Putnam v. Browne

The following opinion was filed January 14, 1916: WiNsnow, O. J. A number of errors in the charge of the court are alleged, but it seems to us that we can attain greater clarity by treating the case abstractly and stating the general principles applicable than by taking up the alleged errors in detail — 528 — Tbe occasion was one of conditional privilege. The plaintiff was a candidate for the office of county judge, a position where integrity, incorruptibility, and judicial ability are absolute essentials. By his candidacy he placed his character in these respects before the people for consideration and discussion. One voter might in good faith and without malice place before other voters fair criticism of or comment upon the plaintiff’s acts in these respects without liability, but he could not make libelous statements of fact which were false any more than, he could if no such candidacy existed, nor could he indulge in insult or contemptuous phrase. A local newspaper might do the same things and no more. But while the privilege is thus confined to fair comment or criticism upon facts, the comment may doubtless be caustic and severe if the facts warrant it. Such has been the position of this court in the case of criticism of public officers. Buckstaff v. Viall, 84 Wis. 129, 54 N. W. 111; Williams v. Hicks P. Co. 159 Wis. 90, 150 N. W. 183; Leuch v. Berger, 161 Wis. 564, 155 N. W. 148. The same rule has also been applied to publications concerning candidates. Ingalls v. Morrissey, 154 Wis. 632, 143 N. W. 681. It is recognized that there is a disagreement in the authorities on the question whether false statements concerning candidates for office made without malice and in good faith are privileged. In some jurisdictions it is held that all matters, true or false, having a bearing on the fitness of a candidate may be published without liability if it be shown that they were published without malice, in good faith, and in the honest belief that the facts stated were true. Briggs v. Garrett, 111 Pa. St. 404, 2 Atl. 513; Coleman v. MacLennan, 78 Kan. 711, 98 Pac. 281, 20 L. R. A. n. s. 361. We deem the other view, however, to be supported not only by our own decisions but by the better reason and by the great weight of authority in other courts. Newell, Slander & L. (3d ed.) §§ 633-636; 25 Cyc. 402-405 and notes; Post P. Co. v. Hallam, 59 Fed. 530. — 529 — We do not overlook secs. 94 — 17 and 94 — 33 in cb. 650, Laws 1911 (now secs. 12.17 and 454311, Stats. 1915), which provide that no person shall knowingly publish any false statement in relation to a candidate intended or tending to affect the voting at any primary or election, and also provide for the punishment of such an act criminally by fine or imprisonment or both. We dp not, however, see in these provisions any purpose to change the established principles of law with respect to privilege in a civil action. One of these principles, as we have seen, is that the conditional privilege as regards a public officer or candidate for public office does not extend to false statements of fact. The statutory provisions cited seem intended to add to rather than to subtract from the penalties which may follow the publication of false and libelous statements of fact regarding candidates for public office. It is true that in certain classes of cases the law of conditional privilege will protect one who makes an entirely false charge, as, for instance, one who communicates to an officer of the law a charge of crime against another, in good faith, believing it to be true, and acting simply from a sense of public duty. Joseph v. Baars, 142 Wis. 390, 125 N. W. 913. The reason for this is very plain, and it is equally apparent that it is not present in such cases as the one before us. Now in the present case the first question for the jury was what meaning the article carried to the readers of the paper. In view of the political conditions in the state in 1910 and at the time of the publication as shown by the evidence, did this article convey the idea to the readers of the paper (1) that the plaintiff received and took part in the unlawful distribution of a part of a political corruption fund in the primary campaign of 1910, or (2) that he sold his political influence and surrendered his honest belief for money in that campaign ? If it carried these ideas or either of them it was libelous unless proven to be true. If, however, it simply conveyed the idea that the plaintiff received and distributed in lawful ways a part of a large political campaign fund and — 530 — that be received money for political labor and influence exerted in lawful ways and not contrary to bis bonest convictions, tbe article was not libelous in these two respects. In judging of tbe meaning of any given part of tbe article tbe whole article is of course to be considered. Tbe propositions just referred to are really tbe only statements of fact in tbe article, but there is a comment upon them which stands upon an entirely different basis, and that is tbe thinly veiled comparison of tbe plaintiff to Judas Iscariot. This is not a statement of fact but a comment or criticism. It likens tbe plaintiff, not to an ordinary turncoat, but to the man who, in tbe estimation of tbe Christian world, committed tbe greatest crime in history by selling tbe life of bis divine Master for money.- It requires no argument to prove that this is a jibe, a contemptuous insult, and not fair criticism of any type; hence-it is not privileged. Curtis v. Mussey, 6 Gray, 261. Being-libelous on its face, the only question to be submitted to tbe jury in connection with it is tbe question of tbe amount of' damages. Thus the defense of conditional privilege drops, entirely out of tbe case. Returning now to the consideration of tbe questions arising with regard to tbe statements of fact first herein discussed, if tbe jury find those statements not to carry a libelous meaning they also drop out of tbe case, but in case the-jury find that they carry tbe libelous meaning above referred to, tbe question will then arise, Are they, or is either of them, substantially true? This question, however, will only arise in case justification is properly pleaded, which it seems is not tbe case at present. It is doubtless true that in order to be a complete defense a justification must be as broad as tbe libel, and that an allegation of tbe truth of a part of tbe facts alleged in tbe libel can: operate only as a partial defense. In tbe present case tbe defendants are compelled to admit that tbe plaintiff did not in, — 531 — fact receive $200 for organizing Manitowoc county and bence That he did not receive or disburse $385.67 as charged, but .$185.67 at the most. Thus it is evident that they cannot plead that the entire sum named in the article was received •and disbursed but only a part thereof. Ordinarily this would ■only be a plea in mitigation of damages, but in a case like the present it would be a plea of justification. The rule is that the substance of the charge only need be proven true. Nehrling v. Herold Co. 112 Wis. 558, 567, 88 N. W. 614; Conner v. Standard P. Co. 183 Mass. 474, 67 N. E. 596. The material substance of the statement in question (if it be held by the jury to convey a libelous meaning) is that money was received and disbursed by the plaintiff for corrupt and unlawful political purposes, not that precisely $385.67 was so received and disbursed. The quality of the act does not depend upon the amount so long as the amount is substantial •and not trivial. It is really immaterial whether it was $50 or $385.67. So if it be shown by the defendants that a substantial sum was so received and disbursed, though that sum be much less than $385.67, they will have shown a justification as to the supposed libelous statement under consideration. There was testimony in the case tending to support the defendants’ contention in this regard, but inasmuch as there must be a new trial of the case we forbear to comment upon it. While there was no law in 1909 limiting the amount which could be legally spent by candidates for public office (the first law on that subject being, ch. 650, Laws 1911: secs. 94-1 to 94-38, Stats. 1913), there were many ways in which money could be corruptly and unlawfully used. While men might doubtless be hired to do lawful political labor it was unlawful to buy votes, either directly or indirectly under pretense of paying for work or by the use of •other subterfuges. It was, with certain exceptions, unlawful .for any person to pay or agree to pay money to secure the — 532 — nomination of a state senator or assemblyman unless tbe person making tbe promise or payment was a tona fide'resident of tbe district, and it was necessarily unlawful to use sucb moneys for sucb purposes if collected. Sec. 45436, Stats. 1898. Wbetber there were other unlawful and corrupt uses to which money could be put in 1909 it is unnecessary now to consider. Similar considerations apply to tbe supposed charge that tbe plaintiff sold bis political influence for money. Tbe question of tbe amount of money is entirely immaterial if tbe fact itself be shown. We do not deem it necessary to review the charge of the-court at length. It contained at least two vital errors which render a new trial necessary, viz. (1) it did not inform the jury that the comparison to Judas was libelous as matter of' law and not privileged, and (2) it told the jury in substance that if the statements were made in good faith and in honest belief in their truth they were privileged whether true or-false. The question was somewhat debated in the argument of' the case whether the fact that the newspaper in question, though primarily a local county paper, had some circulation outside of Waupaca county would prevent the successful interposition of the defense of privilege under the rule as to excessive publication announced in Buckstaff v. Hicks, 94 Wis. 34, 68 N. W. 403. The view taken of the case renders it unnecessary to decide-this question, but we deem it not improper to remark that the-rule as stated in the Buckstaff Case seems unquestionably extreme. Carried to its logical result it means that a distinctively county newspaper with some incidental outside circulation is protected by no privilege when it honestly discusses the qualifications of candidates for county offices, and this would mean practically that there could be no newspaper-discussion of the subject because it is believed that all local papers of any influence have more or less outside circulation. While we do not reach the question in this case, we feel jus533 tilled in saying that we do not consider it foreclosed by the Buckstaff Case. See on this subject Coleman v. MacLennan, 78 Kan. 711, 98 Pac. 281; 25 Cyc. 387; Hatch v. Lane, 105 Mass. 394; Arnold v. Ingram, 151 Wis. 438, 138 N. W. 111. By the Qourt. — Judgment reversed, and action remanded; for a new trial. Siebeckeb, J., took no part. A motion for a rehearing was denied, with $25 costs, on. March 14, 1916.