Manitowoc Steam Boiler Works v. Manitowoc Glue Co.

Dodge, J. Tbe Result of tbis action, whereby the defendant is required to pay the full contract price for a boiler of only about one half the capacity or valúe of that for which it agreed to pay it, is somewhat startling, especially in view of the consideration, understood by both parties, that its only reason for buying a new boiler at all was that the operation of the factory required more steam than the old one could supply. Before reaching such a result, a court should pause to re-examine the rules of law or processes of reasoning upon which it is based. If the law warrants it, the force or value of a contract seems to have vanished. The contractor receives the same compensation for nonperformance as for performance. The general rule of law is firmly established that he who makes an entire contract can recover no pay unless he performs it entirely and according to its terms. Moritz v. Larsen, 70 Wis. 569, 36 N. W. 331; Cohn v. Plumer, 88 Wis. 662, 60 N. W. 1000; Widman v. Gay, 104 Wis. 277, 80 N. W. 450. This general rule has, with considerable hesitation, been relaxed for equitable considerations in certain ■exceptional situations where it is believed to work hardship: First, in favor of laborers who contract to perform personal services, and without fault of either party fail of complete performance (Diefenback v. Stark, 56 Wis. 462, 466, 14 N. W. 621; Walsh v. Fisher, 102 Wis. 112, 78 N. W. 437; Hildebrand v. Am. F. A. Co. 109 Wis. 171, 85 N. W. 268); secondly, in building contracts, where the contractor constructs something on the land of another which by oversight, but in good-faith effort to perform fails to entirely satisfy the contract, but is so substantially in compliance therewith that the structure fully accomplishes the purpose of that contracted for, and the other party voluntarily accepts the benefit thereof, or where the failure is mere inconsiderable incompleteness, and the expense of completion is easy of ascertainment (Malbon v. Birney, 11 Wis. 107; Fuller-W. Co. v. Shurts, 95 Wis. 606, 70 N. W. 683; Williams v. Thrall, 101 Wis. — 6 — 337, 76 N. W. 599; Laycock v. Parker, 103 Wis. 161, 79 N. W. 327; John Pritzlaff H. Co. v. Berghoefer, 103 Wis. 359, 79 N. W. 564; Taft v. Montague, 14 Mass. 282; Smith v. School Dist. 20 Conn. 312; Bozarth v. Dudley, 44 N. J. Law, 304; Smith v. Brady, 17 N. Y. 173; Dermott v. Jones, 2 Wall. 1); and, thirdly, where the contractor supplies an article different from or inferior to that promised, and the-recipient, having full opportunity to reject -without loss or injury, decides to accept and retain the thing furnished. This third phase is hardly an exception, for such voluntary acceptance may well be deemed the making of a new contract to take and pay reasonably for the article which does not satisfy the original contract. Fuller-W. Co. v. Shurts, supra; Williams v. Thrall, supra. In case of either of these exceptions,, great caution is due in order that the innocent purchaser shall not suffer. If loss must fall anywhere, it should rest on him who breaks the contract. As said in Allen v. Mc-Kibbin, 5 Mich. 449, 455, and quoted approvingly in Walsh v. Fisher, supra, “the party in default can never gain by his default, and the other party can never be permitted lose by it.” Bishop v. Price, 24 Wis. 480. The question,, therefore, in such cases, is never what will reasonably compensate the contractor, but what can the purchaser pay without being put in worse position than if the contract had been performed ? The recovery is quantum valebat from the innocent purchaser’s point of view. Proceeding to ascertain how far these principles are applicable to the situation at bar, we are confronted by the fact that substantial performance of the express contract is wholly wanting. The finding is that the boiler furnished was about eighty-two per cent, of the capacity of the old one, instead of 150 per cent., and that the increase of capacity was the vital and essential part of the contract. This is in no sense substantial performance. The boiler does not serve at all the purpose which the larger one would have served, and for — 7 — wliicb it was purchased. Defendant can obtain that for which it contracted, and for which it agreed to pay $2,035, and which is necessary to the purpose which induced the contract, in only one of two ways: either it can remove this hoiler from its premises at large expense, if plaintiff does not remove it, and purchase and put in place another of the required size; or it can retain it, and put in another of substantially equal capacity as auxiliary to it, and at a cost equal to or greater than the original contract price, and probably necessitating reconstruction of its boiler house. One in such predicament cannot be said to have received in substance that for which he contracted. Malbon v. Birney, 11 Wis. 107; Fuller-W. Co. v. Shurts, 95 Wis. 606, 70 N. W. 683. Neither do we discover either finding or proof that defendant had accepted the boiler, had decided to keep it, and use it so far as it will go toward supplying the needed steam. True, the trial court argues that it would be inequitable to allow defendant to' keep the boiler and pay nothing for it, but does not find that it has elected to do so. The only finding is that it is not shown by a preponderance of the evidence that defendant rejected the boiler, or demanded its removal, though he did protest that it did not satisfy the contract. The evidence is that defendant never in words ordered plaintiff to remove the boiler, but from the testimony of the same witness (plaintiff’s manager) it appears that defendant, at the time of protesting the insufficiency, did convey to plaintiff its wish and expectation that it be removed. That witness testified that upon such protest he agreed that he would remove the boiler if on test it did not come up to contract requirement. The test was made, the capacity ascertained, hut the plaintiff’s contention thereafter was that the contract was other than it is now found to have been, and for that reason did not remove it. This testimony fully confirms that of defendant’s manager that he desired to have the boiler removed, and negatives any inference that it remained on — 8 — defendant’s premises pursuant to an election on its part to keep it. Another important consideration was that defendant’s entire pleading was based on the theory of nonacceptance. The answer denied performance of the contract, and sought by counterclaim to recover back the portion of the purchase price paid, and the expenses which must fall on defendant and be lost if the boiler was removed, but did not ask to recover the difference in value between the contract boiler and the actual one, which would be the principal element of damage if the boiler were to be retained. Boothby v. Scales, 27 Wis. 626; Park v. Richardson & B. Co. 81 Wis. 399, 51 N. W. 572. Doubtless the fact, unexplained, that defendant made use of the boiler, which had been built into its boiler house and connected with the steam pipes in its factory, is an evidentiary circumstance having some tendency to show acceptance, but such conduct is by no means conclusive when a party cannot forego use of the appliance without at the same time giving up the use of his own premises. Thus one whose land has been plowed by another cannot be said to accept that plowing as a service merely because he sows seed and raises a crop on the land. Smith v. Brady, 17 N. Y. 188. Nor because a city runs sewerage through filter beds at its sewer outlet does it necessarily accept them. Madison v. Amer. San. Png. Co. 118 Wis. 480, 95 N. W. 1097. Nor because the owner lives in his house, and uses the defective furnace therein, does he necessarily accept the latter. Williams v. Thrall, 101 Wis. 337, 76 N. W. 599; Fuller-W. Co. v. Shurts, 95 Wis. 606, 70 N. W. 683. Nor because one takes his own logs does he accept the cutting and driving done upon them by another. McDonald v. Bryant, 73 Wis. 20, 26, 40 N. W. 665. In Smith v. School Dist. 20 Conn. 312, it was held sufficient to negative inference of acceptance of school house that the district had “done nothing to prevent its removal by the builder.” See, also, Bozarth v. Dudley, 44 N. J. Law, 304. From such considerations it is clear — 9 — that tbe mere use of tbis boiler in connection with its own premises, with wbicb it bad been connected, is not enough to ■overcome tbe foregoing evidence that defendant np to tbe time of tbe trial bad elected not to accept or retain tbe boiler, but wished it removed, and that plaintiff fully understood ■such election, and bad allowed said boiler to remain in breach of its agreement to remove it, because of an erroneous construction of tbe contract. Further, at tbe close of tbe trial, before tbe amendments changing tbe cause of action, no evidence of tbe value of tbe boiler, in the sense above defined, bad been received in evidence. Tbe trial court seemed to bold that tbe contract price was 'prima facie proof of tbe value. We can hardly conceive a more complete solecism than tbe doctrine that tbe contract price of a 250 horse power boiler is presumptively tbe value of one of 140 horse power. If tbe contract price proves anything, it proves that tbe actual boiler was not worth $2,035, but some less sum. Tbe suggestion that defendant’s manager bad testified that tbe boiler received was worth tbe contract price is not borne out by the bill of exceptions. A portion thereof, quoted by tbe trial court in its decision, is so disassociated from its context as to distort its meaning. Tbe witness bad testified that, a boiler such as contracted for being worth $2,035, tbe value of such a one as delivered was proportionately less as tbe capacity, to wit, about $900, but said, “I can’t state tbe market value of that boiler at tbe time I received it any more than what Mr. Hess valued it at.” Very clearly this is nothing more than that bis opinion as to market values is based solely on Mr. TIess’ valuation. Tbe court treats it as if be bad said, ■“I can’t state that tbe market value is any more than Hess valued it,” wbicb be then construes into an admission that its market price was as much as Hess’ valuation, to wit, tbe contract price. Clearly, tbe witness testified nothing of tbe .sort. Tbe result is that at tbe close of tbe trial there was no evi10 den.ce to support a recovery on tie contract, and tie court slould lave rendered judgment dismissing tie complaint. Neither was tlere evidence to support a cause of action quantum meruit, to accord witl wlicl amendment by tie-court is authorized by sec. 2830, Stats. 1898. True, tie court, xniglt conceive tlat acts subsequent to those disclosed by tie-proofs might take place, and might constitute acceptance;, but could that justify an entire change of issues ? The real controversy lad been as to the capacity of the boiler contracted for. That issue being decided against it, different courses were open both to plaintiff and defendant. Tie-former might decide to take it away and replace it by one up-to the contract requirement, as it had promised to do; or perhaps it might enlarge this particular boiler, as suggested by the evidence; or it might take it away entirely, and stand its liability for damages for entire breach of the contract. Tie-defendant might consent to any of these steps, or it might resist them in such a way as to effectively work an acceptance so as to be liable quantum meruit. Indeed, so far as-the record discloses, these options are still open to the parties, if not foreclosed by the judgment appealed from. What-propriety, then, could there be in requiring the parties to join entirely new issues, perhaps involving transactions subsequent to the commencement of this action, and in effect creating new contract relations, which might all properly be-tried in a new suit brought for that purpose, to which defendant would have absolute right to set up all its defenses ? And especially how can we justify the act of the trial court in depriving defendant of its statutory right to set up all its defenses and counterclaims to the new cause of action thus brought against it? It had not at all waived that right by deciding not to urge some of them against the cause of action which had been on trial. We do not mean to detract from-the very broad discretion vested in the trial courts to allow amendments in the course of the trial. If we could discover — 11 — that tbe parties, without protest, had tried out the question, of a liability arising from acceptance of the boiler, we should probably not disturb the action of the court in causing formal amendments to enable final judgment upon the issues so tried; but, as already stated, we find nothing of the sort in the' record. The circuit judge based the allowance of the-amendment and his exercise of discretion on a mistaken assumption therefore, namely, that there was evidence with which such amendment corresponded. So extraordinary and unjustifiable an order we must assume that he, in due exercise of discretion, would not have made but for such mistake. In the absence of such foundation, we must hold it erroneous.. It is an error -which can be corrected by reversing the present judgment and directing that which ought to have been done-at the time, namely, the rendition of a judgment dismissing, the complaint, which, of course, will not prejudice an action outside of the contract sued on in this. By the Gourt. — Judgment reversed, and cause remanded with directions to enter judgment dismissing the complaint..