Windahl v. State

Eschweiler, J. As there must be a new trial we deem it unnecessary to comment on the evidence. During the trial the plaintiff in error, hereinafter designated as defendant, offered to prove by a number of witnesses, all residents of Hudson, where he had lived for some thirteen years, that his reputation for chastity and morality was good in that community. This was objected to and the objection sustained. Defendant assigns this ruling as error. The general rule in other jurisdictions, as stated in 7 Corp. Jur. 992, is to the effect that in bastardy proceedings the defendant may not, as he may in ordinary criminal proceedings, introduce evidence of his general good character' or reputation unless he has been first impeached as a witness. In jurisdictions so holding, however, bastardy proceedings are considered, either by express statutory language or by judicial rulings, to be civil rather than criminal proceedings, and for that reason such exclusion of that class of evidence has been sustained. We have no statute expressly declaring them to be in either classification. Such proceedings have been held to [426] possess the characteristics of both, and it was suggested that the rules and practice applicable to criminal actions are applicable in bastardy proceedings so far as they are similar to criminal actions, and the same rule as to the features similar to civil actions in Goyke v. State, 136 Wis. 557, 559, 117 N. W. 1027, 1126. Again, it is said that it is a statutory proceeding to enforce a civil obligation or duty, but as to procedure is criminal in form. State ex rel. Volkman v. Waltermath, 162 Wis. 602, 156 N. W. 946. The statutes and decisions in this state as to bastardy proceedings demonstrate that although they be hybrid in nature they have not been sterile or unfruitful in raising many perplexing-questions. Though brought to enforce a civil obligation or duty as specified in the cases above cited, yet a person charged is brought into court by warrant and arrest and not by summons (sec. 166.01) ; the accused is entitled to the removal of the place of trial of any such action just as in a criminal examination before a justice of the peace (sec. 166.02) ; the rule for taxation and payment of costs therein shall be the same as in criminal proceedings except that the accused may not have his witnesses paid or counsel appointed for him (sec. 166.07). Though by express statute (sec. 166.07) the district attorney is charged with the duty- of appearing in and prosecuting such cases, yet that does not exclude the right of private counsel to act for or assist in such prosecution. Smith v. State, 146 Wis. 111, 113, 130 N. W. 894. In case of failure to give proper security and default in payment of the judgment he shall be committed to jail (sec. 166.10) ; yet when so committed he is not entitled to jail liberties. Hodgson v. Nickell, 69 Wis. 308, 311, 34 N. W. 118. These proceedings, however, savor strongly of criminal proceedings in two important features. They can be brought here for review by writ of error only and not by appeal, State v. Mushied, 12 Wis. 561 (although they cannot be certified here upon exceptions as can criminal cases, State [427] v. Jager, 19 Wis. 235). A verdict of guilty can only be properly reached when the presumption of innocence recognized as surrounding such accused has been overcome by evidence convincing the jury beyond reasonable doubt. Zweifel v. State, 27 Wis. 396, 400; Baker v. State, 47 Wis. 111, 112, 2 N. W. 110; Van Tassel v. State, 59 Wis. 351, 18 N. W. 328; Suckow v. State, 122 Wis. 156, 159, 99 N. W. 440; Sonnenberg v. State, 124 Wis. 124, 129, 102 N. W. 233. The rulings on this latter point have been consistently maintained notwithstanding the recognized rule is to. the contrary in most other jurisdictions. See note in L. R. A. 1918 C, p. 891. In view of the situation we deem it best to adopt the rule that such evidence may be offered and should be received. Such evidence was offered and received apparently without objection and mentioned without expression of approval or disapproval by this court in the case of Riley v. State, 187 Wis. 156, 157, 203 N. W. 767. It was held proper in Overseer v. Eason, 92 N. J. L. 199, 104 Atl. 291. Under the record in this case we deem its exclusion on the trial prejudicial and reversible error. The court’s charge to the jury on the subject of the presumption of innocence said: “. .' . It attends the defendant throughout the whole trial and prevails until overcome by proof of guilt beyond all reasonable doubt.” This language, by the use of the word “until,” permits an inference by the jury that if the prosecution, when presenting its side, has produced such evidence that defendant’s guilt seems at such stage of the trial proven beyond a reasonable doubt, that then this presumption of innocence is out of the case. This precise language in a charge was held to be error in Riley v. State, 187 Wis. 156, 160, 203 N. W. 767, supra. Under the record in this case we deem this also prejudicial and reversible error. Defendant requested, and the court refused to give, an instruction regarding the consideration to be given by the [428] jury to the evidence offered by defendant in the nature of an alibi. Some such instruction should have been given. Roen v. State, 182 Wis. 515, 519, 196 N. W. 825; State ex rel. Dewey v. Kibbe, 186 Wis. 210, 213, 202 N. W. 333. Other points presented on this review we do not deem it necessary to discuss. By the Court. — Judgment reversed, and cause remanded for further proceedings.