Davis v. Reaves

Freeman, J., delivered the opinion of the court. This bill was filed by complainants, part of the heirs of SamT W. Davis, who died in Greene county in 1864, leaving, besides complainants, two other children, as is stated in the bill, Eliza R., who had in-termarrid tvith John Moore, and Elizabeth, who had married W. H. Kautz, but has died, leaving one child, whose name is Anne E. Kautz, a minor, and resident now of the State of Texas. — 586 — The deceased died possessed of a considerable real estate in Greene county. Reaves was appointed his administrator, and ultimately filed a bill in the chancery court, after having suggested the insolvency of the estate, to transfer the administration to that court. This bill was filed the 13th of September, 1865, and charges the insolvency of the estate; that most of the personalty had been sold by the administrator; that the indebtedness was large, and it would be necessary to sell the real estate for payment of the debts. After an account showing the amount of the debts justly due and not barred by the statute of limitations, etc., a schedule of debts which had been presented to the administrator, was filed, amounting to upwards of $8,009. The administrator states that of the claims asserted against said estate, he has reason to believe most of them, and perhaps all, are just and bona fide debts against his intestate. The heirs of the deceased are thus named, and asked to be made parties to this bill: Louisa Reed Davis, Mary Alice Davis, S. Virginia Davis, John Harrison Davis, and a grandchild, Anne E. Kautz. The father of this child, W. H. Kautz, and the child are made parties, and who are alleged to have been then in the State of North Carolina. The other children are stated to have been residents of Greene county, to be minors, and a guardian ad litem asked to be appointed for them, naming them. In pursuance of an order of the chancellor, on the 21st of September, 1865, an order of publication was. made requiring creditors to file their claims, as shown — 587 — by copy from rule docket, and the clerk enters at foot of this order the fact that a copy was handed to J. B. R. Lyon for publication in the “New^ Era.” On the same day an order of publication is shown for W. H. Kautz and Anne E., his infant daughter, as non-residents, and a like entry showing copy handed to Lyon for publication. At the November term of the court an order is entered in the cause as follows: “By consent, two months are allowed the guardian ad litem to file an answer, so as not to delay.” A subpoena was issued to the sheriff of Greene county for “Louisa R. Davis, Mary A. Davis, S. "Virginia Davis and John Harrison Davis, minors, and Anthony Moore, guardian ad litem for said minors, and also as such guardian for Anne E. Kautz.” They were to be summoned to answer the first Monday in November, the beginning of the regular term of the ehancery court. Moore seems to have been appointed guardian ad litem at the October rules by the clerk and master.- The deputy sheriff returned this subpoena with the following endorsement on it, not dated except as shown: “No such person as Louisa Davis found in my county: Executed the within on Eliza Davis on the 2d of October, 1865. Executed on Anthony Moore, and delivered a copy of original bill to him, on the 30th of October, 1865. ' The other defendants not to be found in my county. J. G. Gass, deputy sheriff.” On the 15th of November, a decree is entered as follows: “ This cause came on to be heard before his — 588 — Honor, S. J. W. Lucky, chancellor, etc., at this term, and therefore, upon consideration that publication was duly made as to the said heirs, and that all other proceedings required by law were had in due form and time, it was ordered, that the • master should ascertain and report the number of the heirs, the names of so many as were under the age of fifteen,” etc. This was done with a view of seeing whether the year’s allowance had been made for such heirs. The answer of the guardian ad litem was afterwards filed February 26, 1866. On these facts, the object of the present bill is to have the sale of the land set aside and held void as to complainants and a cloud on their title, on the ground that they were not parties to the proceeding, therefore not bound by it, or by anything done in said proceedings affecting their rights. It is a fundamental pi’ineiple of our jurisprudence that no one is bound by the judgments or decrees of a court unless party to the proceeding, in some way, as may be provided by law. It is based on the idea embodied in our constitutions, State and Federal, that no man can be deprived of his property except by due process of law, and is a principle of such obvious justice as to need nothing said in support of it; its correctness approves itself on its bare statement. It is now as well settled that all presumptions are in favor of the regularity of the action of judicial tribunals, and that the recitals of fact of this character in the face of their judgments and decrees are to be taken as true on a collateral attack, as this is, — 589 — unless the contrary appears to be true from the record itself; or in case of allegation of fraud in such statements, when they may be shown to be incorrect or not true, fraud vitiating everything, and its perpetration by judicial decree being as reprehensible as in any other form, and to be as readily relieved against. The question on which this case turns, then, is, whether this recital that publication was had as to these heirs, stated to be residents of the State and of Greene county, is shown not to be true by the record, or that they were not in tact parties to the cause by publication. Personal service in cases in chancery is dispensed with, and among other cases, “when the sheriff shall make return upon any leading process that the defendant is not to be found.” This is as to residents of the county. Publication is required to be published “four successive weeks in the newspaper mentioned in his order of publication, or designated by the general rules of the court. This proceeding being statutory, the statute alone regulates it, and must be pursued, or else it is done without authority and ineffective. The return of the sheriff, not to be found, is the legal prerequisite to such a publication in a case like this. No order of publication could be legally made, or publication had, until this return is made officially, as the basis of the action of the master. We think, on examination of the endorsement of the deputy sheriff in this case, that it is certain the. return could not have been made before the 30th of — 590 — October. He says be bad executed tbe subpoena on Eliza Davis on tbe 2d day of October, 1865, it is true, but adds: “ Executed on Anthony Moore, £pid delivered a copy of original bill to him, on tbe 30th day of October, 1865, the other defendants not to be found in my county.” The plain meaning of this is, that on the 30th he wrote out the return of all he had done with the process, reciting first the fact of service on Eliza Davis on the 2d, and then the service of Moore on the 30th, and then added, the other defendants not to be found. The return of an officer is the written statement of what he has done under the process in his hands: 2 Head, 127. The only return shown in this record, and the only one made that authorizes the publication, is the one recited above. This could not have been done before the 30th, unless we are to infer that a return was made of a fact before it had occurred. It could not have been that this return was in the office of the clerk on rule day before, to-wit, the 2d day of October, 1865, because it shows on its face that the writ was retained in his hands to the 30th, by the recital in it of a fact done on that day, to-wit, the service on Moore, the guardian ad litem. The collocation of the words shows it impossible that part of the return, to-wit, “the other defendants not to be found in my county,” could have been endorsed before the endorsement of the service on Moore on the 30th, as the language quoted is obviously a continuation of the previous recital, a fact added as a subsequent part of the return he was then making. — 591 — The only return on which the publication could be made must be the written endorsement officially made of the fact by the officer. To test the view we have taken, suppose we assume the opposite — that is, that this return had been made on the 2d of October, 1865, when Eliza Davis was served with the process— we would have it thus, “the other defendants not to be found in my county,” which would make it not only insensible, but contradictory »to itself, for on the oOth it shows Moore, whose name is in the writ, is found, and served with the writ and furnished a copy. As a matter of fact, we suppose no one assumes that the service was anyhow else than we have indicated. If so, then the simple question is, whether we shall .make an inference in favor of the recital in a decree, which the paper which gives us ¿11 the information we have, or can legally have, of what the officer did, shows not to have been the truth of the case. This would be to hold that the recital should be conclusive evidence, though the record shows it is not and cannot be true, — and that there was in fact a return, not to be found, on. the 2d of October, 1865, when we have that return showing it was not made for twenty-eight days after this. If this could be sustained, then a return of the sheriff “not executed,” without anything more, if there was a recital in a decree that the service was had, as shown by the return of the sheriff, would Override that return and sustain the proceeding. We think no court has ever gone this far, and ought not, in order to sustain, a decree. We therefore hold, that the recital in the decree — 592 — is conclusively and clearly contradicted by the record* and it is shown to have been impossible that publication for four successive weeks could have been had after the return “not to be found*” because this return was endorsed on the 30th of October* 1865, and the decree reciting this publication made on the 15th of November* 1865. The sale of this land, then, is void as to complainants* and must be so held. Several other questions are presented in this case which are necessary to be disposed of, as directly raised by the pleadings* or as springing incidentally from the result of holding the sale void as to the parties not served with process, nor properly made parties by publication. First, was the sale void in toto, or only as to the persons not legally made parties to the suit? . This question has been definitely adjudged in several well-considered cases in our State. In Valentine v. Cooly, Meigs R., 618, a sai. fa. had been issued to reach land descended to heirs, part of whom were minors and part adults. No service was bad on the minors, but service was had on the adults. The court held the judgment void as to the parties not served, and the sale of land under it void as to their interest, but valid as the adults, and the sale passing their title to the purchaser. In the case of Winchester v. Beardin, 10 Hum., 250, the same question was presented, and ruled the same way, citing the case from Meigs E. and approving it. At the same time the court expressly overrule, or rather explain and qualify the language of the court, apparently admitting of a — 593 — different construction, and say it must not be understood as adjudging a different rule. The case of Douglass et al. v. Harrison, 2 Sneed, 382, is not an authority for a different rule, that being a case of private sale, made without authority as to three out of the five owners of the land. The conclusion of the court may well be doubted in that case, even on the ground on which the case is placed by the learned judge who delivers the opinion. We think these cases are sound iu principle, as well as authoritative as long-settled rules that affect titles acquired under judgments or decrees of our courts. The same principle that holds the judgment void as to a party not served with process because such a party has not had opportunity to maintain or defend his right, would necessarily hold a party who did have such opportunity bound, he having been regularly before the court, and not precluded from asserting his right by reason of failure to make others parties who might have an interest in the property in common with him. He cannot complain that other parties are not regularly before the court, if he himself is so, with perfect freedom to maintain his rights in the subject-matter of the litigation. The next question presented is, can relief be granted against the sale in favor of other defendants to the original proceeding, who are simply made defendants in this case but do not join in bringing the suit, the case being made out in their favor ? A prayer is found in the bill of complainants, that they, together with their co-heirs, be restored to the — 594 — possession of tbe land, and' for such orders and decrees in behalf of Anne E. Kautz as shall be in accord with her rights in the premises. Under the cases decided by this court, of Gentry v. Gentry, 1 Sneed, 90; Ingram v. Smith, 1 Head, 427, and Allen v. Baugus, 1 Swan, 406, it has been definitely settled that where the parties have an interest as tenants in common, as in the first case, or a joint interest as in the other cases, it makes no difference whether they be defendant or complainant in a court of chancery, the court will deciee their rights, unless the .defendants waive, relinquish or disclaim the title in controversy. Iii the case in 1 Sneed, the complainants and a ■defendant were tenants in common, and as such entitled to redeem a tract of land sold as the property of their ancestor. One of the parties claimed to have made a tender that fixed the right to redeem the land, which was refused. All the parties except one joined in a bill to enforce redemption. This one was made defendant, and answered, giving as reasons for not joining in the suit, that he doubted the validity of the tender and was not willing to join in the suit fearing it would fail and he be involved in costs, and then referred the question of the validity of the tender to the chancellor, stating he preferred the title should remain in the purchaser rather than go to the party who had made the tender. It was urged that he had relinquished his right, and the chancellor so held, but this court reversed that holding, and held he had not relinquished or disclaimed his right, and gave a — 595 — decree in favor of complainants, and specifically in favor of this defendant, taxing him, however, with half the costs on account of the character of his answer. In the case of Ingram v. Smith, 1 Head, in a like case of contest as to title to negroes, where a portion of the owners were defendants, it was insisted that relief could only be granted to the complainants, and could not include defendants. Cooper, Sp. J., giving the opinion of the court, -said on this point: <cWe do not think so. It is the settled law of the court' of chancery that a decree may be made between co-defendants, grounded upon pleadings and proof between the complainant and defendants, and founded upon and connected with the subject-matter in litigation between the complainant and one or more of the defendants; and it is the constant practice of courts of chancery to' make such decrees to prevent multiplicity of suits.” For this he cites the case from 1 Sneed, with other cases, and in this case he added, that “ the fact that the defendants on whose behalf the decree is sought have been brought before the court by publication, could make no difference.” In a subsequent part of the opinion it was said, if the defendant’s heirs had renounced their claim, the defendants were at liberty to show it, and would have all the benefit of it, as upon personal service of process upon these defendants, and if these defendants fail or declined to come forward and take any benefit under the decree, it would simply enure to the benefit of their co-defendants, the property remaining in the possession of the defendants. — 596 — And so in this case, applying these principles, as. to all the parties not served with process or not made parties legally by publication, their rights are settled by this adjudication in their favor, and if they fail to take under the decree, then defendants, the purchasers of the land, being in possession, will retain that possession, and the failure will enure to their-benefit. In this view of this case, it becomes necessary to see whether the defendant Anne E. Kautz, the minor grandchild, has been deprived of her rights in the lands of her grandfather under these proceedings. Her case is also before us on writ of error, she being still a minor. It is charged in this bill that Anne E. Kautz was in fact a citizen of Tennessee at the time of filing the original bill — a resident thereof, and so. remained for several months after said bill was filed, but no process was served on her, but publication made as in case of non-residents. The fact is, she is charged in the original bill to be a non-resident, and a guardian ad litem asked to be appointed to defend for her, she being a minor. At the October rules, after filing the bill, an order of publication was made, and due publication no doubt had. If she was in fact a resident of the State, this publication was unquestionably without authority of law, and void, and failed to make her a party to the case, — no return of not to be found being pretended as to her, as the record shows no process issued or was prayed as to this defendant, she being, as stated, in North Carolina. The answer of Moore and wife, formerly Eliza Davis, — 597 — :says they returned, from North Carolina, where they had been temporarily, bringing the minor child Anne with them, on July 28, 1865. One of the other sisters, who had remained in North Carolina, says she came to Greene county about the 1st of October, 1865, and that the child Anne was then in Washington county, county, Tennessee, at her aunt’s, Nancy Crouch, — that was her home. We take the fact to be established that she was in Tennessee at the time of filing the bill. This being so, then, as we have said, the publication was a nullity as to her, and failed to make her a party, and she is not bound by the deorees •made in this case. The only other question presented in this case is, where the sale of the land is held void as to parties not legally made defendants, what shall be the result as to the purchasers, who have paid their money and the same been appropriated in the course of the administration suit? It is settled by repeated adjudications of this court, that a purchaser in such case is entitled to be sub-rogated to the rights of creditors who were bona fide, such, and whose debts, therefore, were a charge, or might have been so made, upon the land in the hands of the heir. . . But the question is, are these parties, who were 'not legally before the court in the administration suit, bound by the decrees in that cause ascertaining the -debts due, the same being made between the administrator and creditors alone, in a proceeding to which ■these heirs were not parties? — 598 — We have held in a case precisely like this, at Jackson, a few years since, that the heirs were not so bound, but the debts must be shown to have been bona fide debts, on remanding the case, by competent proof, before they can be fixed as a charge on the land as against the heir. The same ruling was had in the case of Miller, adm’r, v. Taylor, September term, 1877. We think this conclnsion is so clear on principle as scarcely to need argument to support it. It is axiomatic in our jurisprudence that a party is not bound by judgment or decree unless he be a party, or privy to some one who was a party, and thus bound by reason of such privity. We take it that it is equally axiomatic, that the-administrator only represents the personalty of an intestate, and does not represent the heir, nor can he bind his estate, nor can it be bound by him, or by proceedings against him, so as to conclude the rights of the heir, when his real estate is sought to be reached for payment of his ancestor’s debt. This is so recognized in all our statutes providing for sale of lands for the payment of the ancestor’s debts, by requiring the heir to be made a party to the proceeding, whether by sci. fa., or und® the act of 1827, sec. 2267; and if, not parties, such sales have uniformly been held void: Crippen v. Crippen, 1 Head, 128; Estes v. Johnson, 10 Hum., 223. This is specially provided for in cases of insolvent estates, whether in the county or chancery court: secs. 2338 and 2380. The latter section, for cases in chancery court, pro — 599 — viding: “And where there is real estate which belonged to the deceased, the devisees or heirs, or others interested therein, shall be made parties.” And by sec. 2388: “ Where the personal estate, by report of the master, confirmed, is found insufficient for payment of debts, the court shall then direct the sale of the real estate.” And it was held in Frazier v. Pankey, 1 Swan, 75-79, that if the sale take place without such an account, or where, the report has been excepted to and not confirmed, it is invalid; and in that case, on bill filed by the purchaser to enforce the sale, it was refused, the court holding the sale void. In view of these settled principles, we hold that the ascertainment of the indebtedness as between, the administrator in the original case, can have no effect whatever in establishing the validity of the claims as against the heirs or the lands to them descended. It would be an idle ceremony to declare the sale for the payment of these debts void because the heirs were not parties, and then hold that the debts were conclusively ascertained by the decrees made between the administrator and creditors were conclusive as to the debts, and such debts established as bo?ia fide debts against the land, and therefore to be immediately fixed upon the land in favor of the purchasers, as debts paid by their money bid on the purchase of the land. This would be to hold the heirs not bound by the sale because not parties to the proceeding in which it was ordered, and, at the same time, that the proceeding did bind them, notwithstanding they' were not — 600 — partios, in all that was preliminary to the sale, and authorized it to have b on made, if they had been parties to the suit, and thus fix the results of the proceeding on the land as fully and completely as if they had been parties with all the rights of parties, and had contested the claims of creditors as they were presented. We do not think this can bo done, or that the heir can be bound by any result of such a proceeding unless he is a party, with an opportunity to contest the claims sought to be set up against his estate, by which it is sought to be sold and he deprived of his inheritance. We therefore hold, that the purchasers will be entitled to be subrogated to the rights of creditors of the estate, to all such debts as may on investigation be shown to have been bona, fide, legal claims against the estate, and which have been discharged by appropriation of the purchase money, or to - the extent they have thus paid bona fide debts that were legal demands against the estate of their ancestor and a proper charge on their land, to be ascertained on taking (he account. The question of liability of the administrator for rents of the land received by him, is not made ■ in complainants' bill, and therefore need not be considered. It is clear the heir is entitled to the rents until the land is sold for the ancestor's debt, as we have lately held at Nashville, but the claim of the heir would be one against the party wrongfully receiving his money, or against the occupier of his land. The result is, the former decree in this case will be vacated, and a decree entered in accord with this — 601 — opinion, and the case remanded for taking the accounts proper between the parties, and for further orders and proceedings as may be necessary to effectuate the rights of the parties. The costs of this court will be paid by defendants.