Wallace v. St. John

Cássoday, C. J. There is no conflict in the evidence. The controversy is as to the law applicable to the undisputed facts. For thirteen years the plaintiff and his wife, Agnes J., held the title to all the lands in question by deeds running-to them as husband and wife. Two- months before her death, the wife, Agnes J., deeded the undivided one-half of all of such lands to the defendant, her son by a former marriage, and took back a mortgage for the purchase price. The defendant claims to be the owner of such undivided one-half of such lands by virtue of that deed, knd as administrator he claims to be the owner of the mortgage. This is an action to set aside that deed and mortgage, and to have the unin-cumbered title to all of such lands adjudged to be in the plaintiff. In support of the plaintiff’s claim, his counsel contends, and the trial court held, in effect, that during the thirteen years mentioned the plaintiff and his wife, Agnes J., held thé title to all such lands as tenants by the entirety; and hence that the deed from Agnes J. to’ the defendant and the mortgage back were both null and void, except as to the usufruct of the lands during the two months immediately preceding the death of Agnes J. The question presented is very important, and may be involved in the title to numerous estates. It has received very careful consideration from every member of this court. It is certainly not free from difficulty. It is not easy to harmonize by construction the statutes applicable, enacted as they were at different times remote from each other, and having different objects. To ascertain the true meaning of such statutes, it seems to be necessary to trace their history — 590 — ■and the rules of the common law which they were designed •to modify, as well as the decisions construing such statutes. In the case of Ketchum v. Walsworth, 5 Wis. 95, seemingly relied upon by counsel for the plaintiff, the land was conveyed to the husband and wife in 18-16, and the husband died intestate duly 22, 1819 — more than five months prior to the time when the Revised Statutes of 1819 went into effect. See ch. 157, p. 747, of those statutes. The question there presented was whether the wife, as survivor of her husband, at common law and under the Territorial Statutes of 1839 (p. 178) took the whole estate freed from the debts of her husband; and it was there held, among other things, that she did, and that: “At common law, where an estate is granted to husband and wife, they take by entireties, and not by moieties. Neither can sell without the consent of the other, and the survivor takes the whole. . . . The words of conveyance which would make two other persons joint tenants would make the husband and wife tenants'of the entirety.” Such territorial statute was very different from any section of the statute here involved. 5 Wis. 101, 102. It is there expressly stated that the sections of the Revised Statutes of 1819, here involved, did not apply to that case. Pages 101, 101. It follows that that decision is of no significance here, except as it reiterates certain rules of the common law, about which there can be no serious difference •of opinion. So, in the case of Brown v. Baraboo, 90 Wis. 151, 154, 155, 62 N. W. 921, the controversy related to the title of land of which George W. Brown died seised December 15, 1817, and without wife or issue; and it was held that under the territorial statute cited the land descended equally to his father and mother, and that, “as they took by descent, and not by purchase, as by grant or devise, . . . they took as tenants in common and by moieties, and not by entireties, and therefore that upon the death of the mother her interest — 591 — did not go to tbe father, ber bnsband, by right of survivor-ship.” That decision furnishes no aid in construing the sections of the statutes here under consideration. From the time the statutes of 1849 went into effect— January 1, 1850 — down to the revision of the statutes of 1878, there were three sections of the statutes contained in chapters on “The Nature and Qualities of Estates in Eeal Property, and the Alienation Thereof,” which Were as follows : “Sec. 43. Estates, in respect to the number and connection of their owners, are divided into estates in severalty, in joint tenancyj and in common; the nature and properties of which, respectively, shall continue to be such as are now established by law, except so far as the same may be modified by the provisions of this chapter. “Sec. 44. All grants and devises of lands, made to two or more persons, except as provided in the following section, shall be construed to create estates in common, and not in joint tenancy, unless expressly declared to be in joint tenancy. “Sec. 45. The preceding section shall not apply to mortgages, nor to devises or grants made in trust, or made to executors, or to husband and wife.” Secs. 43, 44, and 45, of ch. 56, R. S. 1849, and of ch. 83, R. S. 1858. In February, 1850, an act entitled “An act to provide for the protection of married women in the enjoyment of their own property,” went into effect. Ch. 44, Laws of 1850. That act was incorporated into the first three sections of ch. 95, E. S. 1858, entitled “Of the Eights of Married Women.” Such statutes expressly authorized the wife to “receive by inheritance, or by gift, grant, devise, or bequest, from any person other than her husband, and hold to her sole and separate use, and convey and devise,” etc., “in the same manner and with lité effect as if she were unmarried,” etc. E. S. 1858, ch. 95, sec. 3. This court held early that the principal object of the act “was to prevent the property of — 592 — tbe wife from being liable for tbe debts of tbe husband, and fz-om being sold or controlled by him.” Wooster v. Northrup, 5 Wis. 245. Snob were tbe statutes of this state wben tbe case of Bennett v. Child, 19 Wis. 362, came before tbis couid for consideration. In tbat case tbe plaintiffs beld title to eighty acres,of land by virtue of a deed running to them as husband and wife, executed May 1, 1854, and tbe action was to restrain tbe sbeidff- from issuing a deed upon tbe execution sale against tbe busband' alone, and to set aside the sheriff’s sale. Tbe plaintiffs obtáined judgment in tbe tidal court, and the same was reversed by tbis court. In tbe brief of counsel for tbe defendants .in that case it was ui’ged tbat by the rales of tbe common law and sections 43, 44, and 45 of ch. 56, R. S. 1849, and of ch. 83, R. S. 1858, above cited, tbe deed to busband and wife did not create an estate in common, nor in severalty, but a sort of joint tenancy, within tbe meaning of tbe first of those sections, technically known at common law as “tenants by tbe entirety;” tbat tbp effect of such deed to busband and wife was not modified or changed by such statutes giving rights to married women. Among tbe cases cited in support of such contention were cases from Massachusetts bolding tliat “a conveyance to bus-band and wife in fee creates a joint tenancy, and not a tenancy in common.” Shaw v. Hearsey, 5 Mass. 521; Fox v. Fletcher, 8 Mass. 274. Tbis court took tbat view of tbe case, and held, under tbe sections of tbe statutes cited, tbat “lands granted to busband and wife” were “beld by. them as at common law,” and tbat such statutes giving rights to manned women did not apply; and in part overruled tbe statement contained in the opinion in Ketchum v. Walsworth, 5 Wis. 95, to tbe effect tbat neither the busband nor wife could, without tbe consent of tbe other, alien “any portion or interest” in tbe estate. And so it was beld in tbat — 593 — case that “the husband’s interest, or at least his life estate in such lands,” was “subject to sale on execution for his debt.” See, also, Smith v. Smith, 23 Wis. 176, 180. Such were the statutes of this state and the decisions under them when the Revised Statutes of 1878 went into effect. Did those statutes change the common-law rule so as to authorize the wife to sever such tenancy by conveyance, as in the case at bar ? Counsel for the plaintiff contend that “joint tenancies and tenancies by the entirety' are essentially different.” But it is well established at common law that the estate created by deed to husband, and wife is “essentially a joint tenancy, modified by the common-law doctrine that the husband and wife are one person.” 15 Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law (2d ed.) 847, citing numerous cases, among others Pray v. Stebbins, 141 Mass. 219, 221, 4 N. E. 824. Thus it is said that: “A tenancy by entireties created by a conveyance to husband and.wife resembles in some respects a joint tenancy. In both tenancies the title and estate are joint, and both have the quality of survivorship: But the estate of joint tenants is divisible) while that of tenants by entireties is indivisible. The former are seised per my et per tout, while the latter, as one person in law, are seised per tout et non per my. ' Hence in a joint tenancy either tenant may, convey his share to a eotenant Or to a stranger, while neither tenant by entireties can convey his or her interest so. as to affect the cotenants’ joint use of the property during their joint lives, or to defeat the right of survivorship upon the death of either of the cotenants. There may be partition' between joint tenants, while there can be none between tenants by entireties.” 17 Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law (2d ed.) 652: The authorities agree that this indivisibility of tenancies by the entirety at common law was in consequence of the oneness of husband and wife at common law. 15 Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law (2d ed.) 847. Adjudications cited by counsel — 594 — •for tbe plaintiff are to tbe same effect. Stuckey v. Keefe's Ex’rs, 26 Pa. St. 397, 399; Diver v. Diver, 56 Pa. St. 106, 109. Tbe changes in tbe statutes by tbe revision of 1878 necessarily bad reference to sucb rules of tbe common law, as well as to prior statutes. Secs. 43, 44, and 45 of ch. 56, R. S. 1849, and of ch. 83, R. S. 1858, and quoted above, were copied literally into tbe Revised Statutes of 1878 as secs. 2067j 2068, and 2069, except tbat in sec. 2067 tbe words “these statutes” are substituted in place of “this chapter" at tbe end of sec. 43 in tbe prior statute. Tbe change is significant. Tbe words “this chapter” in sucb prior statutes were confined to “tbe nature and qualities of estates in real property, and tbe alienation thereof,” and necessarily ex-" eluded ch. 95 of the Revised Statutes of 1858, entitled “Of tbe Rights of Married Women.” This is made plain by tbe revisers’ note to sec. 2067, which is as follows: “Sec. 2067 is amended by writing ‘these statutes’ instead of ‘this chapter’ at tbe end, as there are other provisions besides those in this chapter áffecting sucb estates; e. g., in the chapter on tbe rights of married women tbe joint tenancy of tbe common law in case of husband and wife is changed so tbat it shall be as between other tenants.” The words “other tenants” manifestly mean other joint tenants. This brings us to tbe question of tbe change actually made in “tbe joint tenancy of tbe common law in case of bus-band and wife” by “tbe chapter on tbe rights of married women,” as found in tbe Revised Statutes of 1878. As indicated, cb. 95, R. S. 1858, related to property which tire wife owned or might acquire in her own right, and not to such as she might bold jointly with her husband. By tbe revision of 1878 the title of tbe chapter was changed to “The Property Rights of Married Women.” Sec. 1 of tbat chapter was amended by inserting immediately after tbe word “estate” the following words, “of every description, including — 595 — all beld in joint tenancy with her husband,” so that the same reads, with those words inserted in italics, as follows: “The real estate of every description, including all held in joint tenancy with her husband, and the rents, issues and profits thereof, of any female now married, shall not be subject to the disposal of her husband, but shall be her sole and separate property as if she were unmarried.” Sec. 2340, R. S. 1878. So sec. 3 of that chapter, which authorized the wife to receive property from any one “other than her husband” was amended by inserting immediately after the words “estate therein” the following words, “of any description, including all held in joint tenancy with her husband.” Sec. 2342, R. S. 1878. The revisers say in their note to see. 2340 that such sections are “amended so as to provide more certainly that all the real estate of the wife shall be at her sole disposal. It is supposed all is so by the section as it now stands, except the ■single case of a joint tenancy by the husband. That that case ought to' be included is well illustrated by the consequences which happened the wife in the case of Bennett v. Child, 19 Wis. 362. The husband’s creditors took not only his but her interest in the property jointly held, leaving her only the chance of survivorship. Under the rule as changed by this section the husband’s share only can be disposed of by him or his creditors without the wife’s action; and, thereby the joint tenancy being dissolved, she will hold her interest in common with the taker of the husband’s share.” “Thus it appears,” as stated in Citizens’’ L. & T. Co. v. Witte, 116 Wis. 64, 65, 92 N. W. 443, 445, “that both sections, as so amended, as well as the revisers in their notes, treat the estate created by deed running to husband and wife, as in the case at bar, as an estate held in joint tenancy,’ instead of being held as tenants of the entirety, as at common law.” ”. . . “Manifestly, the revisers intended by the amendments to cover cases of tenants ■of the entirety held by husband and wife, especially as in — 596 — one section tbe words ‘held in joint tenancy/ follow tbe words, ‘the real estate of every description/ and in tbe other section follow tbe words ‘any interest or estate therein of any description/ and in both sections they are followed by tbe words, ‘and tbe rents, issues and profits thereof/ or their equivalent. Unless that is so, tbe new provisions inserted in tbe sections are without significance.” Both .sections declare that tbe real- estate so beld by tbe wife “in joint 'tenancy with her husband” shall “be her sole and separate property, as if she were unmarried.” There-is nothing in tbe statute to prevent an unmarried female from becoming a joint tenant of real estate with another. In the case at bar tbe trial court beld, as contended by counsel for tbe plaintiff, that such amendments did make tbe bus-band and wife tenants in common as to tbe rents, issues, and profits. But tbe .amendments to one section of tbe statutes relate to “tbe real estate of every description” of any married woman, and in tbe other to tbe real estate “of any description” of any married woman. Tbe statutes were not designed to be retroactive. They were prospective, and only relate to- estates created after th'eir enactment. Tbe statutes, make no distinction between rents, issues, and profits and tbe title to tbe property. Tbe deeds in question were executed several years after tbe revision of 1878. We must bold that tbe deeds to tbe plaintiff and bis wife, Agnes J.,. made them joint tenants and that such tenancy was severed by tbe deed from tbe wife, Agnes J., to tbe defendant, Charles W. St. John. Tbe result is that tbe defendant, Charles W. St. John, and tbe plaintiff bold all tbe lands in question as tenants in common, as stated in tbe revisers’ notes last quoted. We have not overlooked the case of Farr v. Trustees A. O. U. W. 83 Wis. 446, 53 N. W. 738. That was an insurance certificate running to. tbe wife and daughter, and it was beld under sec. 2068 of tbe statutes that they took as joint tenants, with tbe right of survivorship. Tbe question of bus597 band and wife was not involved, and the severance was not involved. Nor have we overlooked the case of Feidler v. Howard, 99 Wis. 388, 393, 75 N. W. 163. That case was determined npon the construction to be given to secs. 2068, 2069, R. S. 1878, and it was held that “a note and mortgage running to a husband and wife, are held by them in joint tenancy, and upon the death of one go to- the survivor, and not to the executor of the deceased for the payment of his debts.” There was no question, of severance of such joint tenancy involved, and no reference is made to the statutes giving rights to married women. ' " By the Court. — The judgment of the circuit court* is reversed, and the cause is remanded with direction to' dismiss the complaint.