Imler v. City of Springfield

Thompson, J., delivered the opinion of the court. The constitution of this state (art. 2, sec. 21) provides as follows; “Private property shall not be taken or damaged for public use without just compensation. Such compensation shall be ascertained by a jury or board of commissioners of not less than three freeholders, in such manner as may be prescribed by law.” On the twenty-sixth of March, 1885, the legislature passed “an act to provide for the ascertainment of and payment for damages done by municipal corporations to private property for public use, as directed by section twenty-one of article two, of the state constitution.” Laws of 1885, p. 47. The first section of this statute enacts as follows: “ That in all cases where the proper authorities!» any city in this state have graded or regraded, or may hereafter grade or change the grade, or lines, of any street or alley, or in any way alter or enlarge the same, or construct any public improvement, thereby causing damage to private property for public use within the meaning of section twenty-one, of article two, of the state constitution, without the consent of the owner oí such property; or in case they fail to agree with the owner thereof for the proper compensation for the damages so done, or likely to be done, or sustained, by reason thereof; or by reason of the legal incapacity of such owner, no such compensation can be agreed upon, — the-circuit court having jurisdiction over the territory embraced in such city, or any judge thereof -in vacation, on application thereto by petition, either by the city authorities or the owner of the property for which damage is claimed, or any one on behalf of either, shall — 673 — appoint three disinterested freeholders of such city, who shall meet upon the premises at a time by them to be appointed, of which they shall give personal notice to the owners, or their agents, of the land affected, if they can be found, as well as five days’ notice by advertisement in the newspaper doing the city printing ; and the said commissioners, having been first duly sworn to perform their duties justly .and impartially and a true report to make, shall view the said street, or alley, or improvement, and premises affected by the change, or enlargement, or construction thereof, having due regard to and making just allowances for the advantages- which may have resulted, or which may seem likely to result to the owner or owners of property for which damages may be allowed or claimed, and after such comparison, shall estimate and determine whether any, and if any, how much, damage such property may have sustained or seems likely to sustain by reason thereof, and make report of the same at the existing or following term of the court, and if no exceptions be filed within ten days thereafter, or in the event exceptions are filed and overruled, the court shall confirm the report and enter judgment thereon with costs, including three dollars per day to each commissioner, from which judgment either or any party shall be entitled to an appeal or writ of error, as in other cases.” The eighth section enacts as follows : “ The above proceedings shall be exclusive of all other remedies in the courts of this state for the recovery from any municipal corporation of damages done to private property for public use within the meaning of section twenty-one of article two of the state constitution.” This is a proceeding under the above statute to assess the damages alleged to have been sustained by the plaintiff by changing the grade of the street on, the margin of a lot of ground owned by him in the city of. Springfield. Commissioners were appointed by the: circuit court, as provided by the statute, who filed a-i — 674 — report assessing the plaintiff’s damages at two hundred dollars. Exceptions were filed to this report and were heard by the circuit court. Upon the hearing of these exceptions a mass of evidence was introduced, which was taken under advisement by the court, after which the exceptions were overruled and judgment entered against the city in conformity with the report. The city, appealing, assigns for error that there was no evidence that, before proceeding to view the premises, the commissioners gave five days’ notice by advertisement in the newspaper doing the city printing, as required by the statute. An examination of the record discloses the fact that there was no evidence that such notice was given, except that the report of the commissioners recites that, five days’ notice was given in the “Springfield Leader”, a newspaper doing the city printing of said city, of their meeting, and the time, place, and purpose thereof. This recital was not evidence of the fact of such notice having been given. We concede it to be a'rule in the law of jurisdiction that á tribunal ‘exercising special and limited powers cannot «reate for. itself a jurisdiction by reciting upon its record a fact necessary to its jurisdiction; but we understand that such fact must otherwise appear. But the irregularity in this case is cured by the following recital in the record of the subsequent proeeedings in the circuit court: “ There was no question raised by the city as to the amount of the plaintiff’s damages; but it was conceded if he was entitled to recover damages in this action, the sum adjudged was not too large.” As the only jurisdiction possessed by the commissioners was to assess damages, and as the amount of damages sustained is thus conceded by the city independently of their report, the irregularity above spoken of is cured, and it would not be proper to reverse the judgment in order that the same proceeding may be regularly gone through with again for the purpose of reaching a result which is admitted to be correct. Rev. Stat., sec. 3775. — 675 — The evidence adduced on the hearing of the exceptions showed that the change of grade for which the commissioners awarded the plaintiff damages consisted in raising the grade of the street in front of this lot by about one foot, and of the subsequent raising of the curbing and guttering, so as to conform to the new level of the street. It does not appear that the grade thus newly created was authorized by any ordinance, but it appears that it was about a foot above the grade which had been previously established by ordinance. It also appears that the. work was inspected by a committee of the city council called the “ street committee,” that they reported favorably thereon, and that it was adopted, by a vote of the city council, as executed. Upon this state of facts, the contention of the city is, that this is a case where the injury flows from the negligent doing of work, not in conformity with the ordinance prescribing the manner in which it shall be done, and that the city is hence not liable for it in this proceeding, but, if liable •at all, is liable only in an action in the nature of an action on the case for damages for negligence. The plaintiff, on the other hand, contends that the subsequent formal ratification by the city was equivalent to a prior authorization; that the vote of the council accepting the work as done and ordering the assessment of a special tax for its payment was tantamount to a previously existing ordinance authorizing it to be done as it was done ; from which, according to his view, tho conclusion follows that this is a case where private property has been damaged for public use within the meaning of the constitutional provision above quoted, and where the damages must, therefore, be ascertained in conformity with the above statute and not sued for and recovered in an action grounded upon negligence. In a case which arose and was decided in the Supreme Court prior to the enactment of the above statute, a city was sued by a property-owner, for damages sustained by him in raising the grade of a street in front of his lot in a hegllgent and unskilful manner. The — 676 — action was an action at common law grounded upon negligence. Referring to the provision of the constitution above set out, the Supreme Court, speaking through Hough, J., said; “When property is damaged by establishing the grade of a street, or by raising or lowering the grade of a street previously established, it is damaged for public use withih the meaning of the constitution. No such provision, however, as is contemplated by the constitution, has ever been made by the legislature for ascertaining the compensation in cases where property is damaged by a change of grade. The compensation provided for by this section of the constitution, is compensation alone for the lawful execution of the public work causing, the damage, and not for the negligent and unskilful construction thereof. For damages arising from the negligent and unskilful execution of the work an ordinary action undoubtedly still remains to the party injured. Comp ensation for such damages could not be ascertained in advance of the execution of the work.” Werth v. City of Springfield, 78 Mo. 110. This is not the statement of a new principle. The general rule undoubtedly is, that no common-law action lies for an injury resulting from the due, proper, and careful prosecution of a work authorized by the charter or governing statute of a corporation, but that in such cases the remedy must be sought in the mode pointed out in the charter or statute for assessing the damages. On the other hand, it is equally as well settled that an action at common law will lie for injuries which are the result of an abuse of the powers of a corporation, or of a negligent execution of them. Thomp. Neg. 569, and cases cited. But we need not speculate whether a common-law action would lie in the present case upon this principle. The inquiry is whether the plaintiff has shown a case within the language and intent of a statute ; if he has, he is entitled to proceed thereunder to have damages assessed in the mode there pointed out, and cannot have redress in any other kind of action, — 677 — because, by the terms of the statute, the -remedy there given is exclusive. The real inquiry, then, seems to be whether, in a proceeding under the statute, it is necessary for him to show that the grade, as finally made, was established by ordinance. Outside of the statute, it has been several times held in this state that, in order to hold a municipal corporation liable to a property-owner for damages resulting to him from a change of the grade of a street, It is necessary to show that the grade was originally established by ordinance, and that the change was authorized by ordinance. Stewart v. City of Clinton, 79 Mo. 603; Werth v. City of Springfield, 78 Mo. 107; s. c., on second appeal, 22 Mo. App. 12. If this were an action outside of the statute, these decisions, however unjust in their consequences, would be binding upon us. But this is a proceeding under a special statute, and the statute imposes no such condition as a ground of relief. It recites, “that in all cases where the proper ' authorities in any city in this state have graded or regraded, or may hereafter grade, or change the grade or lines of any street or alley,” etc. It does not say that in all cases where the proper authorities have done this by ordinance, or in the precise manner pointed out by their charter, or by the governing statute, the property-owner shall be entitled to this relief. It predicates his right to it upon the fact of the street having been graded or regraded by the proper authorities. In so far as it does this, it necessarily operates as an amendment of, and a limitation upon, any precedent statute or charter, in so far as the latter conflicts with its terms. The plaintiff’s evidence brings his case strictly within the language of this statute.' It shows that the street was raised to the present grade by the proper authorities, and that the grade as so made was ratified by the city by its being accepted by the street committee and approved by a vote of the council. This was sufficient to bring the case within the reasoning of this court in Schumacher v. City of St. Louis, 3 Mo. App. 299, and of the Supreme — 678 — Court in Sheehan v. Gleeson, 46 Mo. 104. The statute .was obviously drawn with the view of not depriving the property-owner of this redress in cases where the city might proceed in an informal manner in the execution of its ordinary powers. The reason why he should not be deprived of the statutory redress in such cases is perfectly obvious. He cannot control the authorities of the city in respect of the manner in which they shall proceed in executing their powers. The caséis entirely different from a case where he voluntarily enters into a contract with the city, in which case he is at liberty to make the contract or refuse to make it, and in which case he is consequently bound to see to it that the officers of the city are proceeding within the scope of their powers. He is here the passive sufferer in something which has taken place without any voluntary action on his part. His property is equally damaged for the public benefit, without reference to the fact whether the city had proceeded in making the improvement in a formal or in an informal manner. The improvement is made ; the city has paid for it; the public has received the benefit of it and has entered upon the use of it, and his property has been damaged by it. This makes a case in which he should have compensation within the meaning of the constitutional provision, and it makes a case within the letter of the statute. It is not a necessary conclusion that the act of elevating the bed of the street in front of plaintiff’s property is to be ascribed to the negligence or tortious conduct of the agents of the city. It may as well have been due to some slight defect in the plan furnished by the original ordinance by which the grade was established, whereby the grade as thus established would not connect with the grade of some other street established by some other ordinance ; .or it may as well have been due to some slight change in the grade rendered necessary by the action of the elements or other changes which may have taken place subsequently to the passage of the ordinance by which the grade was established679 It is not a sound view that a slight deviation from the plans and specifications prescribed by an ordinance authorizing a municipal improvement renders the work the act of the agents or contractors who have done it, and not the act of the corporation. Upon this subject it was well said by Bliss, J., in giving the opinion of our Supreme Court: “As a matter of necessity, some discretion must be left to the executive officers. It would be difficult for ordinances to specify every particular of a work, but they must be more or less general,. and must take many things for granted in the history, geography, and topography of the place, and in the arts called into requisition by the improvements ordered. And we should further premise that an ordinance may lack desirable precision, and still may so provide for the manner in wdiich an improvement shall be made, and be such a compliance with the law, although a loose one, that the courts would not be authorized to invalidate the action of the city officers under it. It is not every irregularity or omission that goes to the substance of a proceeding.” Sheehan v. Gleeson, 46 Mo. 104. Whatever may have been the occasion of it, it does not lie in the mouth of the city to say that the act is not done by the proper authorities of the city, within the meaning of the statute, but that it is the mere tortious act of its agents, after having accepted it and ratified it by a vote of its council upon the report or reports of a committee thereof in the solemn exercise of its legislative functions. The rule that a subsequent affirmation or consent is equivalent to a previous authorization, is as applicable to corporations as to individuals. Plantters’ Bank v. Sharp, 4 Sm. & M. 75; Everett v. United States, 6 Port. 166; s. c., 30 Am. Dec. 584; Despatch Line v. Bellamy Man. Co., 12 N. H. 205; s. c., 37 Am. Dec. 203; Holmes v. Board of Trade, 81 Mo. 137. Although doubts have been expressed whether this rule applies to municipal corporations in like manner as to natural persons (McGary v. Lafayette, 12 Rob. [La.] 676; Mitchell v. Rockland, 52 Me. 118, 125), yet it — 680 — seems to be settled in this state, in conformity with authority elsewhere (Ross v. Madison, 1 Ind. 281; Thayer v. Boston, 19 Pick. 511) that it does. Schumacher v. City of St. Louis, 3 Mo. App. 299; Barrett v. County Court, 44 Mo. 198. In Schumacher v. City of St. Louis, supra, this principle was applied by this court in an action by a property-holder against the city of St. Louis for damages sustained by him in changing the grade’ of the street in front of his property, so as to make it answer the contention of the city that the ordinance under which the change of grade had been made was itself invalid. In other words, this court held that a ratification by the city would cure an invalidity of the ordinance under which the grade-was changed, — which was tantamount to holding that such a ratification may supply the want of a valid'ordinance. In giving the opinion of this court, Lewis, P. J., said: “If the act from which injury results be wholly’beyond the scope of powers conferred on the municipal corporation, the latter cannot be held responsible in damages. But if it be within the scope of such powers, and be authorized by the municipal officer invested with jurisdiction to act upon the subject to which the particular act relates, or be afterwards even impliedly ratified by the corporation, a liability will attach in like manner as if the act had been done by an individual. Thayer v. City of Boston, 19 Pick, 511. A mere technical departure from the mode in which the powers are directed to be exercised will in no such case discharge the corporation. City of Pekin v. Newell, 26 Ill. 320. The grading of the street in front of plain tiff’s property was within the corporate powers of the city. It was done by authority of the officers having in charge that department of municipal service, and the whole testimony taken together conclusively shows that the act was, impliedly at least, ratified by the corporate authorities. Even if the ordinance had lacked some technical element of validity there was an attempt by the proper officers to execute a charter power, which is — 681 — sufficient for the purposes of .this case, according to the authorities above cited.” This reasoning amply sustains the present proceeding. Although the ordinance may have been departed from, the officers of the city were proceeding to make an improvement within the general limit of its corporate powers. The improvement was made and was after-wards ratified and accepted by the city as made. It was expressly, and not impliedly ratified, as in the case just cited. .It was a “public improvement causing damage to private property for public use, within the meaning of section twenty-one of article two of the state constitution, without the consent of the owner of such property,” and, therefore, the case before us is within the terms of the statute under which this proceeding was instituted; and by section eight of the statute this proceeding is exclusive of all other remedies. The policy of the statute is to have such damages assessed by competent and disinterested freeholders appointed by the circuit court, so as to award just compensation to the owner whose property has been taken or damaged and at the same time do justice to the city. This case is manifestly within the policy of the statute. It can scarcely be doubted that a more just assessment of damages would be made by a board of competent and disinterested freeholders — men of standing and substance in the community — than by such a jury as might often be hastily empaneled to try an action for damages in the circuit court. We, therefore, concur in the manner in which the learned judge of the circuit court disposed of this case upon the merits of the controversy, and we affirm the judgment. Judge Rombauer concurs.