English v. Seibert

Thompson, J. This is a suit in equity against the plaintiff in a judgment, and also against the sheriff holding an execution thereunder, to enjoin an enforcement of the judgment. The ground of the action was that the plaintiff was a surety in the debt which had passed into judgment, and that, since the rendition of the judgment, the principal defendant had taken a chattel mortgage from the principal debtor upon a crop of wheat, and that he had negligently suffered the principal judgment debtor to make way with the wheat instead of enforcing his security against it, — by reason of which negligence the plaintiff had become released from his obligation to satisfy the debt to the extent of the value of the property embraced in the chattel mortgage. The plaintiff had a decree for a perpetual injunction, and the defendant prosecutes an appeal to this court. It appeared in evidence that, on February 5, 1876, Hiram T. Dickerson and Albert English executed their joint note for $125 to Lowndes H. Davis; that, after the maturity of said note, the defendant Seibert became the purchaser and owner thereof; that Seibert brought suit thereon against both of the makers thereof, and recovered judgment against them; that in the meantime Seibert had removed from Cape Girardeau to Jefferson City, and had left the collection of his debts and the charge of his business in the hands of R. P. Wilson, as his agent and attorney. The scope of Wilson’s powers as agent and attorney does not very distinctly appear. Wilson brought suit on the note and prosecuted it to judgment for Seibert. He caused execution to be sued out thereunder, which execution, — 565 — at the request of English, he caused to he returned unsatisfied, English paying the costs. English was solvent, but Dickerson, the other judgment defendant was not. Wilson knew that English was surety on the note for Dickerson, although he did not appear to be such on the face of the note. He testified: “I had been attempting to collect the judgment from Dickerson, knowing Mm to be the principal, and conversed frequently with Albert M. English about the matter, that he might assist me in the collection of the debt, so as to assist himself.” In another place Wilson testifies: “I knew or was informed by the parties that English was a surety on the note.” After the note had thus been reduced to judgment, it was arranged between Dickerson, the principal judgment defendant, and Wilson, acting as attorney and agent for Seibert, the plaintiff in judgment, that Dickerson should secure the judgment by' giving a ■chattel mortgage upon his crop of wheat. But, when it came to fulfilling-this agreement, Dickerson merely signed such a mortgage and delivered it to- Wilson, but refused to acknowledge it formally so that it could be put upon record. His object in refusing to acknowledge it and have it go to record was that he did not wish to make a public disclosure of the fact of giving it. Of course, the mortgage was good between the parties after being signed and delivered, without being formally acknowledged and recorded. After thus having given the chattel mortgage, Dickerson proceeded to harvest and thresh his wheat, and to market it load by -load. As fast as he sold it, some of his other creditors would pounce upon him, and .get the money away from him, as he testifies, for he was deeply involved in debt. Before Dickerson had threshed his wheat, Wilson informed English, this plaintiff (the surety), that he had taken this mortgage. — 566 — It was also in evidence that, when Dickerson began to thresh the wheat covered by the mortgage, Cracraft, the sheriff, stepped into the office of Wilson, English being present,' and advised Wilson of the fact that Dickerson was threshing his wheat, and told him that it was now time to make his money on the chattel mortgage. Nevertheless, Wilson wholly neglected to take any step to enforce the mortgage, or to prevent Dickerson from marketing his wheat and pocketing or disposing of the proceeds. Wilson himself testifies: 1 ‘ I never realized anything out of the chattel mortgage, and made no effort to collect proceeds of the wheat, or to take the property into my charge under the chattel mortgage. When Dickerson refused to have his acknowledgment taken, while I put the chattel mortgage in my desk, I paid no attention whatever to it, but made an agreement with him outside of that mortgage that he should put his wheat into Horrell’s mill, and notify me when he did so, in order that I could go and draw the' money. I made no effort to realize on the mortgage.” The value of the wheat was less than the amount of the judgment; but English, having ascertained the value of the wheat, tendered the difference between its value and the amount of the judgment, namely, $130, to Wilson, which tender was rejected. He thereafter brought the present action in equity to enjoin the enforcement of the judgment to the extent of the value of the wheat covered by the mortgage. Upon this state of facts we take the law to be that English was not entitled to an injunction. This conclusion seems indisputable, notwithstanding several propositions of law invoked by the plaintiff, which are firmly settled in this state. One of these propositions is that a comaker of a promissory note, not negotiated before maturity in the usual course of business, may — 567 — show by evidence aliu/nde, that it was understood by the parties that his liability was that of a surety, and that he has been discharged by such matters subsequent as would discharge any other surety. Noll v. Oberhellman, 20 Mo. App. 336. Another of these principles is that the rélation of principal and surety, and the rights of a surety in respect of his exoneration by matters subsequent, are not destroyed by the fact of reducing to judgment the debt for which he stands as surety. Priest v. Watson, 75 Mo. 314; Rice v. Morton, 19 Mo. 263; Smith v. Rice, 27 Mo. 505. Another principle is that, while a creditor is not in general bound to take any initiatory steps to protect the surety in the debt, yet if the creditor does take into his hands property of the principal debtor to be applied in discharge of the debt, or acquires in any manner a valid lien upon such property, and afterwards voluntarily releases such property or such hen, he thereby exonerates the surety to the extent of the value of such property, or to the extent of what could have been realized by the enforcement of such lien. Ferguson v. Turner, 7 Mo. 497; Rice v. Morton, 19 Mo. 280; Priest v. Watson, 75 Mo. 315; Lower v. Bank, 78 Mo. 67. The principle is applied not only to exonerate a surety where another lien or security is held by the creditor against the principal debtor and released, but also to exonerate him pro tanto where such a lien or security is held by the principal debtor against a cosurety and released. The principle has been applied where a levy has been made and released (Lower v. Bank, supra; Priest v. Watson, 75 Mo. 310); and even where the creditor, having reduced his demand to judgment, has sued out an execution thereon which became a hen upon property, which execution he afterwards voluntarily recalled. Rice v. Morton, 19 Mo. 263; Ferguson v. Turner, 7 Mo. 497. It cannot be doubted that the — 568 — principle equally applies where the creditor, after having reduced his claim to judgment, takes a chattel mortgage from the principal debtor with the view of exonerating the other judgment debtor who is a surety. The principle stated by Mr. Commissioner Philips, in dealing with this subject, is quite applicable to such a case: “Where, of his own motion, and especially at the instance of any of the co-debtors, for his protection,, the creditor obtains a special security or lien on the property of one of the joint debtors, equity and good faith impose on him a trust duty to preserve the lien for the protection of the other surety, in order that his right of contribution may be secured to him.” Lower v. Bank, 78 Mo. 67, 71. It can make no difference with the operation of the principle what species of hen or special security the creditor takes of the principal debtor or of one of the cosureties. But we take it that this principle cannot be invoked so as to help out the plaintiff on the state of facts disclosed by this evidence. The principle, which runs through all the cases above cited, and all the cases on the subject with which we are acquainted, is that, while the creditor is not bound to put himself to any trouble, or to do any affirmative act for the purpose of helping out the surety, except in cases under the statute where the surety may call upon him to bring suit, yet, if he does do some affirmative act by which he secures a valid lien or security upon the property of the principal debtor, then he is bound to hold on to that lien or security; and, if by another affirmative act he releases it, he exonerates the surety. But he is bound to do no more than merely to hold on to it. Having exerted himself in getting it, he is not bound to put himself to any further exertion in order to enforce it. We know of no case where it is held that, if by his mere negligence or non-action the lien or security becomes fruitless, this — 569 — releases the surety. It is indeed said by Judge Norton, in giving the opinion of the court in Priest v. Watson, 75 Mo. 315, that, “if the payee has a specific lien on the property of the debtor sufficient to satisfy the debt, and voluntarily surrenders the lien or loses it by his own neglect, the surety will be discharged.” But it is ■evident that in this dictum the learned judge was not using language with his usual care. He seems to have been misled into the expression by following the language of the syllabus in Ferguson v. Turner, 7 Mo. 497. That syllabus does not correctly state the doctrine of the court. In that case the creditor had reduced his demand to judgment, and had sued out an execution and placed it in the hands of the sheriff, and the principal debtor had property subject to this execution, amply sufficient to satisfy it. Nevertheless, before the return day, the creditor, at the instance of the principal debtor, directed the writ to be returned unsatisfied, and took a deed of trust upon the property of the principal debtor, thus subject to the execution, to secure the payment of the judgment within four months from the date of the deed. This deed the creditor neglected to have recorded; and in a'short time thereafter the whole property of the principal debtor, including that covered by this deed, was swept away by other executions. The court held that the surety was released, not because of the neglect of the creditor to have the deed of trust recorded, but because of his affirmative act in causing the execution, which had become a specific lien upon the property, to be returned unsatisfied. Napton, J., said: “They surrendered a specific lien, by which the debt was perfectly secure, and without consent of the surety. Shall they, after such conduct, be permitted to go upon the security? Admitting the deed of trust was a perfect nullity, and so it was for all valuable purposes, they had chosen to sue the debtor, which — 570 — they were not obliged to do, and had prosecuted that-suit to judgment. Execution had issued, and was in the hands of the sheriff a lien upon the personal property of the debtor. This lien they voluntarily discharged, without consideration. This they had no-right to do. The security, so soon as the lien of the execution attached, was interested, in the retention of that lien, and the discharge of the lien discharged the security.” So, in the case in which Judge Norton used the inaccurate expression above quoted, the holder of a negotiable promissory note had reduced it to judgment against the maker, and had caused execution under the judgment to be- levied upon property of the maker sufficient to pay the debt, and afterwards voluntarily released the levy without the consent of one who was an accommodation indorser, and consequently a surety upon the paper. It was held that this operated to release the indorser; He was not released by reason of the-negligence of the creditor in failing to go forward and do-some further affirmative act to enforce the lien which he had obtained by his levy; but he was released by reason of the affirmative and voluntary act of the creditor in releasing that levy, which the surety had a. right to have retained for his own benefit and exoneration. "We must, therefore, take it that, as Wilson acting for the defendant did no affirmative act to release or discharge the lien of the chattel mortgage, but merely neglected' to go forward and constitute himself the active agent or trustee of the surety for the purpose of enforcing it, the surety has not been discharged under the principle of law which he invokes. He knew of the-existence of the mortgage; he knew when the principal debtor threshed his wheat. He might then have paid the debt, which he stood under a legal obligation to pay, and might have demanded that the mortgage bo — 571 — assigned to Mm, and might have proceeded under it by seizing the wheat. Having failed to do this, he cannot upon any principle with which we are acquainted cast upon the creditor the loss which happened through the misconduct of the principal debtor. When it is said that, in such a case, the creditor, by taking additional security or acquiring a lien, constitutes himself a trustee for the surety in order to preserve for his benefit the advantage thus gained, it is not meant that he constitutes himself an active trustee, in the sense of being obliged to go forward and take any other affirmative steps for the benefit of the surety. The meaning is that he can go forward as far as he wishes, but that, having by going forward acquired any advantage, he cannot voluntarily go backward and surrender it. The judgment of the circuit court will be reversed. All the judges concur.