subdivision aforesaid, and hence can have no — 443 — bearing here. In the case of Severin v. Rueckerick, 62 Wis. 1, 21 N. W. 789, the simple question was whether a voluntary conveyance made by a father to his son, conditioned for the support of the father and mother during their lives out of the crops, and for the payment of certain sums to other children after the death of the parents, was a conveyance in trust for the grantor’s own use, and hence void as to creditors, under the provisions of sec. 2306, R. S. 18Y8; and it was held that it was such a conveyance. There was no question litigated or determined in that case as to the character of the trust, or as to the operation of the statute of limitations thereon. In Powers v. Powers, 28 Wis. 659, the defendant was the executor of his father’s will, by the terms of which he was given certain lands, subject to the payment of a charge thereon to his brother, the plaintiff; and action was brought in equity to enforce such charge. The question presented was whether the circuit court ha'd jurisdiction of the action, and it was held that it had, because the defendant held the land devised to him in trust for the plaintiff, to the extent of the charge thereon. The question whether the trust was an express trust, within the terms of the section hereinbefore quoted, was not presented or decided in the case; nor was the question of the operation of the statute of limitations involved. Moreover, the defendant did in fact occupy the position of a trustee toward the plaintiff, by reason of the fact that he was executor of the will. It is not to be denied, however, that the language of the opinion in Williams v. Williams, 82 Wis. 393, 52 N. W. 429, is substantially in accord with the respondent’s contention in this case, and at variance with the conclusion we have here reached. The case was one of partition between two brothers to whom lands had been devised jointly, subject to a legacy in favor of another brother, and subject, also, to the life estate of the widow in said lands. The widow was executrix of the will, and went into possession of the land there — 444 — under, and so remained from December, 1860, until ber death, in December, 1884; and tbe defendant in tbe partition suit was made administrator of tbe estate in June, 1885. Tbe partition action was commenced at some time prior to January, 1890, at which time tbe brother to whom the legacy was given-was allowed to intervene for tbe purpose of enforcing a charge upon tbe lands to pay bis legacy, which be claimed never bad been paid. Tbe original parties to tbe partition suit answered his petition, claiming that tbe legacy bad been paid by their mother, and this issue was tried by a jury. Upon tbe trial tbe jury were instructed on tbe subject of tbe alleged payment that they might consider tbe presumption of law that after tbe lapse of twenty years tbe claim bad been paid, and this was held erroneous, because, being a case of trust, neither tbe statute of limitations nor presumption of payment from lapse of time would apply. The facts stated in that case were markedly different from tbe facts before us now. Tbe widow in that case, who was tbe executrix, and hence a trustee for tbe legatee, bad possession of tbe land as life tenant up to December, 1884; and it appears that tbe estate was then unsettled and that one of tbe remaindermen became administrator in ber place. Thus it might, perhaps, be said with truth that tbe property was in tbe bands of trustees of express trusts up to within a short time before tbe intervention took place, and hence that upon this ground tbe decision in that case was right. It must be admitted, however, that tbe decision was put squarely upon grounds which would sustain tbe ruling in tbe present case. In view of our recent, rulings on tbe subject of tbe application of tbe statute of limitations in cases of trust as contained in Boyd v. Mut. F. Asso. 116 Wis. 155, 90 N. W. 1086, 94 N. W. 171, and Buttles v. De Baun, 116 Wis. 323, 93 N. W. 5, which rulings were made after mature consideration of tbe subject, we do not feel that we can follow tbe reasoning of tbe Williams Case; and so far as it indicates that a mere — 445 — devisee of land, subject to tbe payment of a legacy charged thereon, is a trustee for the legatee, of such a nature that the statute of limitations will not run in his favor, it must he considered as overruled. By the Court.' — Order reversed, and action remanded with directions to sustain the demurrer to the complaint. Cassoday, O. J., dissents.