Heller v. Clarke

SibbeckbR,- J. This appeal presents the question whether the defendant Clarke, as a justice of the peace in the city of Milwaukee, had jurisdiction to hear, try, and determine the charge preferred against the plaintiff for an assault and battery alleged to have been committed within the county but outside of the limits of the city of Milwaukee. In Gilowsky v. Connolly, 55 Wis. 445, 13 N. W. 444, it was held that, under the constitution of the state, the legislature had the power to deprive justices of the peace in cities and villages of jurisdiction in criminal cases, and vest the jurisdiction in other tribunals. The grounds of this decision need not be repeated. The results of that case were affirmed in Shaffel v. State, 97 Wis. 377, 72 N. W. 888. The Gilowsky Case determined that the legislation pertaining to the jurisdiction of the municipal court for Milwaukee county which enacted that “no justice of the peace or court commissioner [74] witbin said city shall exercise any jurisdiction in any criminal cases, but all such jurisdiction is vested in said court and the judge thereof,” did not contravene any of the provisions of the seventh article of the constitution, vesting judicial power in certain courts, among which are justices of the-peace, and providing for their election, and that “the justices thus elected shall have such civil and criminal jurisdiction as shall be prescribed by law.” . In the subsequent case of Shaffel v. State, it was held that, ch. 23, Laws of 1895, which created a municipal court for the western part of Waukesha county, called the “Municipal Court for the Western District of Waukesha County,” and the provisions of the act divesting justices of the peace in that district of all jurisdiction “in cases of crimes or inisde-meanors or breaches of any village or city ordinance, arising-within the limits of said county,” etc., and vesting it in this municipal court, was valid legislation. The contention of' respondents that the jurisdiction of justices of the peace,, elected in the city of Milwaukee, over offenses committed outside of the city but within the county could not be vested in the police court, upon the ground that it deprives such justices of jurisdiction outside of the judicial district for which this court is created, is met by the Shaft el Case. The act then-under consideration deprived justices within the judicial district comprising a part of the county of criminal jurisdiction throughout the county, and vested it in the court of such district. The reasons now advanced against the validity of such legislation suggest no valid grounds to our minds for holding that the conclusions of those cases should not be adhered to. • We must hold the justices of the peace of the city of Milwaukee were divested of all criminal jurisdiction under the provisions of the act creating the police court of the city of Milwaukee, and such jurisdiction was vested in that court. It follows that the defendant Glarhe, as justice of the peace, had no jurisdiction to issue a warrant for ap75 jiellant’s arrest and to cause him to be taken into custody asset out in the above statement of facts, and that the process was absolutely void. The trial court held that defendants were not liable because the justice acted in good faith in issuing the process-upon the complaint made before him, and causing the plaintiff to be arrested and bound over for trial. The court, it seems, was led to this holding in considering that the recent case of Robertson v. Parker, 99 Wis. 652, 75 N. W. 423, modified the rule of former cases in this court, under which justices were held liable in damages to persons who had been taken into custody upon void process issued in their official capacity. The case fails to sustain this interpretation both in its facts and in the terms of the decision. The facts show that the defendant in that case was sought to be held liable to the plaintiff in that action upon the ground that he, as judge of the municipal court of Douglas county, issued a warrant for plaintiff’s arrest to answer the charge of abandoning his wife, that he was arrested, brought to trial, and sentenced to imprisonment by the defendant as judge of such court. In law this court had no jurisdiction to try and sentence the accused in that case, but had jurisdiction to cause him to be apprehended and held to bail or committed for trial. It will be observed that the magistrate had jurisdiction to cause the apprehension of the accused and bind him over for trial, but exceeded his powers when he tried and pronounced sentence upon him. This decision particularly discriminates between cases where the magistrate acts wholly without jurisdiction, and those wherein, through judicial error, he takes some steps in the proceeding in excess of his-powers. The court says: “There is a distinction running through many of the cases between a proceeding instituted and carried on by a magistrate, where the initial proceeding failed to secure jurisdiction, or, having secured it, he had lost it by neglect of legal [76] requirements, and those where jurisdiction has been secured, and, during the progress of the investigation, the magistrate, in view of the situation, decides that he possesses greater power than he actually possesses;” citing Brosde v. Sanderson, 86 Wis. 368, 57 N. W. 49; Frazier v. Turner, 76 Wis. 562, 45 N. W. 411; and Lueck v. Heisler, 87 Wis. 644, 58 N. W. 1101, as sustaining the rule that a magistrate is liable to the party injured by the void process. These and other cases must be deemed to settle this question in this court to the effect that, when justices of the peace act in cases of which they have no jurisdiction, their proceedings are void, and they become trespassers, and as such are liable to any person injured by their acts. Gelzenleuchter v. Niemeyer, 64 Wis. 316, 25 N. W. 442; Cooley, Torts (2d ed.) p. 492. The warrant upon which plaintiff was arrested showed upon its face that it was issued to apprehend the accused for an offense over which the justice had' no jurisdiction, and the officer was bound to know its invalidity. It affords no protection to him in making the arrest. Lueck v. Heisler, 87 Wis. 644, 58 N. W. 1101. The plaintiff was entitled to judgment upon the verdict for the amount of the damages found, with costs. By the Court. — The judgment of the superior court of Milwaukee is reversed, and the cause remanded with directions to award judgment in favor of the plaintiff in accordance with this opinion.