Dunham v. Salmon

Winslow, J. The transaction under investigation in this case is of a kind now frequently occurring, as the records of the courts will show. A stallion of alleged high breeding.and great value is proposed to be sold in shares to a number of neighboring farmers for the philanthropic purpose of raising the standard of draft-horse stock in the vicinity and incidentally of making money for the owners. An agent spends weeks or months going from house to house interviewing possible purchasers, painting in glowing terms the benefits — 168 — which must result from the venture, generally seeking to obtain subscriptions to so-called shares of stock in the enterprise, or signatures to notes for such shares, or both, upon condition that a certain required number of shares are subscribed for. The agent has many talks, now with one man in the field, and again with two or three together at the village store or saloon. At these talks there is always more or less puffing of the horse, and word-painting of the probable profits of the venture varying according to the intellectual and artistic abilities of the agent. Finally the requisite number of subscriptions or signatures is obtained and a meeting of the subscribers held where the deal is consummated, the money and notes turned over and the printed pedigree delivered, and a more or less formal association of the subscribers perfected. When, in the course of a year or more, the notes are presented for payment it is frequently found that the roseate pictures painted by the agent have not been fully realized, the expected profits have not appeared, the virtues of the horse as a breeder have not come up to the confident predictions of the agent, the recollections of the subscribers as to the inducements held out to them by the agent differ widely from the recollections of the agent, and the matter comes before the courts for settlement upon an issue of fraud or broken warranty. In a general way the present transaction seems to have followed the course indicated. The plaintiffs are importers and breeders of horses at Wayne, Illinois. They proposed to sell an imported Percheron stallion named Preval to an association to be formed composed of farmers and other citizens residing at or in the neighborhood of Soldiers’ Grove in this state at the price of $2,600. One Dyer made the canvass, beginning his labors in the month of December, 1902, and claiming to have sold the necessary amount of shares April 30, 1903. He seems to have secured individual notes from some subscribers, as well as the joint note in suit signed by the defendants. — 169 — •Some of those who went into the enterprise declined to give notes, but preferred to pay cash. A meeting was held May 7th at Soldiers’ Grove at which most of the subscribers were present. Dyer testifies that all the notes were signed during the last days of April or first days of May and before the meeting. At the meeting Dyer was present, some cash was paid, Dyer either already had or there received the notes, an -organization of the subscribers was effected, a president and secretary elected, Dyer gave the secretary some printed bylaws and blank stock certificates, also the pedigree of the horse; and Erie, who had been elected secretary, asked him where the guaranty was which he promised to show that the horse would get sixty per cent, of the mares served with foal. Dyer then produced a paper looking like a mortgage, which Erie says he did not read, and marked “sixty” on it and handed it to Erie, who immediately put it away in a drawer in a desk. Erie further says that this paper was soon after-wards destroyed by mice and he never read it. Hone of the -subscribers ever read it. A paper was produced by the plaintiffs on the trial which was proven to he a copy of the paper -so delivered and was introduced in evidence. It consists of a formal hill of sale of the horse from the plaintiffs to the Uoldiers’ Grove Perdieron Horse Company, and contains a special warranty to the effect that, if the horse does not get fifty per cent, of the mares served with foal during the first full season, the plaintiffs will furnish to the company another ■stallion of equal quality in exchange upon return of the stallion in question at a certain time and place accompanied with •certain proofs showing the failure. The horse was turned over to the association immediately after this meeting and was operated by their agents during the seasons of 1903 and 1904. There is neither pleading nor proof to the effect that it was ever returned, or offered to he returned, to the plaintiffs. The answer contained allegations of breach of warranty — 170 — and of fraud in the sale.' As there was no attempt to prove any return, or offer to return the horse, the court ruled that the question of fraud was not in the case. This was manifestly correct, because there could be no rescission on the ground of fraud without a return of the horse or an offer to return him; Thus, the only defense was the defense of breach of warranty. As the written warranty was a special warranty, only binding the plaintiffs to furnish another stallion upon condition of the return of the horse at a certain time and place, that also dropped out of the case, and the defendants were obliged to prove a separate oral warranty and its breach in order to make good their defense. There was an attempt made to prove the making of an oral warranty by the agent, Dyer, to the defendants prior to the meeting of May 7th, and the jury found, in answer to the first four questions of the special verdict, that an oral warranty that the horse would get sixty per cent, of the mares bred to him with foal was made to all the defendants. These findings were challenged as unsupported by the evidence, and this raises the first serious question in the case. The defense of broken warranty is an affirmative defense, and, in order to justify these findings, there must be proof that the oral warranty was made to each one of the defendants. Proof that it was made to one individually raises no inference that it was made to others. Careful examination of the evidence shows that there was no proof showing the making of an oral warranty to more than four of the defendants, to wit, the defendants Cutler Salmon, J. M. Dull, G. W. Townsend, and A. D. Smith. These last-named defendants testified directly that Dyer orally guaranteed that the horse would get sixty per cent, of foal, but none of them testified that this oral warranty was made to any one except himself. Two defendants, viz., Oscar Jeide and C. P. Fortney, gave no testimony in the case, nor was there any testimony that any oral warranty was made to either of them. The defendant — 171 — N. N. Peterson was a witness, but did not testify on tbe subject, nor was there any testimony that any warranty was made to him. The defendant John Tilley testified that he heard nothing about the capacity of the horse as a foal getter, and the defendant Henry Munyon testified that-he heard nothing particular about the horse. The defendants James J. Erie and H. T. Fortney testified affirmatively that they understood from Mr. Dyer that there was to be a written guaranty, although upon redirect examination they wavered somewhat. Thus it appears that there is no testimony that any oral warranty was made except as to four of the defendants, and hence that the verdict finding that it was made to the whole twelve is unsupported by any evidence. But, even if there were evidence tending to show that the agent made an oral warranty to each and all of the defendants, a well-established legal principle not noticed by the trial court or referred to in the briefs would still stand in the way of the defense. The sale was made by an agent, and it is settled in this court that in such case the vendee, in order to enforce an alleged express warranty claimed to have been made by the agent, must prove either that the agent had express authority from his principal to make it or that such sales are usually attended with such a warranty. Westurn v. Page, 94 Wis. 251, 68 N. W. 1003; Waupaca E. L. & R. Co. v. Milwaukee E. R. & L. Co. 112 Wis. 469, 88 N. W. 308; Matteson v. Rice, 116 Wis. 328, 92 N. W. 1109. Here there was no proof that such warranties are customary in such transactions, or that the agent had express authority to make'the warranty claimed. On the contrary, there was affirmative uncontradicted evidence that the agent, Dyer, had no authority to make any warranty except the written one. Another principle which received no attention in the trial court is also to be considered in connection with the alleged oral warranty. If, as considerable testimony tends to show, the defendants understood that the talks had with them by the agent, Dyer, were merely tentative, and — 172 — that tbe transaction was only to be consummated after tbe required number of subscribers bad been obtained, and then ■only witb a voluntary association of all subscribers tben to be formed, it is manifest that tbe written contract of warranty given at tbat meeting would supersede and take tbe place of any oral promises of warranty made to individual subscribers. Tbis proposition was not placed before tbe jury ■either by question or instruction, but it is evidently a vital one upon the question of tbe alleged oral warranty. Two alleged errors in tbe admission of testimony remain to be considered. Tbe plaintiff Charles B. Coleman was placed on tbe stand by tbe plaintiffs, and testified tbat tbe plaintiffs owned tbe note, stated tbe amount due tbereon, and tbat a bill of sale witb warranties was given witb tbe animal. Upon cross-examination be was asked whether be did not, at a certain place, offer Atley'Peterson a share in tbe horse for nothing if be would allow’ tbe use of bis name to influence others. The witness replied tbat be never did, and, after bis reply was made, a general objection was made and overruled and exception taken. On tbe part of tbe defense Atley Peterson was put on tbe stand, and was asked what offer Coleman and Dyer made to him witb reference to a share in tbe horse at tbe place named. Tbe question was objected to as incompetent, irrelevant, and immaterial, and defendants’ counsel stated tbat it was offered to impeach Mr. Coleman, and on tbis ground tbe objection was overruled, and Mr. Peterson stated tbat they offered him a share in tbe horse free if be would sign tbe subscription and give them tbe use of bis name. Tbe question asked of i¥r. Coleman could only be relevant as tending to show fraud in tbe sale or as tending to contradict some previous statement which he made. But, as we have seen, there was no issue of fraud in tbe case, and Mr. Coleman bad given no testimony which tbe alleged statement tended to contradict, and hence tbe question was irrelevant. However, as no objection was made to tbe question — 173 — until after it was answered, and there was no motion to strikeout the answer, the plaintiffs are not in position now to take advantage of the fact that the question was answered. But objection was properly made to the contradicting testimony of Mr. Peterson, and this objection should have been sustained. The question asked of Mr. Coleman did not relate to a relevant fact, and hence his answer could not be contradicted even for the purposes of impeachment. Waterman v. C. & A. R. Co. 82 Wis. 613, 52 N. W. 247, 1136. Certain witnesses were allowed against objection to testify that some of the colts gotten by the horse had defects, such as puffed hind legs, or crooked legs, or were not average colts. It is-not claimed that any warranty was given as to quality of the colts, and we have been unable to see the materiality of this-testimony. The plaintiffs moved to strike out the answers to-questions 3, 4, and 6 of the special verdict and insert answers favorable to the plaintiffs, and for judgment on the verdict as so corrected, and we have entertained some doubt whether we should not, upon reversal, direct the entry of judgment for the plaintiffs, as in Muench v. Heinemann, 119 Wis. 441, 96 N. W. 800, and Hay v. Baraboo, 127 Wis. 1, 105 N. W. 654. This should only be done, however, where it conclusively appears that in no event could a new trial otherwise result. Hay v. Baraboo, supra. In the present case we are not satisfied that it so appears. As indicated in this opinion, there are legal principles involved which were not appreciated by the parties or the trial court, and it is not improbable that, upon a new trial there may be further testimony on lines not covered in the first trial. We shall therefore direct a new trial. By the Court. — Judgment reversed, and action remanded for a new trial.