Emanuel v. McNeil

The opinion of the court was delivered by Walker, Chancellor. There was an action in the Supreme Court brought by the appellant, Sunta Emanuel, against Irving E. McConnell, in which the defendant was arrested on a capias ad respondendum and released on bail. Judgment passed against defendant, and, failing to pay the damages and — 500 — costs awarded against him, a caspias ad satisfaciendum was issued and returned non est inventus. The present suit was thereupon brought against the respondent, George A. McNeil, who was surety on the bond or recognizance given by defendant to the plaintiff under the statute. The case was submitted to the trial court without a jury, and the judge found for the defendant and agaiiist the plaintiff because, as he observed, “the condition of the bond or recognizance of bail in the suit is more burdensome than that set forth in the statute, thereby rendering the bond void.” Whereupon judgment was entered that the complaint be dismissed and that the defendant recover costs of the plaintiff. To review this judgment the present appeal is brought. To sustain the position taken by the trial judge the respondent contends that when a defendant is arrested on a capias ad respondendum, he shall be released from custody only upon entering into a recognizance in the precise form of bond set out in section 69 of the Practice act (Comp. Stat., p. 4072), the .condition of which concludes “that if the defendant C. D. shall be condemned in this action at the suit of A. R, the plaintiff, he shall pay the costs and condemnation of the court, or render himself into the custody of the sheriff of • said county for the same, or if he fail so to do, that the said E. P. and G. H. will pay the cost and condemnation for him or render him into the custody of the sheriff of the said county.” Appellant truly states that formerly the recognizance omitted the'last-recited condition, namely, “or render-him into the custody of the sheriff of the said county” (Gen. Stat., p. 2546, § 75), and that the legislature in revising the Practice act, in 1903, added the last-quoted clause to the form of recognizance. It is obvious, therefore, that the bond sued upon was drawn from the older form, and the draftsman doubtless overlooked the Revised Practice act of 1903, or he probably would have drawn the bond in the form therein set out. Appellant contends that under the statute, as it now stands, the surety had the same protection as his principal; that both — 501 — llave the choice of two alternatives, either surrender or payment, and adds that if either alternative is denied, it is obvious that a substantial statutory right has been taken away, and argues that when there is a substantial variance from the statute in a statutory bond, and especially if the variance renders the bond more burdensome than one in statutory form would be, it is void. All this may be conceded, and yet it must be held that the recognizance under examination was not void, and that the trial judge erred in holding that it was “'more burdensome than that set forth in the statute.” Even if it be more burdensome in form than set forth, it is not more-burdensome than the statute itself makes ihe surety’s obligation. It is to be observed that the statute does not provide that the recognizance shall he in the form, but to the effect therein sot forth. Therefore, it need not conform literally, but only substantially, to the form set out. As shown, the last alternative in the form of condition contained in the statute, viz., “or render him into the custody of the sheriff,” is omitted from the bond, and, if: the surety’s only right to surrender his principal resided in the absent condiiion, then it may well bo that the bond would be void because of a substantial variance which deprived him of an efficacious defence. But it is provided, in section 77 of the Practice act of 1903, that subsequent to the return of the capias ad respondendum, either before or after judgment, the defendant may render himself or be rendered in discharge of bail, provided such render be made within twenty days after the return day of the scire facias or of the process in an action on the recognizance of bail and not after. The statutory provisions of the Practice act above mentioned are both under the heading: “VI1. Bail;” and section 69 requiring the recognizance to be to the effect therein set out, is under the subdivision: “2. Bail. How Given,” while section 77 is under the subdivision: “4. Eender In Discharge.” It thus appears that sections 69 and 77 are dissociated the one from the other, and are entirely independent provisions. Surely, then, failure, to insert in the recognizance — 502 — of .bail the alternative condition, which was omitted, cannot operate to nullify the provision contained in section 77, which enables a defendant to render himself, or his surety to render him, in discharge of bail. Therefore, the respondent was not deprived of his right to render his principal in discharge of bail, notwithstanding the omission of the condition to that effect in the bond; and, consequently, the recognizance was not, in fact, moré burdensome than that set forth in the statute. The condition invoked, namely, that if the defendant McConnell should be condemned in the action he should pay the costs and condemnation or render himself into the custody of the sheriff, or, upon failure so to dp, the surety, McNeil, would pay the costs and condemnation for him, is present in the recognizance sued on, and a breach of this condition was found by the court. In the early English case of Milward v. Clerk, 1 Cro. Eliz. 190; 78 Eng. Rep. (reprint) 446, the defendant was arrested upon process, and, in consideration that he should be permitted to go at large and appear at the return day or give the plaintiff ten pounds, the obligation was held a good assumpsit, being made to the party who had authority to dispense with defendant’s appearance; but that if the promise had been made to the sheriff, it would have been against the statute of 23 Hen. VI., c. 10. And, in the later English case of Hall v. Carter, 2 Mod. 304; 86 Eng. Rep. (reprint) 1087, it was held that if a defendant be taken on a capias, and a third person gives the plaintiff a bond that the defendant shall pay the money or render himself at the return of the writ, it is a good bond and not within the statute (23 Hen. VI., c. 10), because it is not by the direction of the officer, but by the agreement of the plaintiff; and that there is no law that makes the agreement of the parties void. I have looked at the statute of Henry VI. and find that it is chapter 9 instead of chapter 10 as mentioned in the reported cases. So much of it as is pertinent reads as follows: “And that the said Sheriffs, and all other Officers and Ministers aforesaid, shall let outiof Prison all Manner of Persons — 503 — bv them or any of them arrested, or being in tlieir Custody, by force of any Writ, Bill, or Warrant in any Action. .Personal, or by Cause of Indictment of Trespass, upon reasonable Sureties of sufficient Persons, having sufficient within the Counties where such Persons be so let to Bail or Mainprise, to keep tlieir Days in such Place as the said Writs, Bills, or Warranis shall require. * * * And that no Sheriff, nor any of the Officers or Ministers aforesaid, shall take or cause to he taken, or make, any Obligation for any Cause aforesaid, or by Colour of their Office, but only to themselves, of any Person, nor by any Person which shall be in their Ward by the Course of the Law, but by the blame of their Office, and upon Condition written, that the said Prisoners shall appear at the Day contained in the said Writ, Bill or Warrant, and in such Places as the said Writs, Bills, or Warrants shall require. And if any of the said Sheriffs, or other Officers or Ministers aforesaid, lake any Obligation in other Form1 by Colour of their Offices, that it shall he void.” This statute, it is to he observed, by its very terms, makes void a bond given contrary to the form of condition prescribed by it. But our stalute does not enact that a bond given in a form varying from that set out shall be void, and, therefore, the recognizance in suit is good as a voluntary bond, and enforceable as such. .It is the settled law of this state that a bond will be sustained as voluntary, although its form varies from that prescribed by statute, provided it lr not otherwise unlawful. See Ordinary v. Cooley, 30 N. J. L. 179; Ordinary v. Heishon, 42 Id. 15; State v. Such, 53 Id. 351; Ditzel v. Block, 79 Id. 261. In United States v. Hodson, 77 U. S. 375; 19 L. Ed. 937, a distiller was sued on a bond given to an officer of the federal government under the provisions in the Internal Pcvenue act, and the court held— “A bond not conditioned in the precise language of the statute, yet if it he voluntary, and not prohibited by the statute, nor contrary to public policy, and founded upon a sufficient consideration, is valid.” — 504 — The record in this case being silent as to any coercion or duress, the recognizance is, like the bond in the Hodson case, to bo considered a voluntary one. A bond in the form of the one under review is not prohibited by the statute, nor is it contrary to public policy.’ It was founded upon a good and sufficient consideration and was intended to subserve a lawful purpose. Hodson’s Case, 19 L. Ed. 940. There is still another ground upon which the bond in question is to be supported—that of estoppel. This, too, was decided in the Hodson Case, Ibid., where the court said: “Eveiyone is presumed to know the law. Ignorance standing alone can never be the basis of a legal right. If a bond is liable to the objection taken in this case and the parties are dissatisfied, the objection should be made when the bond is presented for execution. If executed under constraint, the constraint will destroy it. But where it is voluntarily entered into and the principal enjoys the benefits which it is intended to secure and a breach occurs, it is then too late to raise the question of its validity. The parties are estopped from availing themselves of such a defence. In such cases there is 'neither injustice nor hardship in holding that the contract as made is the measure of the rights of the government and the liability of the obligors.” In Camden v. Greenwald, 65 N. J. L. 458, it was held that a surety on a bond given by a town treasurer to the town itself was estopped on demurrer from averring against the recital in the bond that he would be responsible for its obligor, not only for the term therein specified, but for and during such succeeding terms as be should continue to perform the duties of his office. And the Supreme Court remarked (at p. 463) : “If we had reached iho conclusion that no term is stated in the bond, notwithstanding the statute fixes one, still it would not have been void; it was a good bond as a voluntary one for the faithful performance by the obligor of the duties of treasurer until his successor was elected.” True, that case arose upon demurrer, but the doctrine as. to the voluntary character of the bond is equally applicable to the ground of defence interposed in the case at bar. — 505 — We are of opinion that the recognizance sued on is valid, and that, therefore, the judgment of the court below must be reversed. For affirmance—Tone. For reversal—The Chancellor, Chibe Justice, Garrison, Swayze, Trenohard, Parker, Bergen, Minturn, Kalisch, Black, Tredenburgh, White, Terhune, Herein HEWER, JJ. 14.