Bone v. U.S. Food Service

Justice BEATTY. This is a workers’ compensation case concerning the appeal-ability of a circuit court order of remand. The employee, Cathy Bone (“Bone”) filed a claim for an injury she alleged arose out of and in the course of her employment on June 26, 2007. The employer, U.S. Food Service, and its carrier, Indemnity Insurance Co. of North America (collectively, “Petitioners”), disputed the claim. The single commissioner and an Appellate Panel of the South Carolina Workers’ Compensation Commission issued orders denying the claim. Under the procedure then in place, Bone appealed to the circuit court, which concluded the injury was compensable and remanded the matter to the Commission for further proceedings.1 Petitioners appealed the circuit court’s order, and the Court of Appeals dismissed the appeal on the basis the order was not a “final judgment” and thus not immediately appealable because further proceedings were ordered before the administrative agency. Bone v. U.S. Food Service, S.C. Ct.App. Order dated June 30, 2010. This Court granted Petitioners’ petition for a writ of certiorari to review the decision of the Court of Appeals, and we affirmed. Bone v. U.S. Food Service, 399 S.C. 566, 733 S.E.2d 200 (2012). We subsequently granted a petition for rehearing filed by Petitioners, and we additionally granted the following two motions: (1) Bone’s motion to argue against precedent, and (2) the motion of the South Carolina Defense Trial Attorneys’ Association to accept its Amicus Curiae Brief in support of Petitioners. After considering the record in this matter, as well as the briefs and arguments, we adhere to our original decision to affirm. I. FACTS Cathy C. Bone filed a workers’ compensation claim form (Form 50) dated August 7, 2007 alleging that she injured her [71] back on Tuesday, June 26, 2007 while employed with U.S. Food Service. Her job consisted of power washing and cleaning the insides of truck trailers that transported food. Bone alleged that she hurt her back when she lifted two pallets inside a trailer to clean underneath them. According to Bone, she did not report the incident immediately as she needed to continue working and believed she would be okay, but she thereafter developed increasing pain. On her way to work on Tuesday, July 3, 2007, Bone’s vehicle developed a flat tire, and she called in to advise her office of this fact. Shortly after she arrived at work on July 3, Bone orally reported to one of her supervisors, Richard Thompson, that she had suffered an injury while working on June 26. Petitioners (the employer and carrier) denied Bone’s claim, disputing that she had injured her back on June 26 and asserting the injury had occurred, instead, when her tire was changed on July 3. At the hearing in this matter, Bone testified that she did not physically change the tire herself; rather, she had pulled off the road and a gentleman in the parking lot of a nearby business had changed the tire for her. In contrast, Bone’s supervisor, Thompson, testified that Bone was crying as she reported her injury on July 3 (which Bone conceded, explaining she was in a lot of pain). In addition, he recalled that Bone had told him that “she had to change her tire on her truck,” which he interpreted to mean that she had personally changed the tire, and Bone never stated anyone had changed it for her. Bone disagreed with this interpretation as well as with the exact wording of her statement to Thompson. The supervisor did not dispute the fact that Bone had reported that her back injury occurred on June 26 as a result of lifting the pallets in the trailer. The single commissioner found Bone failed to meet her burden of showing that she had sustained an injury by accident arising out of and in the course of her employment. The Appellate Panel of the Commission upheld the single commissioner’s findings and conclusions in full. The circuit court reversed. The circuit court stated, “The Commission denied the claim finding Claimant did not suffer' an on the job injury, ostensibly finding Claimant injured her [72] back while changing her tire on July 3. However, a review of the records shows no evidence to support this finding.” The circuit court noted Petitioners “do[ ] not contest the existence or the degree of [Bone’s] injury” and that “[t]he sole issue is when [her] injury occurred.” The circuit court stated Bone gave consistent statements to Petitioners and to physicians that her injury occurred on June 26 and “there is absolutely no evidence in the record, let alone substantial evidence, that Claimant injured her back while changing a tire on the way to work on July 3, 2007.” The circuit court noted Petitioners had argued that the supervisor’s testimony that Bone reported having a flat tire on her way to work and having to change it, which the supervisor interpreted to mean she did it herself, together with the single commissioner’s finding that Bone was not credible, supported the decision below. However, the circuit court stated the finding regarding credibility “goes only to the weight afforded [Bone’s] testimony and in no way establishes [that her] injury occurred on July 3.” The circuit court concluded: The evidence of record shows Claimant sustained a compensable injury. There is absolutely no evidence to the contrary. When the evidence is susceptible of only one inference, then [the] question is one of law for the Court. As such, as a matter of law, the Decision and Order of the Workers’ Compensation Commission is hereby REVERSED and REMANDED to the Commission for proceedings consistent with this Order. Petitioners appealed to the Court of Appeals. Bone moved to dismiss the appeal on the ground the circuit court’s order was not immediately appealable. The Court of Appeals agreed and dismissed the appeal, finding the order remanding the matter to the Commission for further proceedings did not constitute a “final judgment” and thus was not immediately appealable, citing, inter alia, Montjoy v. Asten-Hill Dryer Fabrics, 316 S.C. 52, 52, 446 S.E.2d 618, 618 (1994) (stating our courts “have consistently held that an order of the circuit court remanding a case for additional proceedings before an administrative agency is not directly appealable”) and Charlotte-Mecklenburg Hospital Authority v. South Carolina De [73] partment of Health & Environmental Control, 387 S.C. 265, 692 S.E.2d 894 (2010) (explaining that the general appealability statute, S.C.Code Ann. § 14-3-330(1) (1976), allowing appeals of intermediate orders “involving the merits,” did not apply to appeals involving administrative agencies, which were governed by a different statutory scheme). Bone v. U.S. Food Service, S.C. Ct.App. Order dated June 30, 2010. This Court granted Petitioners’ petition for a writ of certiorari to review the determination of the Court of Appeals and affirmed. Bone v. U.S. Food Service, 399 S.C. 566, 733 S.E.2d 200 (2012). The Court subsequently granted Petitioners’ petition for rehearing as well as Bone’s motion to argue against precedent and the motion of the South Carolina Defense Trial Attorneys’ Association to accept its Amicus Curiae Brief in support of Petitioners. II. LAW/ANALYSIS The Administrative Procedures Act (APA) was enacted in 1977 and “purports to provide uniform procedures before State Boards and Commissions for judicial review after the exhaustion of administrative remedies.” Lark v. Bi-Lo, Inc., 276 S.C. 130, 132, 276 S.E.2d 304, 305 (1981). The APA establishes the standard for judicial review of decisions of the Commission. Pierre v. Seaside Farms, Inc., 386 S.C. 534, 689 S.E.2d 615 (2010); Lark, 276 S.C. at 135, 276 S.E.2d at 306; Eaddy v. Smurfit-Stone Container Corp., 355 S.C. 154, 584 S.E.2d 390 (Ct.App.2003). Under section l-23-380(A) of the APA, “[a] party who has exhausted all administrative remedies available within the agency and who is aggrieved by a final decision in a contested case2 is entitled to judicial review____” S.C.Code Ann. § 1-23-380(A) (Supp.2007). “An agency decision which does not decide the merits of a contested case ... is not a final agency decision subject to judicial review____” S.C. Baptist Hosp. v. S.C. Dep’t of Health & Envt’l Control, 291 S.C. 267, 270, 353 [74] S.E.2d 277, 279 (1987). “A preliminary, procedural, or intermediate agency action or ruling is immediately reviewable if review of the final agency decision would not provide an adequate remedy.” S.C.Code Ann. § l-23-380(A). In this case, the Commission denied Bone’s claim in toto, and all parties agree the Commission’s order was a final decision subject to initial appellate review in the circuit court because it disposed of the entirety of Bone’s claim. However, the order under review by this court is the Court of Appeals’s dismissal of the appeal of the circuit court’s order that reversed the Commission and remanded the matter. The circuit court found that the Commission erred as a matter of law. Neither the Commission nor the circuit court addressed the severity of Bone’s injury, whether or not she had reached MMI, or if she should be provided medical treatment. No award of any kind was made. It is patently clear that the order from the circuit court remanding the matter to the Commission is not a final order. However, a preliminary, procedural, or intermediate agency action or ruling is immediately reviewable if review of the final agency decision would not provide an adequate remedy. S.C.Code Ann. § l-23-380(A). Petitioners have an adequate remedy in that they may raise the issue of compensability on appeal of a final award. Petitioners argue that the lack of an order awarding benefits to Bone is irrelevant. Petitioners posit that the circuit court’s conclusion that Bone’s injury is compensable as a matter of law is tantamount to a final judgment and is immediately appealable. Section 1-23-390 of the APA, governing further appellate review, provides: “An aggrieved party may obtain a review of a final judgment of the circuit court or the court of appeals pursuant to this article by taking an appeal in the manner provided by the South Carolina Appellate Court Rules as in other civil cases.” S.C.Code Ann. § 1-23-390 (Supp.2012) (emphasis added).3 At issue here is the meaning of a “final judgment” under section 1-23-390. [75] “Determining the proper interpretation of a statute is a question of law, and this Court reviews questions of law de novo.” Town of Summerville v. City of N. Charleston, 378 S.C. 107, 110, 662 S.E.2d 40, 41 (2008). “When a statute’s language is plain and unambiguous and conveys a clear and definite meaning, the court has no right to impose another meaning.” Regions Bank v. Strawn, 399 S.C. 530, 541, 732 S.E.2d 230, 236 (Ct.App.2012). “When ‘the language of an act gives rise to doubt or uncertainty as to legislative intent, the construing court may search for that intent beyond the borders of the act itself.’ ” Id. at 542, 732 S.E.2d at 236 (citation omitted). On its face, the statute refers to a “final judgment,” which is a well-established term of art in the law to which great significance is attached. See Good v. Hartford Accident & Indem. Co., 201 S.C. 32, 21 S.E.2d 209 (1942) (holding if a judgment determines the applicable law while leaving open questions of fact, it is not a final judgment); see also Charlotte-Mecklenburg Hosp. Auth. v. S.C. Dep’t of Health & Envt’l Control, 387 S.C. 265, 267, 692 S.E.2d 894, 895 (2010)(“A final judgment disposes of the whole subject matter of the action or terminates the particular proceeding or action, leaving nothing to be done but to enforce by execution what has been determined.” (citing Good)). The Court of Appeals dismissed Petitioners’ appeal of the ruling of the circuit court, which found Bone’s claim was compensable and ordered a remand to the Commission for further proceedings in light of this initial determination. The dismissal was based on the fact that there was no “final judgment” as required by section 1-23-390 of the APA. We agree that the order remanding the matter to the Commission for further proceedings before entry of a final award was an intermediate judgment that did not dispose of the entirety of the action leaving nothing else for determination, nor did it terminate the proceedings, as articulated in Charlotte-Mecklenburg. Charlotte-Mecklenburg concerned the interpretation of S.C.Code Ann. § l-23-610(A)(l) (Supp.2009), which allows [76] judicial review only from “final decisions” of the ALC. 387 S.C. at 266, 692 S.E.2d at 894. The Court there reasoned that appeals in administrative agency matters are governed solely by the APA, not by the general appealability statute of section 14-3-330(1), which permits review of “[a]ny intermediate judgment” involving the merits. Id. The Court stated the concepts applicable in general appeals were not applicable under the APA, as specialized statutes prevail over more general statutes. Id. In doing so, the Court specifically overruled both ALC and workers’ compensation cases to the extent they applied this concept of “involving the merits” under section 14-3-330. Id. (overruling Canteen v. McLeod Reg’l Med. Ctr., 384 S.C. 617, 682 S.E.2d 504 (Ct.App.2009) and Oakwood Landfill, Inc. v. S.C. Dep’t of Health & Envt’l Control, 381 S.C. 120, 671 S.E.2d 646 (Ct.App.2009)). We apply this reasoning in concluding that the meaning of a “final judgment” as used in section 1-23-390 is not defined by using the exceptions that are present in the general appealability statute, whether or not the statute is specifically referenced. In doing so, we also rely upon the long-standing precedent of Montjoy v. Asten-Hill Dryer Fabrics, 316 S.C. 52, 446 S.E.2d 618 (1994), which involved an appeal from an order of the circuit court remanding the case to the Commission. This Court dismissed the appeal in Montjoy on the basis the circuit court’s order was not directly appealable under the “final judgment rule” of the predecessor statute of section 1-23-390, which is substantially the same as the version applicable here. Montjoy, 316 S.C. at 52, 446 S.E.2d at 618. In Montjoy, the Court observed that “we have consistently held that an order of the circuit court remanding a case for additional proceedings before an administrative agency is not directly appeal-able.” Id. The Court’s order provides in full as follows: This appeal is from an order of the circuit court remanding this case to the Workers’ Compensation Commission. Respondent moves to dismiss the appeal on the ground the order is interlocutory and not directly appealable. We agree and dismiss the appeal. S.C.Code Ann. § 1-23-390 (1986) provides: [77] An aggrieved party may obtain a review of any final judgment of the circuit court under this article by appeal to the Supreme Court. The appeal shall be taken as in other civil cases. Accordingly, we have consistently held that an order of the circuit court remanding a case for additional proceedings before an administrative agency is not directly appealable. Owens v. Canal Wood Corp., 281 S.C. 491, 316 S.E.2d 385 (1984); Hunt v. Whitt, 279 S.C. 343, 306 S.E.2d 621 (1983). To the extent our recent decision in Blakely v. State Board of Medical Examiners, 310 S.C. 29, 425 S.E.2d 37 (1993), may be read to allow such an appeal, it is hereby overruled. Id. at 52-53, 446 S.E.2d at 618. Petitioners contend Montjoy did not specify the circumstances for the remand, so the cases that were string-cited in Montjoy are illustrative of the circumstances under which an appeal will lie.4 In contrast, we view the Court’s failure in Montjoy to identify the nature of the remand as indicative that this was not a determinative factor. As we stated in Charlotte-Mecklenburg, the general appealability statute allowing appeals from decisions “involving the merits” has no place in the APA, which established a different appellate scheme. In any event, a review of the record reveals that the underlying circumstances in Montjoy support our conclusion. In Montjoy the claimant sought workers’ compensation bene [78] fits for the death of her husband, who she contended died of lung cancer as a result of exposure to asbestos at his workplace. Prior to any award of benefits, a hearing was held to determine the date of the husband’s last exposure and the proper insurance carrier for coverage. The single commissioner determined the date of last asbestos exposure and identified the appropriate insurer. The Commission reversed. On appeal, the circuit court vacated the Commission’s order and remanded the matter to the Commission for further action. The circuit court, Judge Jackson V. Gregory presiding, found that the Commission erred by considering evidence outside of the record. The employer and insurer appealed and argued that the remand order affected the merits and a substantial right as the Commission would be allowed to consider evidence from unrelated cases as long as this evidence is included in the record. It is noteworthy that this Court apparently found that the assertion of the employer and insurer that the circuit court’s order “involved the merits and affected a substantial right” was irrelevant. This Court’s opinion made no mention of their assertion that the circuit court’s order involved the merits and affected a substantial right. This Court simply decided that the matter was remanded to the agency; consequently, it was not immediately appealable. In their petition for rehearing, Petitioners seek a “case-by-case analysis of finality” rather than “a rigid and formulaic approach that mandates dismissal of any interlocutory appeal ....”5 Petitioners essentially ask that we ignore the clear wording of section 1-23-390, which requires a “final judgment.” This Court’s jurisprudence is in accord with the definition of a final judgment found in Black’s Law Dictionary. It defines a final judgment as “[a] court’s last action that settles the rights of the parties and disposes of all issues in controversy, except for the award of costs ... and enforcement of the judgment.” Black’s Law Dictionary 919 (9th ed.2009). Petitioners assert the circuit court’s determination that the injury was compensable “constituted a final determination of the rights of the parties and left nothing to be done by the [79] Commission on remand other than execute the judgment.” To the contrary, there is no enforceable judgment at this stage as the Commission is tasked with further obligations in determining the extent of Bone’s compensation and in setting forth a final award that constitutes an executable judgment. An order as to compensability, without addressing the claimant’s current medical status and specific benefits to be awarded, is not a final judgment disposing of the entirety of the action and leaving nothing further to be done but execution of the judgment.6 Petitioners attempt to distinguish Charlotte-Mecklenburg and Montjoy, arguing there are cases since Montjoy that have applied the “involving the merits” language. However, these are cases arising post-APA that apply a pre-APA appealability analysis of whether the order “involves the merits.” For example, many of the cases purporting to allow an appeal involving the merits stem from a reliance on pre-APA cases such as Chastain v. Spartan Mills, 228 S.C. 61, 65, 88 S.E.2d 836, 837 (1955).7 The Chastain Court properly found the order in that appeal was interlocutory and not appealable, but [80] it used “affecting the merits” language that was correct at the time, but which did not survive the adoption of the APA. Later cases, primarily from the Court of Appeals, as noted by the dissent, continued to repeat this concept, however. For example, in King v. Singer Co., 276 S.C. 419, 420, 279 S.E.2d 367, 367 (1981), this Court held that a circuit court order reversing a determination of the Industrial Commission that the hearing commissioner erred in failing to submit the case to a medical board was not immediately appealable because it “is a matter not affecting the merits of the cause of action.” In so ruling, the Court cited both Chastain and S.C.Code Ann. § 14-3-330 (1976) for this standard. Id. As noted in Charlotte-Mecklenburg, however, any reliance on section 14-3-330 and its concepts is inappropriate in APA matters. In addition, in Canteen v. McLeod Regional Medical Center, 384 S.C. 617, 682 S.E.2d 504 (Ct.App.2009), the Court of Appeals found the Appellate Panel’s order reversing the hearing commissioner’s finding of compensable brain damage involved the merits and was, therefore, immediately appealable. In support of this standard of “involving the merits,” the Court of Appeals in Canteen did not specifically cite to section 14-3-330; however, it did cite a case for this proposition that, in turn, cited Chastain. Id. at 621, 682 S.E.2d at 505-06 (citing Green v. City of Columbia, 311 S.C. 78, 79-80, 427 S.E.2d 685, 687 (Ct.App.1993)). Canteen was overruled by this Court in our Charlotte-Mecklenburg decision. Petitioners assert the concept of allowing appeals from intermediate judgments involving the merits has always been applied in these cases, and some cases do not appear to specifically rely upon section 14-3-330. Although some cases do not explicitly cite to section 14-3-330, they often fail to cite to any supporting authority for the application of this standard. In addition, we overruled Canteen even though it did not specifically reference section 14-3-330, as it relied upon its concepts. We find it would be inconsistent to declare that section 14-3-330’s standard of “involving the merits” does not apply to APA cases, while simultaneously allowing the same concept of “involving the merits” to be applied by simply asserting the statute is not being relied upon. Under any [81] name, the end result is the same. To impose a changeable definition of a “final judgment,” in the absence of a statutory directive to do so, would create more, rather than less, uncertainty in appellate practice in this area. Petitioners would have us conflate the statutorily-required appellate procedure for actions governed by the APA with the general appellate procedure for civil actions. This would create a hybrid appellate process within the APA where immediate appealability is determined not by finality of judgment, but by the agency that issued the challenged order. If the order originates from the Workers’ Compensation Commission final judgment is irrelevant; however, if it originates from any other agency, finality of judgment is dispositive. Petitioners’ position imposes an unwarranted complication in the appellate process for administrative matters and would serve only to delay the final resolution of cases. Petitioners misapprehend the policy interest at play here. The legislative policy expressed in section 1-23-890 is intended to avoid the undue delay and waste of judicial resources caused by interlocutory appeals. The dissent and Petitioners repeatedly make reference to Court of Appeals cases that utilized the pre-APA “affecting the merits” language. A case from the Court of Appeals, Brown v. Greenwood Mills, Inc., 366 S.C. 379, 622 S.E.2d 546 (Ct.App.2005), cites to Montjoy and Montjoy’s reference to Owens and Hunt, all cases from this Court. However, these cases are distinguishable. Although the “affecting the merits” language was used, each of those cases was remanded to take additional evidence. Therefore, they were clearly interlocutory and did not affect the merits. More importantly, the dissent and Petitioners overlook our reference in Montjoy to Blakely v. State Board of Medical Examiners, 310 S.C. 29, 425 S.E.2d 37 (1993). We specifically said that Blakely was overruled to the extent that it may be read to allow an appeal of a circuit court order remanding a case for additional proceedings. Montjoy, 316 S.C. at 52-53, 446 S.E.2d at 618. In Blakely, the Board of Medical Examiners had issued a final order suspending Blakely, fined him $2,500, and required him to complete additional continuing medical education and pass the Special Purpose Examination. [82] Blakely, 310 S.C. at 30, 425 S.E.2d at 38. Blakely appealed to the circuit court, which remanded the case to the Board with instructions. Id. at 30-31, 425 S.E.2d at 38. The Board failed to follow the circuit court’s instructions and instead issued an amended order. Id. Four months later, Blakely moved to compel compliance with the court’s first order of remand. Id. at 31, 425 S.E.2d at 38. The circuit court granted Blakely’s motion to compel and the Board appealed. Id. Although this Court denied Blakely’s motion to dismiss the appeal8 we said: We also note the Board should have appealed the first order of the circuit court, as it is apparent from the record the Board did not agree with the circuit court’s order. Because the orders were not interlocutory orders and not timely appealed, the orders became the law of the case. Id. at 31-32, 425 S.E.2d at 39 (emphasis added). The circuit court’s remand orders in Blakely undoubtedly affected the merits of the case. The import of the Blakely reference in Montjoy is that, contrary to the Blakely Court, this Court in Montjoy wanted it understood that, although the circuit court orders were not interlocutory, they were not immediately appealable because the circuit court’s orders remanded the case to the Board. That being said, Montjoy makes it clear that the only relevant question here is whether or not the case has been remanded to the administrative agency. In the current appeal, all parties agree that it was. Therefore, the order of remand is not appealable. Montjoy’s reference to Blakely also makes it clear that the fact that the circuit court heard the matter in its appellate capacity is irrelevant and does not change the analytical framework. Petitioners and the South Carolina Defense Trial Attorneys’ Association9 lastly argue it is “unfair” and “inequitable” to allow a claimant to receive benefits while the matter is pending on appeal, since there is no stay of an award applicable here. See S.C.Code Ann. § 42-17-60 (Supp.2012) (“In the [83] case of an appeal from the decision of the commission on questions of law, the appeal does not operate as a supersedeas and, after that time, the employer is required to make weekly payments of compensation and to provide medical treatment ordered by the commission involved in the appeal or certification until the questions at issue have been fully determined in accordance with the provisions of this title.”); Rule 241(b)(7), SCACR (stating the general rule that a notice of appeal acts to automatically stay matters decided in the order does not apply to “[wjorkers’ compensation awards as provided in S.C.Code Ann. § 42-17-60”). Petitioners’ allegation of unfairness is both unfounded and unpersuasive. Petitioners, however, do not address the opposite result, i.e., what happens when a claimant is denied benefits and is made to wait during the pendency of appeals by their employer and the insurance carrier, when the ultimate determination is made that the claimant suffered a compensable injury for which medical care and benefits were wrongfully withheld? The claimant may receive interest after the fact, per S.C.Code Ann. § 42-17-60, but there is no provision for medical support during this time. Claimants and employers are treated the same depending upon who prevails before the Commission. Moreover, there has been no definitive, enforceable award entered in this case. That is the point being made here. The legislature, in using a well-known term of art such as “final judgment,” meant exactly what “final judgment” has always been understood to mean: something that finally disposes of the whole subject matter of the action or terminates the action, leaving nothing to be done but to execute the judgment, which comports with the definition in Charlotte-Mecklenburg. If the legislature did not then or no longer intends this result, it is free to amend the specific language it chose to use and can allow appeals in other circumstances, including those specified in section 14-3-330. Until there is a definitive statement to the contrary from the legislature, however, it is arguably more equitable not to deny workers their benefits in these circumstances since the legislature clearly intended awards to continue during appeal, per S.C.Code Ann. § 42-17-60, as is also recognized by Rule 241(b)(7), SCACR. More [84] over, a “case-by-case” determination, as urged by Petitioners, would frustrate the main goals of both the workers’ compensation scheme, which is to streamline the process for providing benefits to injured workers in exchange for the employee’s release of the employer from tort liability, and that of the APA, which is to provide clear and uniform procedures in agency cases. III. CONCLUSION In agency appeals, the APA is controlling over general provisions that conflict with its terms. In this case, there is a specific statute in the APA that governs appeals in administrative cases, section 1-28-390, and it limits appeals to those from final judgments. Therefore, section 14-3-330, a general appealability statute allowing interlocutory appeals in certain instances, and its concepts are not applicable here. The definition of a “final judgment” used in Charlotte-Mecklenburg, as further detailed in the reference to Black’s Law Dictionary incorporated in this opinion, should be the point of reference in any analysis of that term when applying section 1-23-390. Consequently, we affirm the decision of the Court of Appeals, which found the current order remanding the matter to the Commission for further proceedings does not constitute a final judgment as required by section 1-23-390 and, therefore, is not immediately appealable. AFFIRMED. TOAL, C.J., concurs. PLEICONES, J., concurring in result only. HEARN, J., dissenting in a separate opinion, in which KITTREDGE, J., concurs. Footnotes [1] This case arose under prior law that required an appeal from the Commission to be made first to the circuit court. Such appeals are now directed to the Court of Appeals for all injuries occurring on or after July 1, 2007. S.C.Code Ann. § 42-17-60 (Supp.2012); Pee Dee Reg’l Transp. v. S.C. Second Injury Fund, 375 S.C. 60, 650 S.E.2d 464 (2007). [2] Section 1-23-380 originally provided for review by the circuit court, but it was amended in 2006 to direct appeals to the Court of Appeals. The workers’ compensation statutory amendment making this change (§ 42-17-60) was not enacted until 2007 and applies to injuries on or after July 1, 2007, which is after the date of Bone’s accident. [3] The phrase "in the manner provided by the South Carolina Appellate Court Rules as in other civil cases” simply refers to following the same [75] procedures for briefing schedules, preparation of records, etc., as in other civil cases, and these rules do not supersede the APA provisions. [4] In Owens v. Canal Wood Corp., 281 S.C. 491, 316 S.E.2d 385 (1984), the Court held that a circuit court order remanding a workers' compensation case for the taking of additional testimony on the existence of an employer-employee relationship did not involve the merits of the action and was, therefore, interlocutory and not reviewable by the Supreme Court for lack of finality. Neither section 1-23-390 nor any other provision of the APA was cited, nor the general appealability statute. In Hunt v. Whitt, 279 S.C. 343, 306 S.E.2d 621 (1983), which was also cited in Montjoy, the Court considered an appeal by the employer from an order of the circuit court reversing and remanding the case to the Commission to take additional medical testimony from the claimant. The Court stated that, because the interlocutory order did not involve the merits of the action, it was not reviewable for lack of finality. Again, the Court did not reference section 1-23-390, the APA, or the general appealability statute, but did overrule prior cases that could be construed as authorizing such appeals under the same circumstances. The cases overruled were all cases that predated the APA. [5] We believe the reference to an "interlocutory appeal” is a tacit recognition that there is a lack of finality. [6] See generally Fisher v. E.I. Du Pont De Nemours, 54 N.C.App. 176, 282 S.E.2d 543 (1981) (stating where the North Carolina Industrial Commission had determined the claimant had suffered a compensable injury by accident, but had not yet determined an award of compensation although it entered an order for costs, the appeal was premature; the court stated since the award of compensation the plaintiff is entitled to receive had not been determined, no final award had been entered for purposes of appellate review); see also Sign Plex v. Tholl, 863 So.2d 1113 (Ala.Civ.App.2003) (stating a judgment determining only the compensability of an injury, but which contains no provision specifying the amount of compensation, was not a final judgment for purposes of appeal). [7] Chastain v. Spartan Mills, 228 S.C. 61, 65, 88 S.E.2d 836, 837 (1955) (holding the Commission’s order reversing an award and remanding the case to the single commissioner to take further testimony was not final and not appealable to the circuit court until the Commission's final determination regarding the single commissioner’s award; the Court construed the language in a provision of the Code that states appeals from the Commission to the circuit court "shall be 'under the same terms and conditions as govern appeals in ordinary civil actions’ ” and stated an appeal to the circuit court will not lie from an interlocutory order of the Commission unless it "affects the merits” (citation omitted)). However, the Court did not cite to any specific provisions for this standard. [8] The motion to compel in Blakely was construed as an appeal of the Board’s second order. As such it was untimely. [9] The Association has Bled an Amicus Curiae Brief in support of Petitioners.