Phipps v. Wisconsin Central Railway Co.

KeewiN, J. 1. It is insisted that tbe orders are not ap-pealable under tbe rule laid down in Phipps v. Wis. Cent. R. Co. 130 Wis. 279, 110 N. W. 207. But it will be seen that on the former appeal tbe order appealed from was “merely an interlocutory order regulating tbe manner of procedure upon tbe examination,” and therefore not appealable. One-of tbe orders here is an order requiring Hayes to answer tbe questions put to him and submit to tbe examination. Tbe other order refused to stay and restrain tbe plaintiff from taking the depositions of tbe other witnesses under sec. 4096,. Stats. (1898). Both of these orders come within subd. 3, sec. 3069, Stats. (1898), continuing a provisional remedy,, and therefore are appealable. Howell v. Kingsbury, 15 Wis. 272. 2. It is contended by appellant that sec. 4096, as amended by cb. 244, Laws of 1901, so far as it relates to tbe examination of a former employee of a corporation, is in conflict — 156 — with the fourteenth amendment to the federal constitution and the declaration of rights in the constitution of the state ■ of Wisconsin. The portion of the statute as amended, so far as applicable to the question under consideration, reads •as follows: “But the examination of the party, his or its assignor, agent or employee, or, in case a private corporation be a party, in addition to the foregoing, the examination of the president, secretary or other principal officer of such corporation, or of the person who was such president, secretary, •officer or agent or employee at the time of the occurrence of the facts made the subject of the examination.” It is insisted by respondent that this statute may be construed to include the examination of the former employee •of an individual as well as the former employee of a corporation, and, even if it does not, it is not unconstitutional. Giving this statute its plain meaning, the court is unable to see how by any stretch of construction it can be made to include the examination of a former employee of a natural person. It clearly and plainly includes the present employee of an individual in the first part, who was such employee at the time of examination. But the latter part, it seems, just as •clearly applies to a corporation only, where it provides that in case a private corporation is a party, “in addition to the foregoing, the examination of the president, secretary, or other principal officer of such corporation, or of the person who was such president,, secretary, officer, agent or employee^ at the time of the occurrence of the facts made the subject •of the examination.” Now the employee last named does not by any rule of construction relate back so as to refer to an individual. So we conclude that the former employee which the statute provides for the examination of is a former employee of a corporation and not of an individual. The question therefore arises whether the statute limiting the examination to the former employee of a corporation is un — 157 — duly discriminatory and void. It cannot be denied but that onr constitutions, state and federal, are calculated to secure-equal protection to all persons, subject to the rules of just classification. When by statute a person, natural or artificial, is denied an equal remedy in the law or equal protection in the courts such statute is void. Price v. Pa. R. Co. 113 U. S. 218, 5 Sup. Ct. 427; Allen v. St. Louis Bank, 120 U. S. 20, 7 Sup. Ct. 460; Connolly v. Union S. P. Co. 184 U. S. 540, 544, 22 Sup. Ct. 431. To this broad rule of equality of all persons before the law is the exception of the right under certain circumstances of proper classification,, but this classification must be reasonable and based upon certain rules which bear a just relation to the act in respect to which the classification is made. Gulf, C. & S. F. R. Co. v. Ellis, 165 U. S. 150, 17 Sup. Ct. 255; Blade v. State, 113 Wis. 205, 218, 89 N. W. 522; State ex rel. Bisch v. Trustees, 121 Wis. 44, 54, 98 N. W. 954; State ex rel. Sanderson v. Mann, 76 Wis. 469, 45 N. W. 526, 46 N. W. 51; Janes-ville v. Carpenter, 77 Wis. 288, 46 N. W. 128; Anderton v. Milwaukee, 82 Wis. 279, 52 N. W. 95. We are cited by counsel for respondent to Cincinnati St. R. Co. v. Snell, 193 U. S. 30, 24 Sup. Ct. 319, to the point that the examination afforded by see. 4096, Stats. (1898), is a mere preliminary matter not affecting any substantial right. In that case it appears that the statute provided a different rule for change of venue in case of a corporation, and the court held that the fourteenth amendment of the federal constitution was not infringed; that remedial process need not be applicable in all its provisions to all persons or parties alike. The statute under consideration was to the effect that: “When a corporation having more than fifty stockholders is a party in an action pending in a county in which the corporation keeps its principal office, or transacts its principal business, if the opposite party make affidavit that he cannot, — 158 — •as be believes, have a fair and impartial trial in tbat county, .and bis application is sustained by tbe several affidavits of five credible persons residing in sucb county, tbe court shall change tbe venue to tbe adjoining county most convenient for both parties.” [Bates’ Ohio Ann. _Stat. 1906, sec. 5030.] Tbe legislation was sustained upon tbe ground that tbe rights of the parties were governed in the court to which the case was transferred by tbe same law and tbe same rules which would have prevailed had the case been tried in the court in which it had been brought, and that a statute providing that under given circumstances a case shall be tried in one forum instead of another does not infringe the constitutional amendment. The case before us, however, involves the riglit of discrimination in the court in which the action is tried, and the statute provides a substantial difference regarding the rights of the parties in the court in which the action is tried. If the law be valid, the individual, on the one side, has a right to examine, under sec. 4096, Stats. (1898), the former employee of the corporation, while the corporation, on the other side, has no right to examine the former employee of the individual. This statute seems clearly to deny the corporation the equal protection of the law, unless it can be justified upon the ground of proper classification. Black v. State, 113 Wis. 205, 218, 89 N. W. 522; Barbier v. Connolly, 113 U. S. 27, 5 Sup. Ct. 357; Bayes v. Missouri, 120 U. S. 68, 7 Sup. Ct. 350; Connolly v. Union S. P. Co. 184 U. S. 540, 544, 22 Sup. Ct. 431; Duncan v. Missouri, 152 U. S. 377, 14 Sup. Ct. 570. This statute must therefore be sustained, .if at all, on the ground of just classification. We have looked in vain for grounds upon which this classification can stand. A classification, in order to #be valid, must be reasonable. It cannot be arbitrary selection. Gulf, C. & S. F. R. Co. v. Ellis, 165 U. S. 150, 17 Sup. Ct. 255; State ex rel. Sanderson v. Mann, 76 Wis. 469, 45 N. W. 526 46 N. W. 51; Black v. State, 113 Wis. 205, 218, 89 N. W. — 159 — 522; State ex rel. Risch v. Trustees, 121 Wis. 44, 54, 98 N. W. 954; State v. Whitcom, 122 Wis. 110, 99 N. W. 468; Janesville v. Carpenter, 77 Wis. 288, 46 N. W. 128; Anderton v. Milwaukee, 82 Wis., 279, 52 N. W. 95. The rules .governing tbe right of classification have been often stated by this and other courts. Black v. State, supra; State ex rel. Risch v. Trustees, supra; Nichols v. Walter, 37 Minn. 264, 33 N. W. 800. “The true practical limitation of the legislative power lo •classify is that the classification shall be upon some apparent natural reason — some reason suggested by necessity, by such a difference in the situation and circumstances of the subjects placed in different classes as suggests the necessity or propriety of different legislation with respect to them.” Nichols v. Walter, 37 Minn. 264, 272, 33 N. W. 800. While it is true that the necessity and propriety of classifi- • cation are primarily legislative questions, it is also true that the legislature must keep within the limits of constitutional bounds. Now, in view of the established rules governing the right ■of classification, we are unable to see how the statute in question can be upheld. There is no substantial distinction between individuals pursuing their remedies in the courts of justice and corporations. The one is entitled to the same rights, remedies, and privileges as the other. There is no ground for classification in this regard. The very object of the constitutional provisions, state and federal, is to place them upon an equality before the law in maintaining and •defending their rights in the courts. There is no apparent natural reason suggested by necessity, no such difference in the situation and circumstances between the classes in the legislation in question as to suggest the propriety of the dis- ■ crimination, and therefore the statute allowing examination of the former employee of a corporation, and denying such right in case of an individual, is in violation of the fourteenth amendment of the United States constitution and — 160 — sec. 1, art. I, of tbe state constitution. State v. Whitcom 122 Wis. 110, 99 N. W. 468; Huber v. Merkel, 117 Wis. 355, 94 N. W. 354; Luman v. Hitchens Bros. Co. 90 Md. 14, 44 Atl. 1051; State ex rel. Wyatt v. Ashbrook, 154 Mo. 375, 55 S. W. 627; State v. Goodwill, 33 W. Va. 179, 10 S. E. 285. 3. It is further insisted by counsel for appellant that sec. 4096, Stats. (1898), as amended, contemplates but one examination of a party, and after that examination is had the right is exhausted. It would seem from the language of the statute that repeated examinations of the same party in the action were not contemplated by the legislature. The statute abolishes the ancient action for discovery and provides for the examination of a party, and, in case a private corporation be a party, for examination of its officers. It provides for examination outside of the state in the manner of taking depositions. It further provides that examinations shall not be compelled in any other county than that in which the party resides. It also provides for examination before issue joined, but that such examination shall not preclude the right to another examination after issue joined upon all the issues in the ease. Now, it seems quite clear that the statute contemplates primarily but one examination of a party after issue joined where it may be had in the same county. But the right of further examination, in a proper case, on account of inadvertence, surprise, or excusable neglect, doubtless exists, and should be allowed upon application to the trial court in which the action is pending upon- notice and proper showing. This, we think, is a reasonable construction of the statute, and the one best calculated to carry out the obvious intention of the legislature. Sec. 4096, Stats. (1898) ; Estate of Spreen, 1 N. Y. Civ. Proc. 375; Dambmann v. Butterfield, 15 Hun, 495. It is contended by respondent that appellant is not aggrieved by the orders and therefore the ■ appeal should not be — 161 — entertained. This contention is based upon the claim that the plaintiff had the right to take the deposition of the witnesses under sec. 4101, Stats. (1898), because they lived more than thirty miles from the place of trial. But the proceeding was not to take the deposition of the parties as witnesses, hut to examine them under sec. 4096, Stats. (1898), and the orders continued such proceeding. It follows that the provision of the statute attempting to allow the examination of a former employee is void and of no effect, as being repugnant to the fourteenth amendment to the constitution of the United States and sec. 1, art. I, of the constitution of the state of Wisconsin; that there was no right to a second examination, because of the prior examination, without leave of the court granted upon notice and cause shown. By the Court. — The orders appealed from are reversed, and the action remanded for further proceedings in accordance with law and this opinion. Timliu, J., took no part.