Pratt v. Hawes

Cassoday, C. J. Most of the errors assigned relate to the exclusion of evidence. The plaintiff was sworn and examined as a witness in bis own bebalf, and gave testimony tending to prove a compliance witb the terms of the contract, and, among other things, that be was the inventor of the improved wire and slat fabric weaving machine mentioned in the contract, and that he bad procured the patent therefor — 3sTo-. 600,269 — mentioned in the complaint. On cross-examination be testified to the effect that the negotiations relative to that contract bad been to some extent carried on by and between the defendant Mc-Namee and Mr. Daniel Brown (who owned a half interest in the machine and plant and patent), and that he and Brown acted together in making sale to defendants, and that be met the defendant McNamee at Brown’s office in Chicago the day on which the contract was signed; that be bad no correspondence with the defendants prior to that date; that be did not know as be could state fully the conversation be bad with McNamee at that time. He was then asked to state such' conversation as near as be could recollect it. On objection being made, the same was excluded. He then testified, without objection, to the effect that the improved wire and slat fabric weaving machine mentioned in the contract, although not patented until afterwards, was in existence at Lansing when the contract was made, and was afterwards shipped by him from Lansing to Appleton, as being in compliance with the contract, and the one on which a patent bad been applied for, and the one mentioned in patent Mo. 600,269. He was then asked whether the machine so sent from Lansing complied in all respects with the machine designated in patent Mo. 600,269, under claims from one to seven inclusive. On ob — 608 — jection being made, the same was excluded. There were but seven claims in the patent. He was then asked whether the machine so shipped from Lansing was the same machine in all its details and parts as covered by the specifications and claims in that patent. On objection being made, the same was excluded. It appears, and is undisputed, that the plaintiff was the inventor, or one of the inventors, of the Dayton machine covered by patent No-. 514,496, granted to him and others February 3, 1894, as mentioned in the answer. After the plaintiff had rested, the defendants gave evidence as to their negotiations with Brown, who, with the plaintiff, owned the new machine and plant and patent, prior to signing the contract; and, among other things, to the effect that the defendants had learned that another concern at Dayton, Ohio, were making similar goods; that they had previously purchased a machine from the plaintiff for the manufacture of such goods; that Brown had assured them that there was nothing in the new machine that conflicted in any way with the old patent; that the old machine could not make such goods as the new machine would make; that the Dayton parties were working more on another class of goods; that there was no chance for any trouble to come up in the line of infringements or lawsuits, and that it was all clear and open; that the machine they were working on at Lansing was nothing like the former machine, at all, in any way, shape, or manner; that the matter from Dayton was merely a bluff, and there was nothing in it; that the machine would show there was nothing to conflict; that just before the contract was signed, and on the same day, the plaintiff stated to them, in effect, that the machine he had at Lansing was made entirely different; and could manufacture goods that the former machine could not make, and that it did not conflict in any shape or manner; that he would make the alleged claims of conflict with the former machine satisfactory. The defendant McNamee, who gave such testimony, was then asked: — 609 — “In making this agreement on jour part, on what did you rely ?” On being excluded, be was then asked: “What was the inducement for you to enter into this contract with Pratt?” That was excluded. Several questions were excluded as to the operation of the knockdown barrel machine. constructed by the plaintiff at Appleton. The defendants called a witness who testified to the effect that he was a patent lawyer and expert in construing specifications and claims of patents for inventions and in determining questions of the infringement of such patents. He was then requested to state what education and experience he had had tending to- qualify himself to testify as an expert on questions of the infringement of such patents, and upon different articles made under letters patent. The court rejected such testimony on the ground that it was immaterial, for the reason that the proofs offered'by the plaintiff failed to show either a warranty or fraud in obtaining the contract, and therefore the question as to what work the machines were capable of doing, or as to whether the later machine was an infringement on the former one, was immaterial, and so the same was excluded on that ground. Thereupon counsel for the plaintiff withdrew his objection and the witness stated facts tending to show him qualified to testify as an expert. The witness was then allowed to testify to the effect that he had examined letters patent No. 514,496, and also No. 600,269, and had examined both of the machines therein described, including the Lansing machine then present in court, and which was then identified as such, and was then asked to- state whether or not the construction of that machine was shown and described in patent No. 600,269. On objection being made, the same was excluded. Thereupon the two following questions were put to the same witness, and they were both excluded: “I wish you would look at No. 514,496. Are the twister heads on this machine now here covered by letters patent 514,496 ? Are the twister heads on the Lansing machine here in court sim — 610 — ilar to these — the same form of twister heads described in the patent No. 514,496 ?” ITe was then allowed to testify to the effect that the twister heads on the Lansing machine then in court were not the same twister heads as those described in and covered by letters patent 600,269; that they were different. The court thereupon made the following statement: “I think, after examining the letters patent — I think it appears, prima facie, that the latters patent No. 600,269 are a substantial compliance with the terms of the contract. There may be modifications and variations in this machine; there may be a great many — some have already been pointed out — but the letters patent themselves are what is described in the contract for an improved slat machine, etc.; so I do not think there is any question about the fact that the letters patent do substantially comply with the terms of that agreement ; so that question is out of the case. And this rules out all expert testimony.” Thereupon the court excluded the following question put to the same expert witness: “Please to compare the construction of the invention covered by these two patents, and also consider the claims of patent 514,496, and state whether the construction of patent number 600,269 is an infringement upon the claims of patent 514,496.” The unprinted record discloses the exclusion of numerous other offers of testimony on the part of the defendants. Some of such rulings may be justified. But it is obvious that the defendants were precluded from proving the defense alleged in the answer. The defense so alleged is to the effect that the defendants were induced to sign the contract by false and fraudulent representations as to existing facts, and especially the representation that the Lansing machine was not an infringement of the prior patent covering the Dayton machine. The plaintiff claimed to be the inventor of both machines. He had previously sold all his right to the Dayton invention to parties living at that place. He would naturally be supposed to know whether the Lansing machine infringed the — 611 — prior patent covering the Dayton machine. The defendants had the clear right to prove that such representations were made, that they were induced to sign the contract because they relied upon such statements and believed them to be true, and that such representations were false, and they had sustained damage by reason thereof. Some of the rulings of the court seem to have been on the theory that if patent No. 600,269 actually covered the Lansing machine, then the plaintiff had substantially complied with the terms of his contract, and that it was immaterial whether it was procured by fraud or not; and that the question whether that machine was an infringement of patent No. 514,496 could not be determined in this action. The law is to the contrary. The supreme court of the United States has recently held: “When a state court has jurisdiction both of the parties and the subject-matter as set forth in the declaration, it cannot be ousted of such jurisdiction by the fact that, incidentally to his defense, the defendant claims the invalidity of a certain patent.” Pratt v. Paris G. L. & C. Co. 168 U. S. 255, 260, 261, 18 Sup. Ct. 62. It is there said by the court: “We are referred to but one case directly in point which favors plaintiffs contention' — Elmer v. Pennel, 40 Me. 430— in which, in a suit upon a note given for a patent right, proof that the patent was void as an infringement upon a prior one was held not to be admissible without that fact having been determined by a court of competent jurisdiction. There is, however, an overwhelming weight of authority to the contrary.” The court then cited numerous cases from Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, Indiana, Wisconsin, Illinois, and Missouri, and said: “In all these states the principle seems well established that any defense which goes to the validity of the patent is available in the state courts. In these cases the validity of the patent was attacked upon different grounds, but we per — 612 — ceive no distinction in tlie principle involved. The patent may be void because the invention was well-known before, or because it is useless or immoral, or because it is an infringement upon other prior jiatents, and it is no objection to the jurisdiction of the state court that the question of validity may involve the examination of conflicting patents or the testimony of experts. It is the fact of its invalidity, and not the reasons for it, that is material. The cases are so numerous and uniform that a bare reference to them is all that is necessary.” Among the cases there cited from this court are Page v. Dickerson, 28 Wis. 694, and Rice v. Garnhart, 34 Wis. 453. To these may be added Rowe v. Blanchard, 18 Wis. 441;. Croninger v. Paige, 48 Wis. 229, 4 N. W. 106; Fuller & J. Mfg. Co. v. Bartlett, 68 Wis. 73, 31 N. W. 747; Herman v. Gray, 79 Wis. 182, 48 N. W. 113; Valley I. W. Mfg. Co. v. Goodrick, 103 Wis. 436, 78 N. W. 1096. In the earliest of these eases, in an action on a note given for the assignment of a right under a patent, it was held by this court that the maker of the note might defend by showing that the inven-’ tion was practically useless, and hence that there was a want of consideration. In another of the cases cited it was held that the state court has “jurisdiction of actions where the contract of sale of a patent right is sought to be rescinded because procured by fraudulent representations of the vendor as to the value and usefulness of such fight.” Page v. Dickerson, supra. So, in an action brought in a state court to recover the contract price of a patent right, it was held by this court that, for the purpose of showing a want or failure of consideration, the defendant might prove that the patent was void because the patentee was not the first inventor of the patented article. Rice v. Garnhart, supra. In another it was held, in a suit by the vendor for the purchase price of a patent, that the vendee might defend on the ground that the article sold was in fact an infringement of a patent. Croninger v. Paige, supra. The other cases in this court cited have — 613 — more or less bearing upon the question. See, also, Excelsior W. P. Co. v. Pacific B. Co. 185 U. S. 282, 286, 22 Sup. Ct. 681; McMullen v. Bowers, 102 Fed. 494. But it is unnecessary to multiply adjudications from state courts, since tbe question is so firmly established by tbe highest authority on federal questions. 2. Counsel claim that the defendants a^e estopped from making such defense, or recovering on their counterclaim, for the reason that on July 31, 1897- — eight'days after the execution of the contract — the defendants sold all the property and rights they had secured from the plaintiff, by virtue of the contract, to the Appleton Ventilated Wooden-Ware Company. There are two reasons why this contention cannot prevail. The general rule is that an estoppel must be pleaded in order to enable a party to avail himself of it upon the trial. Warder v. Baldwin, 51 Wis. 450, 459, 8 N. W. 257; Borkenhagen v. Paschen, 72 Wis. 272, 39 N. W. 774; Bank of Antigo v. Ryan, 105 Wis. 37, 80 N. W. 440. It is not a case where there was no opportunity to plead the facts constituting an estoppel. The answer of the defendants contains a counterclaim covering the whole question of false representations and frauds, and demands judgment dismissing the complaint, and that the “contract be canceled, rescinded, and annulled.” The only reply is a denial of each and every allegation therein contained; except as specifically admitted, qualified, or explained in the complaint. The record discloses the fact that the evidence of such sale and transfer by the defendants was admitted, against objection. Evens & Howard F. B. Co. v. Hadfield, 93 Wis. 665, 68 N. W. 468. Besides, had it been admitted without objection, or been properly pleaded, it would only have been available to defeat the claim for the rescission of the contract. It could not have prevented the defendants from proving nonperformance of the contract on the part of the plaintiff, nor that the defendants were induced to sign the contract-by the false and fraudulent representa — 614 — tions on tbe part of tbe plaintiff, and bad sustained damages in consequence thereof. We are forced to tbe conclusion that there was a mistrial in this case. By the Court. — Judgment of tbe circuit court is reversed, and tbe cause is remanded for a new trial.