Brittingham & Hixon Lumber Co. v. City of Sparta

Barnes, J. It is not claimed that weights and measures may not he reasonably regulated under the police power. The authorities holding that they may he are numerous and practically uniform. The city of Sparta, is operating under the general charter law. Sec. 925 — 52, sub. (45), Stats., confers on common councils of cities organized under such law the power to regulate the weighing and sale of coal. The appellant contends that this power was taken away by ch. 566, Laws of 1911, particularly that part of the law which is now sec. 1666b of our Statutes; that the power of regulation, if it ■existed, was not reasonably exercised; and that the ordinance unjustly discriminates against members of a certain class. Sec. 1666b requires coal to be sold by weight and obligates the seller to give to the purchaser with each delivery a ticket .showing the gross weight of the load, the tare of the delivery vehicle, and the quantity of coal contained in the vehicle. A ■duplicate of this ticket must be delivered to the sealer of weights and measures on demand. When the buyer carries -away his purchase, a ticket must be given him showing the -actual number of pounds delivered. Sec. 1661, sub. 1, provides for the appointment of sealers -of weights and measures in cities having a population of more than 5,000, and sub. 2 of the same section makes it his 'duty to inspect all scales in use in his city. Sec. 4432, sub. 1, prohibits the use of any weighing device which has not been sealed as therein provided. Sec. 1666b contemplates that coal may be weighed on any ■tested scales and sold on such weight. The ordinance in .question does not attempt to override the statute and does not ■conflict with it. It was passed after the statute was enacted ■and presumably with knowledge of it. We do not construe the ordinance as requiring coal to be sold on the weight as shown by the city scales. In a rather bungling way it attempts to provide for a check on the weighing done by the — 350 — seller. In practice the purchaser seldom is or can be present when the coal which he has ordered is weighed. It does not help him out to know that the scales on which it was weighed were accurate if the work was done in a careless way or if the weight was dishonestly reported. By requiring that the weight be ascertained by a disinterested party, the purchaser has the means at hand of knowing whether the two weights substantially agree. There should be no material variance if both scales are in good order and' the work of weighing is carefully done. If there is a variance the question of which, is right is one of fact. Sec. 1666& on its face does not purport to be a complete scheme for the regulation of weights. It does not even go far in the direction of efficient regulation. It affords little protection from a practical standpoint against a dealer who may be disposed to be dishonest or careless. We do not think it. was intended to deprive cities of the power which they had before the enactment of this law to adopt such reasonable regulations in regard to weighing as were not in conflict with any statute of the state. The cases of State ex rel. Milwaukee v. Newman, 96 Wis. 258, 71 N. W. 438, and Ogden v. Madison, 111 Wis. 413, 87 N. W. 568, fully support this conclusion. We therefore hold that the city council had the right to pass an ordinance relating to weighing coal, provided it was reasonable and not in conflict with any existing state law' on the subject. The reasonableness of this ordinance is attacked on a number of grounds. Some of the attacks are based on the idea that the ordinance requires the dealer to make his sales on the-basis of the weights as ascertained by the city weighmaster. Having rejected this construction of the ordinance, these particular objections drop out of the case. The principal remaining objections are the following: (1) Plaintiff sells a large quantity of coal to farmers and others living outside of the city, to whom delivery is made at. — 351 — the yard. In order to comply with, the ordinance such coal must he loaded on to one of plaintiff’s wagons and hauled to the city scales and weighed. The coal must then he unloaded and reloaded on the purchaser’s vehicle and the empty wagon weighed. Such procedure involves a large and a wholly unnecessary expense, inasmuch as plaintiffs scales are tested and the purchaser is himself present to see that the weighing is correctly done. (2) Plaintiff also sells coal to city customers where delivery is made at its coal yard and in reference to which the same unnecessary handling must he Tone that is required where sales are made to parties who haul their coal from the yard to points outside the city* (3) Plaintiff makes about one half of its deliveries of coal where the team travel is practically doubled in going to and returning from the place of delivery by reason of being obliged to go to the city scales on the outgoing and incoming trips, thus greatly increasing the expense of doing business without any corresponding benefit to the purchaser or any one else. (4) Plaintiff sells a large amount of coal in small ■quantities and made it a practice to fill its small orders by putting several of them in a single wagon and making all of the deliveries on one trip. Under the ordinance it must make a separate trip for each delivery and must weigh out and weigh in, thus greatly and unnecessarily increasing the cost of making such deliveries. (5) The plaintiff frequently makes deliveries after 6 o’clock in the evening and before 1 o’clock in the morning, as well as on Sundays, when the weighmaster is not required to be on duty. Such practice would have to be ■entirely discontinued under the ordinance. (6) The city scales are at times out of repair so as to be incapable of use and were in such condition for a period of three weeks before the action was begun. Under the ordinance the plaintiff would be precluded from selling any coal at such times. .(7) The singling out of coal dealers and requiring them to pay a fee of ten cents for weighing each delivery is an arbi — 352 — trary and unreasonable discrimination against such dealers. (8) Tbe ordinance in fact is of no benefit to tbe purchaser of coal if it is construed as not requiring tbe dealer to sell on tbe weight as determined by tbe city scales, because it does not furnish any efficient method by which the purchaser can determine what weight the city scales showed. (9) It would cost not less than seventy-five cents per ton to comply with the terms of the ordinance, which expense is altogether out of proportion to any benefit that would result therefrom. It does not follow that because there may be some provisions of this ordinance which the court might deem unreasonable the entire ordinance must be declared void. Unless-the court can say that the void parts cannot be separated from the valid ones and that the whole must fall because such void parts were a compensation for the valid ones and that, the valid parts would not have been enacted except in conjunction with the void ones, the ordinance should not be held bad in its entirety. Any objection that does not go to the-validity of the entire ordinance need not and in fact should not be considered in a suit of this character. Wadhams Oil Co. v. Tracy, 141 Wis. 150, 123 N. W. 785; State ex rel. Buell v. Frear, 146 Wis. 291, 131 N. W. 832; Borgnis v. Falk Co. 147 Wis. 327, 133 N. W. 209; Income Tax Cases, 148 Wis. 456, 134 N. W. 673, 135 N. W. 164. It is essential, however, that the part upheld form, independently of the invalid portion, a complete law in some reasonable aspect, so-that it may be fairly concluded that the council would have-enacted it without the invalid parts. Water Power Cases, 148 Wis. 124, 152, 134 N. W. 330. We think it clear that the ordinance was passed to provide-for a check on the weighing done by the dealers. It must be conceded that it is incomplete and inadequate to fully accomplish this purpose. The city weighmaster need not be advised of the name of the purchaser and is not required to keep-any record showing to whom the delivery was made. It will. — 353 — be difficult if not impossible for tbe purchaser in many cases to identify the delivery made to him from the record of the weighmaster. The fact that the ordinance is not as comprehensive as it might be is not a sufficient reason for holding it void. If it has a reasonable tendency to accomplish the end sought and the end is a justifiable one, it should be held valid. There can be little doubt that it has such tendency. The very fact that each delivery must be weighed on the city scales will in itself tend to make the dealer more careful in the matter of weighing. The purchaser, if he so desires, may accompany the coal wagon on its return trip to the city scales and get exact information as to the weight of his coal by that scales. There are other means by which the purchaser can ascertain what the coal which he bought weighed on the city scales. So while the ordinance is not very complete, it cannot be said that it is so inefficient that it cannot bring about the desired results in a large measure. The complaint and affidavits tend to show that the expense of complying with the terms of this ordinance will be large, and it is also said that coal is sold on a small margin. Assuming the facts to be as stated, we do not see how they can affect the validity of the ordinance. If no more than a reasonable profit is being realized by the dealers the expense must fall on the consumer. The dealers can readily add the increase in expense to the price which they formerly charged for coal and protect themselves from any loss on account of the regulation. The city council in passing the ordinance in question presumably did so in response to a demand from those who were purchasers of coal. The expense necessarily connected with the delivery of coal is just as legitimate an item to be included in the price of the commodity as is the cost of the coal at the mine or the cost of freighting it to the dealer. If the consumers are willing to pay the expense necessarily incurred in making a test weight, surely the privilege they ask should be accorded them, and we do not see wherein the deal354 any sub-ers or any one else, except it be tbe consumers, have stantial ground for faultfinding on the score of exper se. If the ordinance applies to sales made for consumption outside of the city, where delivery is made at the plaintiff’s coal yard, it may be that it is unreasonably burdensome as to such sales. The plaintiff and other coal dealers in Sparta may come in competition with dealers in other places in making sales to farmers and others using coal some distance from the city. If the extra expense entailed by the ordinance is as great as is claimed, it might well prevent the Sparta dealers from meeting the prices made by other dealers who are not handicapped by such a regulation. We are not at all certain, however, that the ordinance was intended to apply to cases where delivery is made to the purchaser at the coal yard and where the latter has the opportunity to observe the weighing of the coal which he buys. We do not decide the point, but hold that if the ordinance is invalid as to such sales it may still be held good as to sales made for consumption within the city and where the dealer hauls the coal sold from its yard and delivers it on the premises of the consumer. The fact that the city requires all coal to be weighed on its scales presupposes that it will furnish the scales and keep them in order and keep a man in charge of them at all times, excluding Sundays and legal holidays, when coal is customarily delivered. If it fails to provide the means of weighing it cannot punish dealers for its delinquency. They are not obliged to suspend their business or to change their methods of carrying it on further than to weigh the coal sold by them in the manner provided if they are afforded the opportunity to do so when they make their deliveries. This does not mean that they can make night deliveries to evade the ordinance. It does mean that, if in rush seasons and in exceptional cases deliveries must be made outside of the usual working hours in order to provide fuel for those in immediate need of it, the city must provide the means of weighing before it can exact the prescribed penalties for failure to weigh. — 355 — The city bad tbe right to place coal dealers in a class by themselves and legislate for the class, and so long as the legislation was reasonable there was no denial of the equal protection of the laws to the dealers. Kiley v. C., M. & St. P. R. Co. 142 Wis. 154, 125 N. W. 464; Borgnis v. Falk Co. 147 Wis. 327, 353, 133 N. W. 209; Maercker v. Milwaukee, 151 Wis. 324, 139 N. W. 199; Cream City B. P. Co. v. Milwaukee,, 158 Wis.-, 147 N. W. 25. The exaction of the fee of ten cents for weighing did not render the ordinance void. It was not so large as to indicate that the real purpose of the city council was- to tax the industry, or that there was any purpose in mind except to provide a fund sufficient to defray the expense of executing the law. Such a fee might be exacted. Wadhams Oil Co. v. Tracy, 141 Wis. 150, 123 N. W. 785. Besides, the dealer can shift the charge on to the consumer, so he is not injured by reason of the exaction. We think the main features of the ordinance are valid and workable. By the Court. — Order affirmed.