Moyer v. City of Oshkosh

Winslow, C. J. Three serious contentions are made by tbe appellant inathis case: First, that no claim was ever filed with tbe city council as required by law; second, that tbe plaintiff’s intestate was guilty of contributory negligence as matter of law; and third, that tbe recovery in no event can exceed $5,000. These contentions will be taken up in their order. 1. It appears that in 1902 tbe city of Oshkosh adopted — 591 — secs. 925 — 58, 925 — 59, and 925 — 60 of the Statutes of 1898 (being a part of tbe general city charter law) as a part of its special charter. These sections prohibit the bringing of any action in the ordinary manner on any claim of any kind against the city, and require that the claimant must first present his claim or demand to the city council, and, if the claim be- disallowed, appeal from the council’s action thereon to the circuit court. In no other way can the plaintiff get into court. These provisions are mandatory. Only by compliance with them can the circuit court obtain jurisdiction of the subject matter. Oshkosh W. W. Co. v. Oshkosh, 106 Wis. 83, 81 N. W. 1040. The only claim presented to the council in the present case was a claim by the plaintiff, as special administratrix, for “damages sustained to the estate of George B. Moyer, his legal representatives and heirs.” The recovery in the present action is a recovery under secs. 4255 and 4256, Stats., for the benefit of the widow of George B. Moyer on account of the latter’s death, and is not a recovery on behalf of the estate of George B. Moyer for injuries, suffering, medical expenses, or loss of time suffered by Moyer himself. In a case where there is any substantial period of suffering between the injury and the death, both causes of action may co-exist and be joined in the same complaint (Nemecek v. Filer & S. Co. 126 Wis. 11, 105 N. W. 225); but where the death is instantaneous, or practically so, there is no cause of action in favor of the estate as a beneficiary. Johnson v. Eau Claire, 149 Wis. 194, 135 N. W. 481. In the present case not only the claim which was filed but the formal complaint in the action and the evidence showed that the death of Moyer was to all intents and purposes instantaneous. The claim states that he was precipitated into the river and was “then and there drowned.” By the evidence it appears that he was not seen even to rise to the surface of the water after his fall. — 592 — Tbe defendant’s contention in brief is that the claim presented to the council is plainly a claim for damages accruing to the estate and not a claim for damages accruing to the widow under secs. 4255 and 4256, hence that there could be no recovery for the benefit of the widow because of the lack of any claim on her behalf, and no recovery for the benefit of the estate because of the practically instantaneous nature of the death. It must be at once admitted that the claim is not happily worded. At the outset it states that the special administra-trix demands of the city $10,000 for “damages sustained to the estate of George B. Moyer, his legal representatives and heirs.” It then proceeds' to state the facts on which the claim is based, from which it appears that death was practically instantaneous, and he’nce that there could be no claim in favor of the estate, and closes with the statement, “and said estate and the legal representatives thereof claim the sum of ten thousand dollars damages.” The ambiguity and inaccuracy of the statement are quite apparent. It is plain •that there is no claim here, technically speaking, in favor of the estate nor in favor of the heirs, and it also seems plain that the words “legal representatives’’ are not used with legal accuracy. These words when used in their strictly technical sense mean executors or administrators. In the present case there is, in this strictly technical sense, but one legal representative, and yet the .claim is for damages suffered by the “legal representatives.” The books are full of cases where these words have been given other and broader meanings. The rule seems to be that they will ordinarily be given their accurate primary meaning where nothing appears to indicate a different intention; but that this rule will readily yield, and where it appears from a survey of the context, the subject matter, and the purpose of the writing that the words were used as indicating heirs, next of kin, descendants, widow, and sometimes even assignees, — 593 — grantees, or successors in interest, the intention will he carried into effect and the words given the meaning so intended. Griswold v. Sawyer, 125 N. Y. 411, 26 N. E. 464; 25 Cyc. 175-178; 5 Words & Phrases, 4070-4079. So the word “heir” means, primarily and téehnically, one who by reason of birth in lawful wedlock inherits real property, hut the meaning of the word when used in a paper writing is always a question of intention. It is frequently used to include all the distributees of the personal estate of a deceased person and sometimes the widow of such person. 21 Cyc. 418-422; Addison v. New England C. T. Asso. 144 Mass. 591, 12 N. E. 407; Hanson v. Minn. S. R. Asso. 59 Minn. 123, 60 N. W. 1091; 4 Words & Phrases, 3241-3264. It seems very clear to our minds that, in preparing the claim before us, the scrivener did not use the words “estate,” “heirs,” or “personal representatives” with intent to ascribe to them their primary or technical meanings, but rather with the idea of using words which should be broad enough in their signification to include any and all persons who might have legal claims against the city on account of the death of the intestate. A claim in favor of the widow as beneficiary under secs. 4255 and 4256, as well as a claim in favor of the estate under sec. 1339, must be prosecuted by the administratrix or personal representative, and certainly the administratrix would in both cases be competent to file the claim with the city council. It might perhaps be truthfully said that, in legal contemplation, the administratrix has been damaged to the extent of the widow’s damages, because the administratrix recovers such damages as trustee for the widow. We prefer, however, to place the decision upon broader grounds. No narrow rule of construction should be applied to the wording of the claim. A construction which preserves a bona -fide claim so that it may be passed upon by a competent tribunal is to be preferred to a construction which cuts it off — 594 — without trial. This court has said that “no great amount of formality is required in reference to the form in which claims are presented to a municipal corporation.” Hanrahan v. Janesville, 137 Wis. 1, 118 N. W. 194. In the same case it was said that a mere ambiguity as to the ownership of a claim filed should not be regarded as jurisdictional, and that the council in such ease “might very properly refuse to act upon the claim until it was made definite and certain, or it might disallow the claim because it was indefinite or uncertain as to ownership. Such action would enable the owner to amend his claim.” Ibid. 6. The claim is, in effect, the initial pleading in the cause, it is not expected to be technical or lengthy. The reason of the statutory rule with reference to pleadings, namely, that they are to be liberally construed with a view to substantial justice between the parties (sec. 2668), seems to apply to a claim of this kind fully as much as to a formal pleading. We conclude that,. while the claim was ambiguously worded, it was apparent on its face that the words “personal representatives and heirs” were not used in a technical sense, but in a popular sense, and should fairly be construed ’as including the widow, and hence that the claim for damages in favor of the widow was in fact made as required by the statute. 2. The claim that contributory negligence appeared as matter of law is the most serious contention in the case. Upon this proposition the appellant relies confidently upon the case of Stephani v. Manilowoc, 101 Wis. 59, 76 N. W. 1110, where under somewhat similar circumstances this court held that the plaintiff’s intestate, who walked into the open draw of a swing bridge, was guilty of contributory negligence as matter of law. In that case the deceased, who was a woman in good health, forty-three years of age and well acquainted with the bridge, walked into the open draw on a dark and cloudy, but not a stormy, night, while a steam barge was passing through. There was an approach or viaduct on each side, the north ap595 proacb being 120 feet in length and the south approach nearly 100 feet in length, and the swing portion of the bridge 162 feet in length. .There were electric lights on each side just, above the sidewalk at the beginning of the approach, and there was a lamp placed upon the middle of the swinging portion of the bridge eight feet above the floor, which' cast a red light toward each approach when the bridge was open. These lights were all burning at the time of the accident. Neither the bridge nor the approaches had any superstructure above-the roadway save a four-foot railing at the side and a similar-railing separating the roadway from the sidewalk. The deceased in that case was a foot passenger well acquainted with the character of the bridge and the approach, and it was held that it appeared incontrovertibly that had she looked she could have seen the open draw, and hence that she was guilty of contributory negligence as matter of law. In effect the decision was that a foot passenger who enters on the approach of a swing bridge which he knows to be without guards and also knows may be open, is bound to look and listen before attempting to step in the draw, and is guilty of contributory negligence if he does not do so, and for that reason steps into the open draw. We have no disposition to find fault with that decision, nor have we any disposition to extend its application. The present case has a number of marked differences which must in reason differentiate it from the Stephani Case. The bridge in the present case is somewhat longer than in the Btephani Case. The draw in the present case is 185 feet in length and the approaches about 121 feet each, but these differences are not significant.- The approaches in the present case had a greater number of lights than in the Btephani Gase. There were six so-called cluster electric lights on each approach, each cluster consisting of three sixteen-candlepower incandescent lights about eighteen feet above the roadway but at the side thereof -and in the superstructure of the596 spans directly underneath, the top main truss or chord of the •superstructure. There were two of these clusters on the south span twenty-six feet south of the draw, two clusters thirty-two and one-half feet further south, and two clusters ■thirty-one and one-half feet still further south. In these •clusters about fifteen lamps were burning at the time of the accident. There were like clusters on the north approach. There was considerable testimony, however, that these cluster lights, on account of the network of iron girders and braces running across the roadway connecting the tops of the trusses on each side, gave very unsatisfactory light, and that it was difficult in a dark night to see whether the draw was open until one approached to a place within ten or twelve feet of the draw. There was no light of any nature on the draw of the bridge when it was open in the ordinary line of vision as one approached the draw on the roadway of the south • approach. There was a red light on top of the cupola or bridge house in the center of the draw more than thirty feet above the roadway; also a red light on the center pier of the draw about five feet above the water and more than six feet below the roadway of the approach; also two red lights, one on each end of the protection pier over which the draw of the bridge rests when it is open. These lights were called marine signal lights and were for the purpose of giving warning to vessels rather than to passengers over the bridge. There was no red light or warning light of any kind directly in the line of vision when the draw was open, as in the Stephani Case. In order to see any of the so-called marine signal lights, the passenger on the approach would be obliged to look considerably outside of his ordinary line of vision as he approached the draw. There were no gates upon the present bridge, but it seems that prior to 1908 there were electric bells upon the old bridge (which stood where the present bridge now stands) which rang continuously when the bridge was open, and that similar bells are in use on the other bridges of the city; that after — 597 — the present bridge was built (the precise time not appearing, but probably in April, 1908) a construction company placed a new system' of bells upon the bridge with the consent of the city, and it was agreed that the company should keep them in working order for a time, and if they worked successfully the city-would pay for them; that these bells had not worked continuously, but that the construction company had from time to time repaired them and attempted to make them work, but that they worked intermittently 'and for that reason had not been accepted by the city; that they rang the last time in the afternoon of the day of the accident, but did not ring at the time of the accident. The deceased in the present case was riding a bicycle at the time of the accident, instead of walking, as in the Siephani Gase. There is much testimony from several witnesses that it was snowing, sleeting, and raining at the time of the accident, and that the wind was high. One witness, whose credibility seems not to be impeached, says that you could hardly see your hand before you. There was no such evidence in the Siephcmi Gase. The essential differences between the-two cases may be recapitulated as follows: In the present case the intestate was riding a bicycle, in that case the deceased was a pedestrian. In this case there was no danger signal in the usual and ordinary line of vision, in that case there was such signal. In this case there was to the knowledge of the deceased a system of' gongs which were supposed to ring, and frequently, at least, did ring while the bridge was open, in that case there never had been any such arrangement. In this case there is sufficient testimony to support the jury’s conclusion that the situation was such that an ordinarily careful traveler approaching the draw might not see that it was open in time to save himself, in that case the court was convinced that there was no evidence to support such finding. Upon this last proposition it is argued by appellant'that because several truthful witnesses who were approaching the bridge on foot, some of them — 598 — at a distance of 150 feet or more, testified that they saw the draw open, the court must reject the jury’s finding on this point. We cannot agree with this contention, however. It is important to observe that nearly all of these witnesses had heard the preliminary bell rung before the bridge opened and hence were looking to ascertain the fact, while it is undisputed that the deceased was in his office at the time the bell rang. It can hardly be said that because foot passengers who, having been warned of the contemplated opening of the draw, saw it open when they were carefully looking for it, the deceased, riding on a bicycle and unconscious of any warning, must be held as matter of law to have been guilty of negligence in not seeing the open draw, especially under the evidence with regard to the conditions of the weather at the time. These differences are all entitled to weight. The man who is driving a team or operating a motor vehicle or a bicycle is in a different situation from the man who is walking. He has other responsibilities and cares than merely to put one foot before the other, and he cannot under ordinary circumstances stop instantaneously as the pedestrian can. Some personal experience with the bicycle enables the'writer to affirm rather positively that when riding in the dark the eye must be quite carefully directed to the roadway ahead, that it cannot be safely allowed to wander from side to side; and further, that a certain degree of motion must be kept up, and 'an instant stop cannot under ordinary circumstances be successfully made. It certainly cannot be said that it is negligence per se to ride a bicycle at night over a drawbridge, any more than it can be said to be negligence per se to drive a motor vehicle at night over the same bridge. Both means of locomotion are lawful and usual, and in both cases the management of the vehicle demands some attention, while a foot passenger may devote his entire attention to the outlook ahead and can arrest his steps at a moment’s warning. Heath v. — 599 — Stewart, 90 Wis. 418, 63 N. W. 1051; Schliesleder v. Milwaukee E. R. & L. Co. 147 Wis. 668, 134 N. W. 144. Again, tbe presence of an electric bell system on tbis bridge and on tbe other city bridges is a circumstance possessing considerable significance when considering tbe quality of tbe conduct of tbe deceased at tbe time of tbe accident. Nothing much more misleading than a system of tbis kind which at intervals does not operate can well be imagined. It is admitted that tbe deceased crossed tbis bridge daily, but there is no evidence that he knew of tbe delinquencies of tbe electric bell system. If be did not (and we cannot presume that be did), then tbe fact that it was not ringing at tbe time of tbe accident has weight in determining whether tbe deceased was exercising ordinary care. One who, from past experience, has good reason to believe that a continuous alarm is sounded at every bridge while it is open, may well be excused for approaching a bridge in tbe darkness with greater confidence than one who knows there is no such alarm. Rohde v. C. & N. W. R. Co. 86 Wis. 309, 56 N. W. 872; Kujawa v. C., M. & St. P. R. Co. 135 Wis. 562, 116 N. W. 249. It is true that the trial judge in tbe present case struck out tbe answer to tbe ninth question by which tbe jury found that Moyer could not have seen before be reached tbe draw that it was open, if be bad looked; but he left undisturbed tbe seventh finding by which tbe jury found that tbe bridge was not lighted sufficiently so as to enable an ordinarily prudent traveler at tbe time to see that tbe draw was open before be reached it. We understand tbis to mean that tbe trial judge was of opinion that tbe jury might properly find that tbe light was so poor that an ordinarily prudent traveler, under tbe circumstances surrounding tbe deceased at tbe time, might approach tbe draw without seeing that tbe draw was open until it was too late to save himself, but that be was also of opinion that it could not rightly be said to be a physical im — 600 — possibility for the deceased to see the open draw before he reached it. There is no inconsistency between these two conclusions. We conclude on this branch of the case that the Skephani Case does not control the present case, and that there was sufficient evidence to justify the jury in the present case in finding that the deceased was not guilty of contributory negligence. 3. The recovery in the present action was $7,000, and it is claimed that no greater recovery than $5,000 can legally be had in such an action, because in actions brought to recover damages for injuries resulting from defective highways under sec. 1339, Stats., the recovery is limited to $5,000. The difficulty with this position is that the present action is not an action brought under sec. 1339, but is an action brought for a death caused by the negligence of another under secs. 4255 and 4256. See. 1339 is of no materiality here save that it imposes on towns and cities the duty to keep highways in repair and hence makes it negligence to neglect that duty. When, therefore, death results proximately from the neglect of a highway, a cause of action arises against the corporation guilty of the neglect and in favor of the relatives named by the statute by virtue of the provisions of secs. 4255 and 4256. This cause of action, however, is not a cause of action given by sec. 1339, but by secs. 4255 and 4256. Under the two latter sections there may be a recovery of $10,000, and hence the recovery in the present case is clearly within the statutory limit. The limit of recovery in this latter class of actions was changed from $5,000 to $10,000 by ch. 581, Laws of 1907, by which sec. 4256 was entirely rewritten. It is argued that this amendment may be limited to actions against railway companies alone from the fact that the act is entitled “An act to amend section 4256 of the statutes relating to the liability of railway companies for the death of any person.” It is evident that the title is erroneous and misleading, but as the — 601 — law is a general, not a private or local, law, tbis bas no effect on its validity. There are no ambiguities in tbe wording of tbe law; it is perfectly plain in terms and applies to tbe recovery in any case of death by actionable negligence, hence tbe wording of tbe title can have no effect. By the Court. — Judgment affirmed.