State v. MacFarland

The opinion of the court was delivered by Garrison, J. The letters were properly admitted in evidence. They were found in the possession of the defendant; they proved that the. declarations they contained had been communicated to him; they were sent to and received by him at different places, which shows intercommunication; they expressed the passionate love of the writer for the defendant, and her urgent desire to become his lawful wife. The defendant himself told a witness, who testified for the state, that the writer of these letters was a young lady in Philadelphia who lived next door to him while he was in that city, and whom he had taken into his office, in order to become better acquainted with her, and that they had become intimate. He also imparted to this witness the secret meaning of certain characters used in the letters, the signification of which, as explained by him, denoted the greatest degree of intimacy possible between a man and a woman. We entertain no doubt that the letters were admissible in evidence for the purpose claimed by the state, viz.: “To repel the presumption arising in favor of the prisoner from the fact that the deceased was his wife and to show a motive for the commission of the crime.” When we pass, however, to the question whether the letters were competent evidence to prove the truth of their contents we come to a totally different and far more difficult question. The transition marks not only the difference between the proof of a communication and the proof that it was true; but also the difference between the proof of a motive for a crime and the proof of a substantive fact in the chain of — 479 — incriminating circumstances that connects the defendant with the commission of the crime. The knowledge that the writer of the letters intensely desired and confidently expected to become his wife, as soon as by a divorce he was free to marry her, may have operated upon the defendant’s mind as a motive to the commission of the crime of which he was convicted; as also may the urgency of the writer that such divorce be obtained quickly as something that the defendant had promised to do and to do soon; while the mere fact of an intimacy that permitted of such communications was of itself evidence to rebut the presumption arising from the matrimonial relation. But to say that these letters, because preserved by the defendant, proved that he had said that he would in a short time be free to marry the writer and that he would soon get rid of his wife by a divorce is an assumption of a totally different character, involving the broad proposition that letters addressed to a party and found in his r possession are evidence that he had in fact done or said the things that the writer of the letters stated that he had done or said. That this evidential force was accorded to these letters at the trial appears from the instructions under which the claim made by the state was submitted to the jury. The claim made by the state was put before the jury in the following language of the charge: “The state claims to have proved that the death of this woman was brought about, not by the criminal carelessness of the defendant, but by his intentional act. And it claims that the circumstances which have been laid before you demonstrate to a moral certainty that the purpose of the defendant in doing what he did, in bringing this cyanide to his home after his wife had come back to live with him, and so shortly after that occurrence; that his placing it in the bottle which contained medicine which Ms wife used with more or less frequency, and leaving that bottle in the position which it occupied when his wife was using it, and putting the bromide in another place, coupled -with the fact that at that time he was carrying on a liaison with a woman in Philadelphia, who, — 480 — from the letters which have been exhibited in this ease, would seem to have become thoroughly persuaded that in the near future the situation would be such that he would be fre.e to marry her, leaves no escape from the conclusion that the death of this woman was intended to be, and was, accomplished by this man for the purpose of clearing the way for the putting into execution of the promises which the state claims these letters show he had made to this woman in Philadelphia. These letters, as I have already intimated before, I think, are, as the state claims, the keystone of the case which it has sought to make against the defendant. The state claims that they not only show a motive existing in the mind of the defendant for taking his wife’s life, but a motive which is fully adequate; that motive being complex; the desire to continue his relations with this girl in the future as they had existed in the past, and the continuance of which it would seem, from one of the last of the letters which she wrote to him, was threatened by her to be terminated. I speak of the letter in which she was arranging to meet him in New York, and said that that was the last occasion upon which there would be any ‘stolen fruit’ to be enjoyed by them. The desire, I say, for a continuance of those relations, and a belief that, unless his wife was put out of the way, those relations would be terminated; and, further, the desire to redeem, to some extent, the promise made by him to this girl in Philadelphia that in the near future she should be his wife. “It is for you to say whether, in view of these facts toi which I-have referred, the state has sustained the burden which, as I pointed out to you in'the beginning of my charge, the law imposes upon it.” The use of the letters by the jury as- evidence to sustain these claims of the state was treated in the charge as follows: “Most if nót all of her letters to him refer apparently to things thát he has said or’written to her, and the contention of the state is — and it is' for you to say how far it is justified —that it is to be inferred that the things which those letters state have been said or written' by him' to her, were said or written by him.” — 481 — That this was an instruction to the jury to use the letters as evidence to determine whether the state had proved what it claimed is rendered clear by the concrete illustration that followed.: “That is, that the declaration that he had promised to divorce his wife and that in the days not long before his wife’s death he had promised that the divorce should be obtained soon and that he would soon be in a position to make this girl his wife must be inferred from the statements in those letters from her to him which lie apparently treasured and kept under lock and key. It is for yon to say * * * how far you are forced to the conclusion that he did make these promises which arc asserted in these letters from this girl to him.” This instruction is not modified by the general language, “After a consideration of all the evidence and giving every fact its whole significance, it is for you to determine whether the state has made out the case which it claims to have made out, that is, a case of murder of the first degree.” The jury was therefore instructed that they could find from the letters' themselves that the assertions contained in them were true. This was clearly erroneous unless letters written to a person are, by the mere fact of their possession, proof of the truth of their contents, which is not the law. The fault of this instruction is twofold — first, that it did not leave to the jury the question of the defendant’s assent to the truth of the statements made in the letters, and second, •that it permitted the jury from the mere perusal of the letters to determine whether or not their writer told the truth about the defendant. The error is fundamental both in what the charge omitted and in what it permitted; for it omitted the defendant’s'assent to the truth of the contents of the letters, which was essentia] to their use as evidence against him; and it permitted the jury to find that the-statements in the letters were true solely upon the internal evidence of the letters themselves, which was to convict the defendant by the acts and declarations of another person. That this internal evidence was of a peculiarly persuasive character does not mend matters; in — 482 — fact, it constitutes the practical injury of the instruction. For after due allowance has been made for the frantic state of mind in which the infatuated writer insisted upon the fulfillment of the promise that was to repair the consequences of her false step, no one can read these letters without a moral certainty that some such promise had been made by the defendant or tacitly permitted by him to be assumed by her. It was in fact precisely the sort of evidence that the men who composed the jury and that all of us are accustomed to rely upon in the daily affairs of life; and it is precisely-to exclude this sort of - evidence from judicial investigations that the rules, that constitute the law of evidence, have been framed. For evidence in the sense of that which induces belief or actuates conduct is a widely different thing from evidence as it is administered in courts of law, ¿nd one great service that such modern writers as Thayer, Ames and Wigmore have done is to reiterate the fact that rules of evidence are legal rules for the exclusion of evidence which but for such rules would be legal evidence. “This excluding function,” says Professor Thayer, “is the characteristic one in our law of evidence.” Treatise on Evidence 264. In fine, evidence as a term of logical reasoning is much more inclusive than evidence as a term of judicial procedure, the relation between the two being that the initial assumption that all that is logically probative is legally admissible has been, as the result of judicial experience, subjected to a-largo number of exclusions, based not upon logical but upon forensic considerations, which have taken the form of rules of evidence, to which in turn there are exceptions, the two together making up the law of evidence. So that the law of evidence as we have it is in the shape of a set of primary rules for the exclusion of evidence that is logically probative and a further set of exceptions to these rules. Such is the thesis of the writers referred to, the pertinence of which to the matter in hand is that, notwithstanding the logically probative character of the letters written to the defendant and their peculiarly persuasive character, they are excluded from — 483 — being legal proof of the facts stated in them by the rule of evidence that testimony to be legal must be given under oath and subject to cross-examination. To this rule of exclusion there are, of course, exceptions, such as dying declarations, matters of pedigree, deceased witnesses and the like, but none that covers the case of an unsworn statement made in writing to the person sought to be charged with its truth. The truth of a fact, however relevant or persuasively stated, must be proved by legal evidence. The statement of the letters that the defendant had expressed a purpose to get rid of his wife by divorce was evidence of the fact that he had formed such a design and this in turn was relevant to the trial theory of the state which was that the design to get rid of his wife, which was actuated by the desire to marry another woman and had originally contemplated the obtaining of a divorce, continued down to the commission of the crime, the mode of effecting it having in the meantime changed from divorce to poison. If the statements contained in the letters were not thus relevant we need go no further since their submission to the jury was in that case without even apparent justification. They clearly, however, were relevant and if the writer of the letters had testified as a witness in the case that the defendant had said to her that lie designed to get rid of his wife by divorce and that he would soon he free to marry her it would have been competent evidence to go to the jury. Moreover, if her testimony were, not that he had said so to her, but that she had said so to him, her testimony would he competent as a step in the proof of his acquiescence in the truth of what she had so stated to him.. Such is the evidential force accorded to oral statements made to or in the presence of a party, and the crux of the present matter is the existence of an analogy between oral statements and written statements of so absolute a character that whatever is true of the one is true of the other. The existence, however, of so complete an analogy has not been accepted even by those judges who go the farthest in holding that such oral statements are always competent, and many do not go so far. — 484 — Upon one point, however, all agree, including even those text-writers who erroneously treat the matter as an exception to the hearsay rule, and that is that while the thing that is proved is the statement made to the party the thing that proves it, i. e., the thing that makes it evidence, is the act of the party himself, viz., his silence. This is the key; for unless the failure of a party to reply to a written statement is tire legal equivalent of the silence of a party when confronted with an oral statement there is no act of the party that makes the written statement of another evidence against him. . Upon this point there is a substantial unanimity. “Judges,” says Mr. Wigmore, “have always pointed out that the failure to reply in writing to a written' communication does not have the same significance as a failure to reply orally to an oral communication.” Wigm. Evid. 1073. The grounds of this distinction are- stated in the text, the notes ¿nd the cases cited. Then bearing in mind that, even in the case Of oral declarations, the evidential factor is not that the declarant said that such and- such things were true but that the party by his own act said that they were true, it is evident that, in the case of written communications, the evidential factor must be the act of the party who received the letters and not the declarations contained in the letters themselves. The question for the jury, therefore, is: Has the party by some act of his made the statements' of another person evidence against him ? This question was not submitted to the jury in the present case. This being so,, it 'is immaterial whether ’ there, was testimony of such an act to go to the jury; if there was it was not submitted to them, and if there was not there was- no way in which the facts stated in the letters could be used against the defendant. ■ The 'suggestion that the mere possession of written documents by the party is such an act is so clearly unsupportable that even as ingenious a writer as Mr. Wigmore can discover no ground for its support excepting that “the party may always exculpate himself and disown the inference by prov — 485 — ing the true reason for his retention of the document,” an amazing suggestion in view of the disabilities of parlies to testify at common law where the rule had its origin. The question is not res nova, in this court. In the case of Hand v. Howell, 32 Vroom 142, one of the grounds upon which our Supreme Court sustained an objection to the use añade of a letter written to the defendant was thus stated by Mr. Justice Collins: “It was not legal evidence. Oiral declarations made to one sought to he charged thereby may in some cases he considered as admitted by silence, but the rule is otherwise as to letters. The recipient is not called on to reply or bo considered as admitting what is written.” This case came upon error to this court where the judgment of the Supreme Court was unanimously affirmed for the reasons given in the opinion from which I have quoted. Hand v. Howell, 32 Vroom 694. It is to he assumed that the rule thus enunciated will have accorded to it in a case involving human life the same force that was given to it in a case involving a few months’ rental of a farm. The rule itself, which is in harmony with the great preponderance of decisions elsewhere, is thus stated in one of ihe most recent works on evidence: “Letters written to the party and received by him may under some circumstances he read against him, but before they can he received in evidence against him there must be some evidence besides mere possession showing acquiescence in their contents and proof of some act, or reply or statement.” Jones Evid. 271. The author cites, among other cases, Com. v. Eastman, 1 Cush. 189, 215. in which the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts said: “The letters, however, if properly identified would not of themselves authorize any inference against the defendants; they were only the acts and declarations of others; and unless adopted and sanctioned by the defendants hv some reply or statement or by some act done in pursuance of their suggestions they ought not to prejudice the defendants. Letters addressed to an individual and received by him are not to have the same effect as verba] com — 486 — munieations. Silence in, the latter case may authorize the inference of an assent to the statement made but not equally so in the case of a letter received but never answered or acted upon. So far as these letters might have been shown by other proof to have been acted upon or sanctioned by the defendants so far they would have been competent evidence.” This is the rule that is at once consonant with reason and with the fundamental rules of evidence as applied in English speaking courts; it accords with our own rule upon this topic and I can perceive no benefit in multiplying the citation of authorities. They are collected in The American Digest, tit. “Hearsay” (2), 1678 to 1685; in The Decennial Edition, til. “Hearsay,” § 317 (4), and in The Key Number Series Evidence 318. Most of the cases deal with the admissibility of letters, a question that we have disposed of; many of them deal with the probative effect of letters, which is conceded in the present case, if'the letters’were legal evidence; others deal with the efficacy of the testimony submitted to the jury to show the assent of the party, which is quite aside from the erro'r in the present case which was that that question was not submitted to the jury, who were on the contrary permitted to treat the letters as evidence against the defendant up'on their own intrinsic significance. The wrong and injury done to the defendant by such illicit evidence is manifest. He was being tried for the murder of his wife; if he had formed the design to get rid of her by -poison, it greatly strengthened the conclusion that he was her murderer. The state under its cLaim of murder in the first degree was obliged to prove that such a design existed at the time of its deliberate execution and it undertook to prove this by showing a previous design to get rid of her by divorce, else there was no relevance in the letters. If the letters were not legal evidence for this purpose a more injurious error could hardly be imagined, for it was not without reason that the state claimed and the court repeated that “the letters were the keystone of the case tha-t it sought to make against the defendant,” since out of them the state forged (to adopt the — 487 — common figure) one of the links of a chain that is proverbially no stronger than its weakest link, and which it may be added, ceases to be a chain when a link is wrested from it by the law of evidence. Without the evidence afforded by the letters no one can say that the jury would have found that the defendant had formed the design to get rid of his wife or that he was beyond a reasonable doubt guilty of her premeditated murder. This manifestly injurious character of the error that we have pointed out requires the reversal of the judgment of the Court of Oyer and Terminer.