Baker v. Missouri Pacific Railway Co.

Rombauer, P. J., delivered the opinion of the court. On October 25, 1887, the plaintiff filed his amended petition herein, whereby he charged that he and the defendant entered into a special contract for the transportation of plaintiff’s sheep, that the defendant was guilty of breaches of said contract, stating particulars, to plaintiff’s damage in the sum of twenty-four hundred dollars. The contract is filed with the petition. Such parts thereof as have any bearing on the present controversy are as follows: — 105 — “LIVE STOCK CONTRACT.” “Moberly Station, September'11, 1882. “ This agreement, made between the Missouri Pacific Railway Company, of the first part, and Wm. Baker, of the second part, witnesseth: That whereas the said Missouri Pacific Railway Co., as aforesaid, transports live stock only as per above rules and regulations ; Now, in consideration that the said party of the first part will-transport for the party of the second part one car load of sheep to Cisco, Tex. Station, at the rate of ninety-six dollars per car load, the same being a special rate lower than the regular rates mentioned in their tariff, the said party of the second part hereby releases said party of the first part from the liability of a common carrier in the transportation of said stock, and agrees that such liability shall be only that of a private carrier for hire, and from any liability for any delay in shipping said stock after the delivery thereof to the agent of said party of the first part, or for any delay in receiving, the same after being tendered to said agent. “ And said party of the second part hereby accepts for such transportation the cars provided by said • first party, and used for the shipment of said stock, and hereby assumes all risks of injury which the animals or either of them may receive in consequence of any of them being wild, unruly or weak, or maiming each other or themselves, or in consequence of heat or suffocation, or other ill effects of being crowded in the cars, or on account of being injured by the burning of hay, straw or other materials used by the owner for feeding the stock or otherwise, and all risks of damage which may be sustained by reason of any delay in such transportation, whether occasioned by mob, strike or threatened violence to person or property, from any source, or injury to track or yards and all risks of escape or robbery of any portion of said stock, or of loss or damage from any — 106 — other cause or thing, not resulting from the wilful negligence of the agents of the party of the first part. “ And said party of the second part further agrees that he will load, unload and reload said stock at his own risk, and feed, water and attend to the same at his own expense and risk, while it is in the stock yards of the party of the first part awaiting shipment, and while on the cars, or at feeding or transfer points, or where it may be unloaded for any purpose. ‘ ‘ And for the consideration before mentioned, said party of the second part further agrees, that as a condition precedent to his right to recover any damages for any loss or injury to said stock, he will give notice in writing of his claim therefor to some officer of said party of the first part, or its nearest station agent, before said stock is removed from the place of destination above mentioned, or from the place of delivery of the same to said party of the second part, and before such stock is mingled with other stock. “ And said party of the second part, in consideration as aforesaid, further agrees that in case of total loss the sum of one hundred dollars per head shall be taken and demanded as liquidated damages for such loss, and in case of injury or partial loss, damage shall be measured in the same proportion. “ And it is further stipulated and agreed between the parties hereto, that in case the live stock mentioned herein is to be transported over the road or roads of any other railroad company, the said party of the first part shall be released from liability of every kind after said live stock shall have left its road ; and the party of the second part hereby so expressly stipulates and agrees ; the understanding of both parties hereto being that the party of the first part shall not be held or deemed liable for anything beyond the line of the Missouri Pacific Railway Company, excepting to protect the through rate of freight named herein. — 107 — “ The evidence that said party of the second part, after a full understanding thereof, assents to all the conditions of the foregoing contract, is his signature hereto.” The answer of defendant denies every allegation of plaintiff’s petition except its corporate existence and the execution of the contract. It sets up the following special defenses: (1) That the defendant’s road did not run from Moberly to Cisco, Texas, but only to Fort Worth, an intermediate station and two hundred miles from Cisco, which fact was well known to plaintiff when he entered into the contract. That the contract expressly provides that if said car load of sheep was to be transported over the road or roads of any other railrpad companies that that of defendant, the defendant should be released from liability of any kind after it had left defendant’s road. Further, that in consideration of a reduced freight, defendant was not to be held or deemed liable for anything beyond the line of its own railway, except to protect the through rate of freight. (2) That the plaintiff failed to give the notice required by the terms of the contract. (3 ) That the amended petition sets up a different cause of action from the one sued on in the original petition filed, and is in effect the institution of a new suit, and more than five years have elapsed since the pretended cause of action accrued ; therefore the action is barred by the statute of limitations of five years. (4) That the damage was the result of plaintiff ’$ own negligence or want of care. The answer was denied by reply. The trial of the case before a jury resulted in a verdict in favor of plaintiff for eighteen hundred dollars, and the defendant appealing, relies on the following points for reversal of the judgment: — 108 — (1) That the court erred in permitting any evidence to be introduced on the petition, because it states no facts to constitute a cause of action. The contract providing for stipulated damages, and the recovery not being sought ou that theory, but on a theory of actual damages suffered. (2) That the court erred in not sustaining the defendant’s demurrer to the evidence since it appears affirmatively that plaintiff never gave the notice provided for by the contract. (3) That the court erred in not giving the defendant’s second instruction to the effect that if the injury happened after the sheep left defendant’s road, and were on the road of a connecting line, the defendant was not responsible for such injury. (4) That the court erred in refusing defendant’s instruction to the effect that the filing of the amended petition was equivalent to the institution of a new suit, and if not filed within five years after the cause of action accrued, the action was barred by a limitation of five years. (5) That the damages are excessive. Upon the trial of the case there was evidence tending to show the following facts: The defendant owned and operated a road running through Moberly and terminating at Fort Worth. Cisco is about one hundred and twenty miles beyond Fort Worth on another railroad line, not owned or operated by the defendant. The plaintiff shipped sixty-nine head of sheep, under the contract above recited at Moberly, with the expressed intention of taking them to Albany, Texas, but being unable to get through freight-rates to Albany, contracted for a shipment to Cisco, only. No breach of the contract of transportation is claimed until the car passed Fort Worth. The plaintiff told the conductor repeatedly between Fort Worth and Cisco, that upon the arrival of the train at Cisco station, it would become — 109 — necessary to feed and water the sheep immediately,, as they could go no longer without feed or water, and the conductor promised that this would be done. When the train reached Cisco, the car, instead of being left at the stock-pen, was side-tracked, whereupon the plaintiff demanded of the station agent the immediate delivery of the sheep, so that he could feed and water them, tendering ninety-six dollars, the freight stipulated by the contract, and exhibiting his freight contract at the. time. The agent claimed that the freight-charges were one hundred and thirty-six dollars, and refused to deliver the sheep until such charges were paid. Plaintiff did not have the money and the sheep were left standing in the cars exposed to heat. It was finally agreed in the evening that the sheep should be forwarded to Albany, thirty-three miles from Cisco, where plaintiff hoped to obtain the money. Upon the arrival of the . car at Albany, the plaintiff asked the agent for temporary possession of the sheep so that he could water them, which was denied. They were put into the stock-pen which had no accommodations for watering and the stock-pen was kept locked. Next morning the plaintiff succeeded in borrowing the additional money to pay the freight-charges exacted, and obtained his sheep, which were greatly injured by the intense heat, hunger, and thirst, having been forty-eight hours without food or drink. The sheep, if in'good condition, would have been worth thirty-five dollars per head at the place of contractual delivery. Three of them died owing to the exposure, the residue were sold by plaintiff for $1,295, or $19.63 per head, making a difference of $1,320.50, between the actual value and value realized. This statement of the evidence is deemed sufficient for the determination of all questions of law presented upon this appeal, and we will consider them in the order presented. » — 110 — I. The assignment of error that the amended petition states no cause of action, and the court therefore erred in not sustaining defendant’s objection to the introduction of any evidence in its support, rests upon a misconception of the law. The objection rests on the theory that the relief prayed for is an essential part of the petition, and that testimony looking to any other relief is wholly inadmissible. Such is not the law. In actions at law, a demurrer will not lie because the prayer for relief is not warranted by the averments of the petition; the court may grant any relief consistent with the case made by the evidence and embraced within the issues. Northcraft v. Martin, 28 Mo. 469; Easley v. Prewitt, 37 Mo. 361; Christal v. Craig, 80 Mo. 375. In case of a variance between allegation and proof, the remedy of the party aggrieved is under sections 3565 and 3566 of the code, and the objection cannot be made by general demurrer, either to the pleadings or evidence. II. The second assignment of error is equally untenable. The plaintiff agreed, as a condition precedent to his right of recovery, to give notice in writing of his claim therefor to some officers of the defendant, or its nearest station agent, before said stock was removed from its place of destination. The condition in its very nature can be effective only where the property shipped is removed from its place of destination by the shipper or his agents, and not where it is removed by the carrier or the carrier’s agents. Here the place of destination fixed by the terms of the contract was Cisco, and had the sheep been delivered to the plaintiff there, as it was the carrier’s duty to do upon tender of freight-charges, the carrier could have insisted upon the condition. As this was not done, the performance of the condition was necessarily waived. Baker v. Railroad, 19 Mo. App. 324; Rice v. Railroad, 63 Mo. 314; Owen — 111 — v. Railroad, (Kentucky court of appeals,) 9 S. W. Rep. 841. In addition to this the respondent invokes tke rule that, as tkis identical question was determined against appellant on a former appeal (19 Mo. App. 324), the question is not subject to re-argument, tke former decision being tke law of tke case. Tkis has been frequently decided in this state (Bevis v. Railroad, 30 Mo. App. 566, and cas. cit.), and would in itself be conclusive of tke question but for tke fact that tke identity of tke case at bar with tke one reported in 19 Mo. App. rests on mere conjecture. There is nothing in the record to show that they are identical. III. Tke following instruction, asked by tke defendant, was refused by tke court: “2. The jury are instructed that if they believe, from all the facts and circumstances admitted in ■evidence in tkis case, that tke car-load of sheep in ■controversy was transferred from tke Missouri Pacific Railroad Company’s road at Port Worth, Texas, onto tke Texas & Pacific Railroad, and that said Texas & Pacific Railroad was tke road of another railroad •company, and was not owned or operated by the Missouri Pacific Railway Company, and damage, if any, was done to said sheep after they left defendant’s road at Port Worth, and while being transported over the said Texas & Pacific Railroad, or some other road not owned or operated by defendant, tke plaintiff cannot recover in tkis case, and the verdict must be for tke defendant.” This instruction was offered in view of tke last ■clause of the contract, by which tke defendant is relieved from liability of every kind, after tke live stock .shall have left its own road. That a common carrier may, by contract, limit his liability for all accidents, which are not tke result of his own negligence, or that of his agents, has been the — 112 — settled law in this state, since the decision in Levering v. Trans. Co., 42 Mo. 88, but, as was properly said by C. J. GriBSON, in Atwood v. Railroad, 9 Watts. 88, “the policy which dictated the rules of the common law requires that exceptions to it be strictly interpreted.” Hence, the carrier, relying on an exception, must bring his case strictly within the terms of the exception. If, in the case at bar, the shipper had expressly agreed to relieve the carrier from any losses caused by the carrier’s negligence, the stipulation would have been unavailing in favor of the carrier ( Sturgeon v. Railroad, 65 Mo. 569), and as the connecting carrier, through whose default and negligence the loss was caused, was the defendant’s agent, it is, to say the least, questionable whether, even in the absence of the statute hereinafter referred to, a stipulation exempting the carrier from losses caused by the negligence of such agent could be upheld. But whatever doubt there might have been on that subject is set at rest by section 598 of the Revised Statutes, which, in case of a transportation over several roads, makes the carrier receiving the goods for transportation responsible for the negligence of the connecting carrier. We have stated in Heil v. Railroad, 16 Mo. App. 363, 368, that the statute establishes a rule of public policy, which the carrier cannot avoid by contract. We have re-affirmed that view in Orr v. Railroad, 21 Mo. App. 336, and consider the question settled as far as this court is concerned. The court, therefore, properly refused defendant’s instruction, since the evidence was uncontroverted that the loss was the result of the negligence of the agents of a connecting line, and hence a loss for which the defendant was made responsible by statute. IV. The court refused the following instruction asked by the defendant: “The jury are instructed in this case that if they — 113 — believe, from the evidence, the wrongful acts and negligent conduct complained of in plaintiff;’s amended petition, were done and accrued more than five years before the twenty-fifth day of October, 1887, the date of the filing of said amended petition, then plaintiff cannot recover in this case, and their verdict must be for defendant.” It is well settled that an amendment which introduces a cause of action barred by limitation, is ineffectual to avoid the statutory bar. Gibbons v. Steamboat, 40 Mo. 253, 256. The rule is this : Where an amendment sets up no new matter or claim, but is a mere variation of the allegations of .a demand already in issue, the amendment relates to the commencement of the suit, and the statute is arrested at that point, but where the amendment introduces a new claim, not before asserted, then it is not treated as relating to the commencement of the suit, but is equivalent to a fresh suit upon a new cause of action. Buel v. Transfer Co., 45 Mo. 562, and cas. cit. The question, whether an amendment may be properly allowed, is, in its nature, a different question from the one, whether if allowed, it relates back to the date of bringing the suit, for the purpose of determining questions of limitation. The difficulty arises in the application of the rule to the facts disclosed by the case at bar. The plaintiff in his original petition sets out the contract in general terms, without referring to the clause relating to the measure of damages in case of breach, and concludes with an ad damnum clause'and prayer for one thousand dollars judgment. The amended petition sets out the contract more fully, including the stipulation as to liquidated damages and avers that by breach of the contract the plaintiff lost three sheep of the value of three hundred dollars, and that the remainder were damaged to the extent of two thousand dollars, and then concludes with a prayer for twenty-four hundred dollars, — 114 — judgment for damages. The cause of action as stated in both petitions was for breach of the contract, but the claim for liquidated damages was a'claim beyond the claim previously asserted, and hence for the purpose of limitation, a new cause of action. If the defendant’s instruction had been confined to this view of the case, limiting the plaintiff’s recovery to damages actually sustained, the court would have erred in refusing it, but since it went further and asserted that if the breach of the contract occurred more than five years before the filing of the amended petition the plaintiff could not recover at all, it was properly refused. Y. The difference between the actual value of the sheep at place of delivery, and the value as realized, as shown by the uncontroverted evidence, was $1,320.50. The defendant asked no instruction on the question of damages, but at plaintiff’s instance the court gave the following instruction: “The jury are instructed that if they find for plaintiff, they will assess his damages at one hundred dollars per head for sheep that died from the effects of ill treatment on defendant’s part or on the part of defendant’s connecting carriers, and if the jury find that other of said sheep sustained damages from the same cause, such damages may be measured and estimated by the jury in the same proportion, but the aggregate amount of such damages, if any, cannot exceed the sum of twenty-three hundred dollars.” The defendant claims that this instruction was erroneous, and the damages of eighteen hundred dollars awarded by the jury are excessive. This complaint is just. The instruction was not warranted under the view we have taken of the pleadings, because the plaintiff was barred by limitation to recover more than actual damages sustained. It was not warranted by the evidence which was all directed to plaintiff’s actual-damages and not to any damages liquidated by the contract. — 115 — As tlie surviving sheep were shown to be worth only $19.68 per head, after the injury, the plaintiff’s liquidated damages under this instruction would have amounted to $5,670.64 and the jury would have been bound to return a verdict for twenty-three hundred dollars at least, while their verdict is for eighteen hundred dollars, only. It is evident, therefore, that the jury’s verdict was in to tal disregard of this instruction and upon some basis of computation not warranted in the record. On the oth er hand, as the evidence is clear and uncontradicted that the plaintiff’s actual damages amounted to $1,320.50, as he was in no wise barred by limitation to recover such damages, and as, under the conceded facts and the law applicable thereto his right of recovery is unquestioned, we see no reason for remanding the cause for new trial, although the judgment for the error above stated must be reversed. It is ordered, therefore, that if the plaintiff will, within twenty days after the filing of this opinion, remit of his damages all above the sum of $1,320.50, the judgment will be affirmed for that sum. If he fails to do so, the judgment will be reversed and the cause remanded, to be proceeded with in conformity with this opinion. All the judges concur.