Farrell v. Phillips

WiNsnow, C. J. In order to sustain an action for malicious prosecution it must appear: (1) That the defendant commenced a prosecution; (2) that it has terminated in the-plaintiff’s discharge; (3) that it was commenced maliciously and (4) without probable cause. In this case the first two-facts were admitted, and the contest was as to the third and fourth propositions. By their verdict the jury found malice, but did not find lack of probable cause, so the verdict on its-face seems to omit an essential fact. It appears that the trial judge considered that when the615 jury, by its second finding, found that the agreement was that Phillips was to assign to Farrell a license which he then had, in consideration for the indorsed note, it was in effect found that the note was without consideration and of no value, and hence that no larceny was committed in taking it, and that if there was no larceny then there could be no probable cause. We are unable to agree with this conclusion. The note had been fully executed and delivered. It was part of an entire contract which included the rental of the building as well, and cannot be considered as standing alone or based upon an entirely separate consideration. It was negotiable on its face, and there was nothing to prevent its holder from negotiating it, thus relieving it from the defense attempted to be made. It was property, and it was the defendant’s property, at least until a rescission of the contract had been made. The fact that there was a defense claimed to exist which might be successful at the end of a lawsuit did not deprive it of its character as property nor justify the maker in taking it from its owner by force or stratagem. If such were the rule, the mission of the courts in the settlement of disputes as to the ownership of property would seem to be at an end. These propositions do not seem to call for the citation of authority in their support. They are self-evident. So the verdict still remained insufficient because it nowhere found the want of probable cause. At this point, however, sec. 2858to, Stats. (Laws of 1907, ch. 346), comes in. This section provides that: “Whenever any special verdict shall be submitted to a jury, and there is omitted therefrom some controverted matter of' fact, not brought to the attention of the trial court by request, but essential to sustain the judgment, such matter of fact shall be deemed determined by the court in conformity with its judgment, and the neglect or omission to request a finding by the jury on such matter shall be deemed a waiver of jury trial pro tanto and a consent that such omitted fact [616] be determined by tbe court. Tbe finding or determination of sucb omitted fact by tbe court may be reviewed on appeal without any exception thereto.” No claim is made that this law is unconstitutional or ineffective for any other reason, and we have discovered no reason why it should not be enforced as it reads. We must therefore treat the case as though the court had found as a fact that there was lack of probable cause and the appellant had excepted to the finding. Is the finding against the clear preponderance of the evidence? We think it is. Upon the plaintiff’s own version of the transaction by which he obtained possession of the note we think it affirmatively appears that the defendant had probable cause to believe the plaintiff guilty of larceny. As we-have seen, the note in question was the property of the defendant and had value. The plaintiff’s own story shows that without rescinding or attempting to rescind the contract, of which the note was a part, he took the note from its owner’s possession by a fraudulent'and secret trick and returned it to its indorser. Of course the felonious intent to deprive the possessor of the thing taken must be present in order to constitute larceny, and, if a man openly take property under the honest though mistaken belief that he himself has title, the act ordinarily at least will not be larceny. But in order that there should be an acquittal on this ground it is essential that the claim of title be at least colorable and that it be made in entire good faith. If the taking be not open, but be accomplished by artifice or fraud, or be accompanied by acts of concealment such as were present here, the inference will be strong that the felonious intent was present. 1 Wharton, Grim. Law (10th ed.) §§ 883, 884; State v. Bond, 8 Iowa, 540. Upon the facts admitted here no court would be justified in taking the question of defendant’s guilt from the jury, and a verdict of guilty could not be set aside. It follows [617] necessarily that the defendant had probable cause to commence the prosecution for larceny, and that the finding to the contrary, implied 'by the statute, must be set aside as contrary to the clear preponderance of the evidence. While this necessitates reversal of the judgment and a direction to enter judgment dismissing the complaint, we deem it proper to notice a ruling upon evidence which was fully argued. Upon the defendant’s cross-examination he was asked whether he had not been convicted and fined for contempt of court twelve years previously, during the trial of ■an action to which he was a party; such contempt consisting in .treating a juryman in a house of ill-fame. The defendant not being willing to admit the fact that the alleged treating was done in a house of ill-fame, the plaintiff was allowed to read in evidence the entire record, in the contempt proceeding, from the complaint to the judgment, as a part of the cross-examination. We think this was erroneous for at least two reasons: First, the statute allows the “conviction of a criminal offense” to be proven to affect the credibility of a witness, either by the record or by cross-examination of the witness (sec. 4073, Stats. 1898), and conviction of a contempt of court, either civil or criminal, is not a conviction of a “criminal offense,” as very plainly appears from the provisions of sec. 2569, Stats. (1898), which expressly provides that persons punished for contempt even criminally shall still be liable to indictment or information for the offense. Second, even if it were proper under the section named to prove conviction for contempt of court by the record, the proof should consist of the record of the conviction or judgment alone, and not the full record of the ease, which may well contain matters and charges derogatory in their nature, well calculated to prejudice the jury, but which in fact are no part of the judgment and may never have been proven. It is said that the evidence was proper under the general rule that upon cross-examination inquiries into the previous [618] life, habits, and occupations of a witness may be properly allowed in the discretion of the trial court, as tending to' throw light on his veracity. State v. Nergaard, 124 Wis. 414, 102 N. W. 899. The line is sometimes difficult to' draw in this field, but we are satisfied that a single isolated act of contempt of court, committed twelve years prior to the-trial, does not properly come within the rule. It can hardly be said to give character to the life of the witness, and furthermore its remoteness in point of time should bar its admission. By the Court. — Judgment reversed, and action remanded* with directions to dismiss the complaint.