Reitz v. Hayward

GOODE, J. Victor Reitz, the respondent, was a stockholder and borrower in the Aetna Loan Company, with which company he negotiated a loan of five hundred dollars, March 9, 1894, and gave his note for said sum on said date, secured by deed of trust on a property he owned in the town of St. James, Missouri. The note provided that he should pay the company ten years after date, or sooner, said sum with interest at the rate of six per cent per annum, payable monthly on the fifth day of each month, in installments of two dollars and fifty cents. Reitz owned two shares of stock in the Aetna company of the par value of five hundred dollars, which he had taken out. in July, 1893, and these were mortgaged along with his real estate to secure the loan. Besides the note for five hundred dollars, he gave a note for three hundred and thirty-three dollars, secured by deed of trust on the same property covered by the first deed, payable in monthly installments of three dollars each, as premium bid for the loan. The company deducted from the amount of the loan ten dollars for an attorney’s examining fee, and $16.50 dues and premium for the months of March, April and May, and paid Reitz $473.50 in June when the loan was concluded. Fred Steen owned a share of stock in the Aetna company of the par value of five hundred dollars, issued to him in June, 1893, which he assigned to Reitz April 23, 1898, the transfer being regularly made on the books of the company. Reitz paid dues, interest and premium on the loan and stock until November, 1898, as well as we can tell from the record. About that time he demanded a settlement with the company, tendering his stock and offering to take for it what he — 220 — had paid in; bnt the company demanded $105 more, which he refused to pay. On account of his refusal to make further payments the company advertised his property for salé under the first deed of trust. The plaintiff brought the present suit to enjoin the sale and for an accounting on December 19, 1899. The court struck the following balance: Reitz, debit— Amount cash received on loan..........$ 473 50 Interest thereon ...................... 127 71 Attorney’s fee ........................ 10 00 Total...........................$ 611 21 Reitz, credit— Stock......................$ 140 00 Interest on same ............ 18 90 Premiums paid on loan....... 168 00 Interest on same ............ 30 14 Dividend on stock ........... 60 21 Amount due on account of installments paid on stock.... 153 60 Total......*...........$ 570 85 $ 570 85 Balance due company ................$ 40 36 Judgment was entered for the company for that sum and that on payment of it by Reitz the deed of trust be satisfied. The decree recites that the premiums paid on the loan were one hundred and ninety-eight dollars, but this is obviously a clerical error; for the testimony shows one hundred and sixty-eight dollars were paid and that sum has to be accepted in order to make the court’s computation come out right. It is evident the court only gave interest on the loan from March 9, 1894, to October 25,1898; we suppose on the theory that Reitz endeavored to pay his loan on the last date, so that thereafter it ceased to draw interest. — 221 — It is admitted the premium charged was usurious because not fixed by bidding and that, hence, Reitz was entitled to credit for what he had paid as premiums. The respondent disputes the correctness of the decree but he submitted to it. The appellant assigns these exceptions: first, the credit of $153.60 for monthly stock payments was wrongly allowed, because the evidence made it clear the company had been insolvent for a long time and the respondent was bound to share in the losses with the other stockholders; second, the credit of $18.90 allowed by the court as interest payment was erroneous because in effect it was giving the plaintiff compound interest; third, the court erroneously deducted $16.50 from the face of the loan when in fact the respondent had received credit for that sum on his monthly dues for March, April and May; fourth, the court computed interest on the loan to October 25, 1898, whereas the interest should have been computed to the date of the judgment; fifth, the credit of $61.20 allowed Reitz for dividends declared by the company while a going concern should not have been allowed, because the testimony showed said dividends were declared while the company was in fact insolvent. It should be stated that after the institution of this action, to-wit, on March 17, 1900, the Aetna company made a general assignment to James Hayward for the benefit of creditors, and Hayward was afterwards substituted as defendant and filed an answer that the company had long been insolvent and Reitz was not entitled to charge against the defendant the amount paid by him for stock dues because he, as a stockholder, was liable for his proportion of the losses of the company. 1. Appellant contends that Reitz had no right to withdraw his shares while they were pledged, citing in support of that contention the statute which says stock pledged as security for. a loan, or for any other charge — 222 — in favor of the association, may not be withdrawn. R. S. 1899, sec. 1370. That section means such sitares can not be withdrawn while the loan stands, so as to deprive the association of a lien on them, and does not mean that the loan may not be paid off and the value of the stock taken into account in settling it; otherwise it would be in conflict with section 1368, besides producing an unreasonable result. The theory on which loans are made (unhappily, too rarely realized in practice) is, that when the stock has been fully paid, according to the ordinary course of business, the stock at its matured value will discharge the loan. If, however, the losses are so heavy that the stock does not go to par, whatever value it has when the borrower pays he is entitled to have credited on his' indebtedness. Brown v. Archer, 62 Mo. App. (K. C.) 278; Clark v. Ass’n, 85 Mo. App. (St. L.) 388. 2. The appellant company was insolvent, as the evidence shows, in October, 1898, when Reitz says he tendered payment of his loan, although it kept going until March 7, 1900. But on the first date its liabilities to its shareholders were far in excess of its assets, which constituted insolvency. Continental Assn. v. People, 167 Ill. 195; Towle v. Ass’n, 61 Fed. 446. We might not be willing to agree fully to the definition of insolvency of a building and loan association given in the last cited case;-but according to any conceivable definition appellant company was insolvent; for the evidence shows its assets fell below its liabilities forty or fifty per cent. And, indeed, it will be seen the circuit court found it was then insolvent. Reitz gave no notice, as the statute requires, of an intention to pay off his loan and surrender his stock; but it is contended notice was waived, and we think it was waived so far as a settlement of the loan account and surrender of the pledged stock was concerned; for the only dispute between the company and Reitz was as to the amount he owed the company and no objection — 223 — was made on the score of notice. Clark v. Ass ’n, supra. But the law is settled that if a member of a building and loan association serves notice of an intention to withdraw, that step gives him no right to a preference in the distribution of the company’s assets if its activity is terminated by insolvency proceedings before the withdrawal is accomplished. In re Progressive Building Society, 54 L. T. 45; Hanney v. Ass’n, 16 N. W. 450. A member is not entitled to surrender his shares and be paid their full value if the corporation is insolvent; as has never been doubted, provided the insolvency is known or notorious. In re Sunderland, 24 Q. B. 394. And according to the better view, it seems to us, and the one adopted in this State, it is immaterial that the withdrawing member was ignorant of the association’s financial condition. Hohenshell v. Ass’n, 140 Mo. 566; Christian’s Appeal, 102 Penn. St. 184. The point of difficulty is not whether the court erred in refusing to credit Reitz with the full amount he had paid on his shares and in crediting him instead with their withdrawal value in October, 1898, but whether he was entitled to be credited with any part of his stock payments after the corporation had become insolvent and its assets had passed into the hands of an assignee; and this point turns, we think, on whether Reitz’s rights were fixed by the institution of his suit for a settlement or by the company’s subsequent assignment for the benefit of creditors. 'Well-considered cases relied on by the defendant hold that a borrowing member of a defunct association is not entitled to have any part of the dues paid on stock credited on the loan, but must wait for dividends until final distribution of its assets. Meanwhile, the assignee or receiver may recover the amount of the loan without any credit being allowed for stock payments. The company’s assignment, receivership, or cessation of business because of insolvency, puts an end to or greatly modifies the contract between the borrower and the company, so that the latter’s responsi — 224 — bility is placed on a different basis. Tbe debtor is charged only with simple interest on the money received by him and is credited with the premium paid; and this for the reason that the consideration for the premium is gone, which consideration was that the borrower be permitted to pay the debt in installments extending over years, his stock getting its share of benefit from the payments. Most decisions-hold the association is entitled to collect the money advanced with simple interest, the debtor being credited with the interest and premium paid, but, as stated, with no portion of payments made-on stock, or with any dividends which may have been declared on the stock but not collected. As to those demands against the association, borrowing members are left, like the non-borrowing or investing members, to the final distribution of the assets, when they will receive their pro rata; and this is the rule in Pennsylvania, from which our building and loan law was taken and whose decisions have been followed in construing it. Strohen v. Ass’n., 115 Penn. St. 273; State Ass’n. v. Carroll, 4 Pa. Dist. R. 6; Woerheide v. Johnston, 81 Mo. App. (St. L.) 193;.Towle v. Ass’n, supra; Rogers v. Hargo, 92 Tenn. 35; City Loan Ass’n v. Goodrich, 48 Ga. 448; Choister v. Young, 69 Ill. App. 252; Rogers v. Raines, 100 Ky. 295; Post v. Ass’n, 34 L. R. A. (Tenn.) 201; Globe Ass’n v. Stephens, 60 S. W. 732; U. S. B. & L. Ass’n v. Howland, 60 S. W. 707. This ease does not fall within the above-, rule; for the plaintiff instituted his action while the company was still going, and that circumstance puts him, in a different position with reference to obtaining credit for stock payments and dividends from what he would occupy if no suit had been instituted prior to the failure. An assignment does not prevent the plaintiff, in a pending litigation against the assignor, from obtaining judgment just as he would have done if no- .assignment had been made. The court which first obtained jurisdiction of the litigation proceeds to judgment in that particular — 225 — matter; and this has been held to be.true in the case of building and loan associations. Connolly v. Ass’n, 6 Wkly. Notes Cases 176; Barnum Wire & Iron Works v. Speed, 59 Mich. 272; Turner v. Mason, 65 Wis. 667; Howitt v. Blodgett, 61 Wis. 376; Eureka Steam Rolling Co. v. Sloteman, 67 Wis. 118; Collier v. Bickley, 33 Ohio St. 523. The rule is that when an assignment is made for the benefit of creditors, the assignee takes the estate cum onere and subject to all fixed and accrued rights. Drew Glass Co. v. Baldwin, 27 Mo. App. (K. C.) 44; Drew v. Drum, 44 Mo. App. (St. L.) 25. Plaintiff’s right to surrender his stock and pay off the loan at any time was a substantive part of his contract with the association (Bertche v. Ass’n, 147 Mo. 343; Latimer v. Equitable Co., 81 Fed. 776); and as he had previously begun this suit to enforce that right,,his relief can not be curtailed because the company thereafter assigned. We hold, therefore, that the plaintiff was entitled to be credited with the value of his pledged stock at the time he demanded a settlement, and also with the dividends which had been therefore declared. 3. But it does not follow that he should receive credit for the whole amount of stock dues he had paid; nor did the circuit court allow him credit to that amount, although the case is argued here by the appellant as if he received credit for the full sum paid on his stock. The testimony showed he had paid $256 On the shares of stock which he pledged to secure his loan, and the court allowed him $153.60 on that score, or exactly sixty per cent of what he had paid, making him bear a loss of forty per cent. The statute provides that a borrowing member may repay his loan at any time, by giving thirty days ’ notice in writing, on the terms, and conditions prescribed by the by-laws of the association; and that in the absence of a by-law the member, on settling, shall be charged with the full amount of the loan as originally made to — 226 — gether with, all installments of dues, interest, premium and fines remaining due and unpaid, and shall receive credit, if he desires to surrender his, shares, for the withdrawal value of the shares pledged for the loan. R. S. 1899, sec. 1568. The withdrawal value of the shares must he computed, therefore, and the shareholder allowed a credit for what they are actually worth; for the underlying idea of building and loan associations is mutuality of-losses and profits by all shareholders, who are, in a sense, partners, as has been many times decided. Hohenshell v. Ass’n, 140 Mo. 566; Bertche v. Ass’n, 147 Mo. 343; Shell v. Ass’n, 150 Mo. 103. As stated, the learned trial judge recognized this rule and endeavored to ascertain and credit Reitz with the cash value of his stock and thus force him to bear his proportion of the company’s losses. The evidence introduced by the assignee, which was all the evidence on the subject, showed that not more than fifty-five or sixty cents on the dollar of what had been paid by stockholders would remain in solvent assets after discharging the company’s outside liabilities. In other words, the course of its business had been such that, instead of earning a profit, there had been a loss of from forty to forty-five per cent. The court took the view of the evidence most favorable to Reitz, and allowed him sixty per cent of what he had paid on his shares. No scheme for fixing the amount to be returned to a withdrawing stockholder of a building and loan corporation which /will not prove unjust if the company fails to mature its stock, has been devised or can be, as far as we can see, and for this reason: The withdrawal of stock and payment of loans before the shares mature, are privileges not contemplated in the scheme of a building and loan association, but are departures from it tolerated for practical reasons. Members are permitted — 227 — to withdraw their shares instead of being compelled to hold them until maturity, because the privilege has been found necessary to enable associations to secure a sufficient membership. So, borrowers are permitted to pay loans at their pleasure, instead of by installments until their stock matures and the loan is thereby discharged in the normal evolution of the association, because the exigencies of business have shown that privilege to be necessary. Both privileges are opposed to the central idea of the building and loan association scheme and can not fail to work injustice if an association becomes insolvent; for it may continue going, with its insolvency uniinown for a long time except to the inner management; meanwhile withdrawals occur by which some members get back all they paid in, when, on account of losses, they are entitled only to part. The law, therefore, does not in theory permit withdrawals after an association is insolvent. But if the surrender of stock was perfected while it was still a going concern though, in fact, insolvent, it is an executed transaction and the proceeds may be retained, unless fraud can be imputed to the withdrawing stockholder. Booz’s Appeal, 109 Pa. St. 192; Strohen v. Ass’n, 115 Penn. St. 273; Christian’s Appeal, 62 Penn. St. 184; Mechanics Ass’n v. Swartz, 5 .Pa. Dist. R. 318; Emerson v. Schmidt, 24 W. L. Ball. 56. The circuit court acted in accordance with our statutes, and the mode they prescribe is likely as fair as any. 4. The decree of the court contains the item of credit in Reitz’s favor “to stock $140;” but this is conceded to mean interest paid by Reitz and, in fact, he paid just that much interest at the rate of six per cent from March, 1894, when he made the loan to October, 1898, the date at which the court below treated the rights of the parties as having been fixed by a tender. 5. The circuit court only charged Reitz with the actual cash received by him ($473.50) and interest thereon ($127.21) and credited him with said interest — 228 — which he had paid, to-wit, $140. While the reason for this ruling is not stated in the decree, it was obviously made on the theory that the association charged interest on five hundred dollars when in fact it only lent $473.50 .and therefore the $140 interest was usurious as being in excess of the rate of six per cent stipulated in the note. But we are unable to see why Reitz should not pay interest on the whole five hundred dollars, nor does he' contend he should not. He agreed to pay ten dollars attorney’s fee and it is conceded the sum of $16.50 was rightly deducted for interest and premiums already due when the money was advanced. True, the premiums were illegal; but if he was credited with them on his loan, as he was in another item, he should have been charged with them to make up the full amount of' the loan. There was no difference between handlingReitz’s five hundred dollars and receiving back from him $26.50, and deducting that from the face of the loan and. then paying him the difference. The court should have allowed interest, we think, on the five hundred dollars. 6. Reitz was credited with $168 as premiums and $30.14 interest thereon, which items are not contested. 7. The next exception taken by the appellant relates to the refusal of the court to compute interest on the loan to the date of judgment. Interest was computed to the latter part of October, 1898, on the evidence of Reitz that he had offered to pay what he owed at that time and tendered his stock in payment; but a settlement was refused unless he paid $105, the balance the company claimed he was owing. Reitz had the right to pay off his loan at any time, and the tender of settlement stopped the interest. 8. The trial court allowed the respondent interest on the $140 interest he had paid on his loan, presumably on said court’s theory that it was wrongly exacted on the whole amount of $500; but as we hold the company was entitled to interest on the $500, that theory — 229 — of computation is not admissible, because $140 was tbe interest tbe loan actually earned for tbe company. 9. As to tbe dividends allowed, as they were earned and declared on tbe pledged stock while tbe company was active and long before it failed, we tbink plaintiff was entitled to be credited witb them. Tbe court allowed no credit for tbe dividends earned by tbe Steen stock. 10. The Steen stock was acquired long after tbe loan was made, was not pledged to secure it and was totally unconnected witb it. As no notice of withdrawal of that stock bad ever been given by Reitz, whatever equitable claim be bad for its value and dividends against tbe association was not due at tbe díate of tbe assignment and, hence, did not constitute a set-off in bis favor as against tbe demand of Hayward tbe assignee for tbe payment of Reitz’s note. The question is not really before us as respondent did not appeal; but we tbink tbe court did right not to take into account the Steen stock. Homer v. Bank, 140 Mo. 225; Storts v. George, 150 Mo. 1. Tbe refusal of the court to compute interest on tbe full face of tbe note was error as was its resultant action in allowing Reitz credit for interest on the interest paid. Those two items being changed, the balance due tbe appellant is $88.05, and witb a modification of tbe judgment to that effect, it is affirmed, the respondent to pay tbe costs of the appeal. Bland, F. J., and Beyburn, J., concur.