Bleidorn v. Pilot Mountain C. & M. Co.

LüRTON, J. This is a bill of ejectment. The lands involved embrace some fifteen thousand acres, lying on the Cumberland Mountains, in Morgan County. Complainants claim title under the will of Louis Bleidorn. This will was executed in April, 1852. Under it this body of wild mountain land was devised to Mrs. Bleidorn for life, with remainder, at her death, to complainants. Mrs. Bleidorn died November 7, 1882, and this bill was filed within three years thereafter. Much of the land is adversely held, and as to this the plea of the statute of limitations is relied upon. If this will was effective to create a life estate in Mrs. Bleidorn, then no possession which began during the existence of this life estate will operate to bar the suit of complainants, their suit having been filed within three years after the termination of the life estate. The testator, Louis Bleidorn, resided, at the time of • his death, in the city of New York. Its execution and attestation occun-ed in the State of New York, and in all these respects it was executed in strict aecox-dance with the statutes' of this State concerning wills of realty. It was duly proven and admitted to probate in New York, and this probate was in accord with our statute. The objection urged by defendants is that it was never admitted to probate in this State until 1887, some years after the institution of this action. Defendants strenuously insist that a will conveying lands in this State is a nullity as a [173] conveyance of such land until recorded in this State, and that it operates as a conveyance only from the date of such registration. The question as to whether a will, duly probated in another State, and executed according to the law of this State, is operative as a conveyance of lands in this State without registration here, was most elaborately considered and answered in the affirmative by this Court in the case of Smith v. Neilson, reported in 13 Lea, 461. This conclusion was reached as the proper construction of our statute of wills, and has been adhered to in more than one un reported case. The question is one which affects the titles to large bodies of land in this State; and a doubtful statute having been construed, after full argument and laborious consideration, the result then announced will be adhered to, however we might be disposed to regard it if an original question. But upon another ground this defense would prove unavailing. Pending this litigation this will was duly proven and recorded in this' State, and a copy of* the record admitted as evidence without objection. The effect of this registration was to confirm and perfect the title of complainants, and this confirmation relates to the date of the execution of the will. It was not the acquirement of a new title after suit brought, but the confirmation of a defective title. The effect of the recording of the will was not to confer a title as of the date of the registration or probate; but to [174] vest and confirm title as of the date of the testator’s death. In Crockett v. Campbell, 2 Hum., 411, it was held that a deed executed after commencement of suit, confirming one defectively made before suit, was admissible, and operated to confirm the defective execution of a power of attorney. So a tax-deed made after suit brought w\as held admissible in evidence in an ejectment suit, it being operative to confirm a deed theretofore made, but defective in its recitals. Brien v. O’Shaughnessy, 3 Lea, 725; see also Ward v. Daniel, 10 Hum., 607. It follows that the will of Louis Bleidorn operated to create a life estate in his widow, and, as a result, no adverse possession which began after the death of the testator in April, 1852, will operate to bar complainants as remainder-men suing within the period allowed by the statute for such suit after the falling in of the life estate. The title of complainants originated in three entries for about 5,000 acres each. These entries were made February 17, 1836. Grants issued upon all these entries to Thos. B. Eastland in June, 1838. These entries were numbered respectively, 1942, 1949, and 1950. The contest over entry 1949 is chiefly with the Pilot Mountain Coal and Mining Company, who claim title under various grants to the larger part of the land covered by it. The entries' and grants under which this corporation claims, or which are [175] relied, upon as outstanding titles, superior to that of complainants are as follows: First. — Entry Ro. 1727, grant Ro. 22339, to Julian E. Scott, for 5,000 acres. Second. — Entry Ro. 1925, grant 22329, to H. M. Byrd, for, 5,000 acres. Third. — Entry 2683, grant 27076, to David Mc-Peters, for 600 acres. Fourth. — Entry 2244, grant 23171, to J. E. and R. Scott, for 500 acres. Fifth. — Entry 1495, grant 22166, to Samuel Scott, for 5,000 acres. Rone of these entries or grants cover the whole of complainants’ entry 1949, and some of them lap upon each other. First. — As to the conflict between entry 1727 and entry 1949. Entry 1727, as indicated by its number, is an older entry' than 1949, hut the grant upon the latter issued first, and unless 1727 was a special entry, then the older grant upon a younger entry is the better title. Entry Ro. 1727 is not in evidence. It is copied into the transcript, but counsel have signed an agreement that it was not read in evidence below. Eor this reason we cannot now look to it. It therefore not appearing that the senior entry was a special entry, the senior grant, though founded upon a junior, entry, must be held the superior title. To avoid this result, the defendant, the Pilot Mountain Coal and Mining Company, plead and rely upon a decree of the Chancery Court of Morgan [176] County, adjudging that entry 1727 was a title superior to that of complainants’. It is insisted that complainants were parties, and therefore concluded by this adjudication, • and it is reiied upon as res adjudicata. To understand the effect of this plea, it is necessary that the facts concerning it be stated. The title of the Pilot Mountain Co. to much of the land claimed by it within the bounds of entry 1949, is by deed from one G-. A. Eudickar. Eud-ickar, by a chain of conveyances, became the owner of entry 1727, which, as before stated, laps upon 1949, and covers perhaps one-half off the land within the younger entry. While thus the owner of this title, Eudickar, on March 7, 1877, filed an original bill in the Chancery Court of Morgan County, charging that he was the owner in fee of a tract of 5,000 acres, same having been entered by entry 1727; that this entry conflicted with certain entries subsequently made, and that upon these junior entries grants had been issued to Thos. B. Eastland. He charged entry 1727 to have been a special entry, and that he had been in possession, under his title, for more than twenty years, and that the persons claiming title under the Eastland grants had never been in possession. He prayed that his title be decreed the superior title to the extent that it conflicted with the Eastland grants, and that the interfering titles be canceled as clouds upon his own superior title [177] This bill was filed against E: Clapp, S. S. Davis, and a number of others. Among those sought to be made defendants, and named in the caption as such, were a class of persons not designated by name, but described as “the heirs of L. Bleidorn.” All of the defendants were stated to be non-residents of the State, and publication for them as non-residents prayed. Publication was made as prayed, and, none of the defendants appearing or defending, a decree pro confesso was entered; and this was followed by a final decree in accordance with the prayer of the bill. ' By this decree entry 1727 and the grant thereon was adjudicated superior to any title claimed by defendants, and their -titles canceled as clouds,' and all of defendants were enjoined 'from setting up or asserting any which conflicted with that set out as owned by Eudiekar. L. Bleidorn was dead at the date of this suit, and complainants were his heirs at law, though they take this land as devi-sees and not as heirs. If they were parties to this bill of Eudickar’s, it may be assumed that in the Courts of this State they would be concluded by the decree therein rendered, although such a decree against non-residents — parties only by publication, and who entered no appearance — would be treated by the Courts of the United States and of other States as a nullity. Hart v. Samson, 110 U. S., 151, and cases cited. When such a proceeding is expressly authorized by statute, a decree against a non-resident — a [178] party only 'by publication — is, from the necessity of the case, and by force of the statute, valid and conclusive within the jurisdiction authorizing such publication. Inasmuch, however, as the jurisdiction is dependent wholly upon statute, the compliance with the statute must clearly appear. If, therefore, the heirs of 'L. Bleidorn had been named in the caption as defendants, and publication been made for them by their proper names, such publication would have operated to make them parties as non-resident defendants. But they were not named either in the bill or in the publication. The only allusion to them in the bill is found in the caption, where they are sought to be .made defendants by description as “heirs of L. Bleidorn.” By § 4352, subsection 5, personal service is dispensed with and publication authorized “when the name of the defendant is unknown, and cannot be ascertained upon diligent inquiry.” By §4353 it is provided that “to dispense with process in either of the above cases the facts shall be stated under oath in the bill, or by separate affidavit, or appear by return.” This bill was sworn to, and contained the statement that all of the defendants were non-residents. This was enough to authorize publication for named non-resident defendants. The bill, however, contained no statement that the heirs of L. Bleidorn were unknown, “and cannot be ascertained by diligent inquiry.” Neither was this fact stated in any separate affidavit, nor did it appear in the [179] publication, nor by any recital' in any decree or order of tlie Master authorizing publication. There was no authority to make publication by description for the “heirs of L. Bleidorn,” unless the fact appeared in the bill, or by separate affidavit that their names were unknown and could not be ascertained upon diligent inquiry. The order of publication, where the name of the defendant is unknown, should not only describe the defendant by character, but should further do so by reference to his title or interest in the subject-matter of the litigation. Code, § 4858. The plainest instincts of natural justice require that parties proceeded against 'in Courts of Equity or Law shall have an opportunity to be heard. Personal service of process can be dispensed with only in the few cases embraced by the statute, and when a decree is relied upon as concluding the rights of litigants who were not personally served, and who made no appearance, it must clearly appear that the' statute has been complied with. Ferriss v. Lewis, 2 Tenn. Ch., 291-295. The fact that the name of a defendant is unknown, and the further fact that the name could not be ascertained, are essential jurisdictional facts. These facts not appearing either in the bill or separate affidavit, nor being recited as facts in any decree authorizing publication, or otherwise in the record, the decree relied upon as res' adjudicóla was a nullity as to complainants. The second assignment of error is therefore sustained. [180] Second. — Has the statute of limitations barred a recovery of the land covered by entry 1727? First, the possession of Levi Scarborough will be considered. In considering questions of boundary and possession, the map made by J. W. Scott, and filed as an exhibit to his deposition, will be the one referred to in this opinion. This map shows three separate possessions, designated as Scarborough possessions Hos. 1, 2, and 8. The possession marked Ho. 1 is clearly south of entry 1727, though inside entry 1949. In considering’ defendants possession of 1727 this possession Ho. 1 will not be considered. The possession designated Ho. 3, though inside 1727, is a late possession. Scott fixes it at not more than twelve or thii’teen years old. This is not contradicted by any material or direct evidence in the record. This possession, having begun daring the existence of the life estate, does not affect the suit of complainants as remainder-men. Possession Ho. 2 was begun by the weight of proof in 1846 or 1847, and by the preponderance of the evidence was continued for something more than seven years. This possession was under Julian F. Scott, the grantee under entry 1727. Scott sold the land within his entry, January 8, 1853, to one J. S. Duncan. It has been much pressed in argument that Scarborough had abandoned his possession before this sale to Duncan. The evidence relied upon to show this is that of the witness E. K. Duncan. This witness' states [181] that he surveyed this entry, 3727, in 1854, but does not state whether Scarborough was then in possession 'or not. ,In another conriection he states that he “heard J. E. Scott, in a conversation with J. S. Duncan about this land, say that Scarborough had not treated him right; that he had kept him on that tract of land, and had fed him, and that he had ‘went’ off and left the land.” Now, if this admission of Scott’s was made before his sale to Duncan, or at the time of salé, then a possession begun in 1846 or 1847 (the witness fixing the origin of the possession as either in the one or the other) would not have continued seven years if terminated before January 8, 1853. But the witness does not fix the date of the conversation he heard. It was probably while making the survey in 1854, and, if so, it would not at all follow that the possession had been abandoned within seven’ years. The evidence of the witnesses Jessie Ereels, Wiley England, E. J. Garrett, and Russell Scott seems to establish that the ■ occupancy of Scarborough continued for .about eight years, terminating in 1854 or 1855. A more serious question arises upon the contention of complainants . that this possession No. 2 was not inside the lines of 1727 when properly surveyed, and that therefore it was not held under color of title, and is now inoperative to defeat a recovery by complainants of the lands covered by 1727. Whether inside or outside depends upon the correct survey of defendants’ title-papers. The [182] grant upon entry 1727 is numbered 22389, and issued December 25, 1838, being junior in date to complainants’ giant upon their entry 1949. It was a grant for 5,000 acres, and is bounded as follows: “Beginning at a white oak, the fork of the Carpenter road and R.. Davis’ path; thence east 894 poles to a stake; thence south 1,000 poles to a stake; thence 894 poles to a stake and pointers; thence a direct line to beginning.” The complainants’ witness, J. W. Scott, who seems a most intelligent and candid witness, and a thoroughly competent surveyor, says that “in running according to grant I found no marked line at point where poles give out at end of first call of 894 poles east from beginning.” “ I found a marked line, apparently about twelve years old, running north and south at. a distance of about 10 poles east of the line I run.” ■ Again he says: “The east line of 1727 runs west of the Scarborough possession No. 2 thirty-four poles, if the entry be run by the grant.” If it be run by the deeds under which defendants hold, then he says the eastern line runs through possession No. 2, throwing' about one acre inside the deeds under which the Pilot Mountain Company holds. While the chain of deeds under J. E. Scott are not in ’ the transcript, yet it does appear that the first line in some one of them is 940 poles long instead of 894, as fixed in the grant. The first deed after the land was granted to Scott was his conveyance, in 1853, to J.- S. Duncan. Whether [183] tills line was then lengthened, or by some subsequent deed, does not appear. The entry evidently was not run out before issuance of grant. This is evident from the fact ■ that, with the exception of the beginning corner, all the other calls are for stakes. Unless there was on the ground an old marked line, evidently old enough to raise the presumption of a line marked at the time of the survey for the grant, the line should stop where the poles give out. The only proof of a mai-ked line is that of Scott, 'who says it was a very recent line, and only 10 poles east of where the poles gave out. This marked line, however, would not avail defendants, for if it is only 10 poles east of the line as run by Scott, it would throw the disputed possession 24 poles east of this recent line. If this first line was extended after Scarborough abandoned possession, then his possession would not avail defendants, for, if his possession was without the grant to Scott, then it would be under no color of title, and would be limited to the actual adverse possession. So, if befoi’e Scarborough 'abandoned possession, a deed was made by Scott, under whom he held, conveying his. grant by metes and bounds so as to include land not within his grant, the former holding of his tenant without his title-papers would not be of any advantage to his vendee beyond the limits of the actual possession, unless thereafter continued under his deed long enough to [184] confer title to the limits of the deed. This would require a possession of seven years after deed embracing this possession. It therefore follows that this possession of Scarborough’s must appear to have been within the grant to Scott, and that the fact that it was within the lines of the deeds which extended the first line of this grant will be unavailing, unless it also appear to have been within Scott’s color of title when begun. That Scott placed Scarborough where he did for the express purpose of perfecting his title to the lands within his grant, is clearly made out. Did he make a mistake, and locate him outside his title-papers? This line of 1727 has been surveyed by three different surveyors. Scott, as we have already seen, found that if the first line be stopped . at 894 poles, that this possession would be 34 poles east of the eastern line of the grant. He, however, found that if the first line be extended to 940 poles, that a small part of the possession would be included. The country over which the first line runs was very rough and hilly. He says he ran a level line, and yet 894 poles did not include this inclosure. S. H. Staples and E. R. Duncan both testify to having surveyed this line, and they each testify that this field of Scarborough’s was, by their survey, west of the eastern line. The survey by Staples was a surface survey. It does not appear whether that of Duncan was a [185] level or surface survey. Staples says that if lie had made a level survey, the eastern line would have been from 60 to 100 poles farther east than he made it. It does not appear whether Staples and Duncan surveyed by the deeds calling for a first line of 940 poles or by the grant calling for only 894 poles. It is probable that their surveys were by the calls of the deeds. But if a surface line 940 poles long would include the disputed possession, it is most manifest that an horizontal survey of a line 894 poles would include this field. The law construes a call for distance as a call for a point ascertained by horizontal survey. The method adopted, by Scott was the right one. The method adopted by Staples was the wrong one, but disadvantageous to defendants. "We have, then, Staples and Duncan, both competent surveyors, against Scott, equally as competent. The character of the gentlemen thus differing as to result of the survey, is unassailed. They seem to have no interest in the litigation. In view of the fact that this possession was taken by .Scott, an old resident of the neighborhood, and an old surveyor, for the express purpose of perfecting his title against the Eastland grants, under which complainants hold, and of the further fact that two disinterested surveyors ' included this possession within the eastern line of defendants’ grant, one of these surveys being as far back as 1854, and therefore long before this controversy arose, we [186] are persuaded to find with the Chancellor that this possession, when the grant to Scott is properly surveyed,, was within the grant, and that it continued for . seven years, thus operating to bar complainants in so far as 1727 and 1949 interlap. The first and fourth assignments of error are therefore overruled. Third. — The fifth assignment of error by complainants is to so much of the decree by the Chancellor as held that entry 1925, by Hannah M. Byrd, was a special entry, and that the grant thereon, which issued December 28, 1838, related to the entry, and was therefore a superior title to that of complainants, under an older grant but younger entry. This grant conflicts alone with complainants’ entry 1949. The greater part of it lies upon 1727, already adjudged the better title. But as part of 1949 is covered by this entry and grant, not protected by defendants’ entry 1727, it is plead as a superior outstanding title. This entry was made February 7, 1836. Complainants’ entry was February 17, 1836. It is in the following words and figures: “ II. M. Byrd enters 5,000 acres of land in said county, beginning on a, stake at or near the east corner of J. F. Scott’s 200-acre entry on the Carpenter road, thence running south 1,200 poles; thence east 1,500 poles; thence for complement to • the beginning, so as to include the head-waters of Scutcheon.” This- entry contains three locative calls: (1) The 200-aere entry of J. F. Scott, (2) the Carpenter [187] road, (3) so as to include the head-waters of Scutcheon. The 200-acre entry of J. E. Scott which is called for, is shown to have been an entry made in 1834, and was as follows: “J. E. Scott enters 200 acres of land in said county on the waters of Rock Creek, beginning on the line of Russell Scott’s land, on the south side of said land, and then running an oblong with the Carpenter road so as to include said road.” Russell Scott’s land was an old settlement, and well known in the community. The Carpenter road was an old and well-known road. The J. E. Scott entry, though un surveyed when the Byrd entry was made, was capable of location by orre acquainted in the neighborhood. The entry would be bounded on the north by Russell Scott, and by laying it off in an oblong, with the Carpenter road inside, its probable location could easily be ascertained. The call in the Byrd entry that it should be so run as to include the head-waters of Scutcheon, is, under the facts of this record, a very precise locative call. The call to begin at or near the east corner of J. E. Scott’s entry, it is said de-* stroys the special character of the call, inasmuch as the Scott entry must have two east corners, a north-east and a south-east corner, and it is said that it cannot be determined Avhich corner is called for. This might be so but for the fact that the survey must be so made as to include the headwaters of Scutcheon. Scutcheon was a small stream [188] but well known. 'Scott, complainants’ witness, says that if the beginning be at the north-east corner, as it was in fact afterwards surveyed, the entry will include the head-waters of Scutcheon, while if fixed at the south-east corner it would include part but not the entire head-waters of Scutcheon. The surveyor should, under such a state of facts, begin at the north-east corner of J. E. Scott’s 200-acre entry, for he would thereby obey the direction that it should be so surveyed as to include the head-waters called for by the next locative call. This fact distinguishes the entry from those considered in 11 Iium., 299; 7 Ileis., 719. The point of beginning is -made particular and special by the subsequent requirements of the entry (2 Overton, 320; 1 Ter., 271) and brings it within the principle of the decision in 5 Lea. That this Byrd grant has not been specially plead and relied upon as an outstanding title is immaterial. The complainants must not only have a title superior to that of defendants, but a title superior to any other. The weakness of the plaintiffs’ title may be shown by proof without special plea, lie must come prepared to show that he has the‘title to the land he sues for, and if it appear that the title is not in him, but in another, he must fail, although the defendant does not connect himself with such outstanding title. It is argued that this Byrd title is not a subsisting title, but one abandoned. This does not appear. It appears to be no more an abandoned [189] title than did that of complainants before suit brought. There is, in fact, so far as this record appears, no adverse possession- on parts of this grant outside of the interlap with 1727, and no reason why Hannah Byrd or her heirs may not at any time assert it. It is insisted that the 200-acre entry of J. F. Scott is not properly proven; that the copy in the transcript is not properly certified. Ho exception was taken upon the trial below, and there is now no error assigned, because admitted as evidence. We therefore conclude that the fifth assignment of error is not well taken. Fourth. — The sixth assignment relates to entry Ho. 2683, known as the Peaky Knob entry. The Chancellor held the entry special, and that there had been an adverse possession of seven years, beginning before death of Louis Bleidorn. A very small part of this entry lies within complainants5 title.' There have been two possessions on the entry, one without complainants’ title and one within. Scott says that about one-half of the improvement at the south end of the Peaky Knob entry is inside entry 1949. This possession is known as the one in the gap, and as the possession of McPeters and Stringfield. It was taken as far back as 1849, and has been kept up for a time sufficient to bar complainants. The String-field possession referred to, by an agreement of parties entered as a decree as only nineteen years old, 'has no reference to this Peaky Knob entry. The Stringfield possession referred to by that [190] agreement, as shown by the deposition of String-field, was a modern one, and one inside entry 1727. The McPeters possession is not inside 1727, and the agreement manifestly refers to some other Stringfield possession. The assignment is not well taken. Fifth. — The seventh assignment is to an entry known as No. 2244, or the old Hall place. But a small part of this entry is inside 1949, and all of the entry is covered by entry 1727, already held to be a title superior to that of complainants’. As the defendant, the Pilot Mountain Coal Company, owns both titles, it is unnecessary to say any thing further as to this assignment. Sixth. — Eor convenience, the twelfth assignment of error will be disposed of before considering those that are intermediate. The Chancellor held that the south-east corner of complainants’ entry No. 1950 was the two white oaks and two poplars, being the corner likewise of entries Nos. 1951, 1958, and 1959 in the Eastland and Lane system of entries and grants. The grant upon entry 1950 calls to “begin at a black gum and pointers, the northeast corner of entry No. 1949, in the name of II. 'Wilson; thence south 894 poles to a pine; thence east • 1,000 poles to two large poplars and two large white oaks; thence north 894 poles to a stake and pointers; thence 1,000 poles to the beginning.” The grant upon entry No. 1951, which was subsequently surveyed,' calls to begin “ at 'a stake, [191] tlie north-east corner of entry 1950, * * * at a point 1,000 poles east of a black gum, the northwest corner of'entry 1950; * * * running thence south 894 poles to two large poplars and tvoo large white oaks; thence east, crossing a creek, 1,000 poles to a sugar-tree; thence north 894 poles to the beginning.” The grant upon entry 1958 calls to begin at a pine, “ the north-east corner of entry 1957; * * * running thence south 894 poles to a poplar; thence east 1,000 poles to a stake; thence north 894 poles to two large poplars and two large white oaks; thence west 1,000 poles to the beginning.” The grant upon entry 1959 calls to begin at “ two large poplars and two large white oaks, the north-east corner of entry Ro. 1958 * * * thence south 894 poles to a chestnut, etc.; thence east 1,000 poles to a chestnut, etc.; thence north 894 poles to a sugar-tree; thence west 1,000 poles to the beginning.” It will be observed that these four grants are of the same size. They were all issued to Thos. B. Eastland. Each calls for a corner described as “two large poplars and two large white oaks,” and these four grants should corner on each other and on these two poplars and oaks. It is true that these grants do not call for each other, except in the case of grant on entry 1959, which calls for these poplars and oaks as . the north-east corner of 1958. The Eastland grants were all issued about the [192] same time and to T. B. Eastland, and upon entries made about the same time. The entries and grants correspond as to length, of lines, and they cover almost the entire surface of Morgan County. They should connect, if properly run, the one with the other, and form a vast checker-hoard. The first in the series is entry No. 1927. Complainants’ surveyor, Scott, has located 1950. upon his plot by beginning his survey at what he calls the beginning corner of the Eastland system of surveys, being a white' oak, called for in entry 1927 as being 1,000 poles south of the junction of New Kiver and Clear Eork. He also began at a living corner called for in entry No. 1933. Having run his first line south from the white oak corner, he then ran east from the living corner of 1933 until he intersected his south line. By the aid of these two living corners of these two remote entries, he was enabled, by pursuing course and distance and occasional marked lines, to locate 1949, 1950, and 1942 as he has plotted them. By this methtfd the two poplars and white oaks are thrown more than a mile south-west of the south-east corner of 1950, as he has plotted it. These two poplars and two white oaks are shown to he well marked as a corner, with marks on the north, east, south, and west sides of the trees. Well-marked and very ancient marked lines are found on the ground running north, south, and east. Mr. Scott, who says these marked lines are very ancient, does not say whether he looked for a [193] marked line running from this corner west. He does say that this corner was pointed out to him as the corner of 1959. 'When asked if this is not the south-east corner of entry 1950, he says that “to take the calls of all the surveys of the Eastland grants and plot them according to the calls, the north-west corner of 1959 would be the south-east corner of entry Ho. 1950 when they are plotted.” That these poplars and white' oaks are a living and well-marked corner of three of the Eastland entries is too clear for dispute. Entry Ho. 1949, which adjoins 1950 on the west, has no living corner. Entry 1950 has likewise no living corner, unless the call for two large poplars and two large white oaks be a call for these existing trees marked as a corner, and which would be the true south-east corner, as testified to by complainants’ own surveyor, if the Eastland system he plotted according to the calls of the several grants. Somewhere the harmony of the system of these surveys has to be disturbed. Somewhere an error has been made. Starting from the very remote corners of 1927 and 1933, probably twenty miles away, and then running by course and distance, locates 1950 as placed upon the plot. But this ignores a very notorious living corner of four of the grants. We are of opinion that the true south-east corner of 1950 is the living corner fixed by the Chancellor. The effect of this is not to drop 1942, which lies north of 1950, down to 1950. It has no known [194] living corner, and does not call for either 1949 or 1950. It does call for the north-east corner of 1941, and must be located with reference to this call. The result is that between 1942 and 1950 there is a strip of land about one mile wide not embraced either ■ by 1950 or 1942. Whether this result is a consequence of an error in the original survey of these entries, or of one made by Mr. Scott in his location of 1842, we cannot say. On the proof in this record 1942 and 1950 do not connect. The twelfth assignment is overruled. Seventh. — The third and eighth assignments will be considered together. Complainants’ title is traced back tq one Henry Wells, who, in 1849, conveyed the lands embraced in 1949 and 1950 by deed to Louis Bleidorn. The learned Chancellor found that at the date of this conveyance Julian F. Scott, then the owner of the lands embraced in entries 1727 and 1495, was in the actual adverse possession of each of these entries, and the deed of Wells was therefore champertous as to the lands embraced within said two entries. As heretofore stated, entry 1727 laps only on entry 1949, while entry 1495 laps both on 1949 and 1950, the larger part of the conflict being with the latter entry. We have- in the former part of this opinion decided that the Scarborough possession No. 2 on the plot was a possession under J. F. Scott, and within the interlap of 1727 and 1949. The Scarborough possession No. 1 is not within 1727, but [195] it is within the interlap of 1495 and 1949 as surveyed and plotted by defendants. This possession existed at date of "Wells’ deed to Bleidorn in 1849. The possession known as the “long” field and the other one known as the “Jo” field, under the weight of proof, were adverse, and by tenants of Scott at date of "Wells’ deed. The first of these possessions was within the interlap of 1950 and 1495, as we have located 1950. The “Jo” field is likewise inside 1950, and within the lap of that grant upon 1495, as same is surveyed by defendants. "Without now considering the question as to the proper survey of 1495, it is enough to say that the effect of the adverse holding of Scott by Scarborough at possession Ro. 2, at time of the conveyance of the lands embraced in entry 1949, was to make that deed champertous and void in so far as entry 1727 conflicts with- the conveyance. The effect of the adverse holding of the “long” field at date of the conveyance of entry 1950 to Bleidorn was to make that deed champertous and void so far as it- conflicts with entry 1495. It has been urged that, inasmuch as Wells was a non-resident of the State at the date of his deed to Bleidorn, his deed was not champertous, because the lands conveyed were not at the time held by one adversely under “ deed, devise, or inheritance.” Code, § 1779, provides that a conveyance by a non-resident shall not be void where, at the time of such - sale, the lauds were not held adversely by one holding uu196 der “ deed, devise, or inheritance.” Scott held the lands embraced in entry 1727 by a grant to himself, and he held the lands embraced in entry 1495 under a decree of the Chancery Court vesting title in him as a purchaser,- at chancery sale, of the lands o'f Samuel Scott, sold to pay debts and for partition among his heirs. We think a possession by one holding under a grant or decree vesting title is one holding under deed within the meaning of the statute. The clear purpose of the saving in favor of non-residents was to make the sale good only where the holding was under no color of title. In such a case a naked adverse possession was not to affect the deed of a non-resident with champerty. This seems to be the construction put on the Act in Whiteside v. Martin, 7 Yer., 384-396. If the possession was under any conveyance purporting to convey title, the holding is under a deed in the meaning of the statute. By § 1780 of the Code it is provided that “ champerty shall be presumed until the purchaser shows such sale was bona fide made.” It is now contended that the sale by Wells to Bleidorn was in good faith, and is therefore good. This provision just quoted was made in view of the exceptions in the previous sections of the Act. The provision is part of the original Champerty Act of 1821, and was construed in Gass v. Maloney, 1 Hum., 452, as applying not to the bona fides of the parties to the sale, 'but with reference to the provisions and policy of the Act. [197] . Eighth. — The seventh assignment raises the question as to whether entry 2244, which conflicts with entry 1949, is special. It is unnecessary to rule upon .this, inasmuch as this entry lies inside 1727, and we 'have already decided that the latter entry was the superior title by reason of adverse possession. Ninth. — The defendant, Win. Lewallen, is the owner of entry Ho. 1800, upon which he obtained grant Ho. 22704. ’This was an entry for 2,500 acres. It laps upon complainants’ two entries, 1950 and 1942. Plotting 1950 as having its south-eastern corner upon the two poplars and oaks, a very large part of this entry lies between 1942 and 1950, reducing the lap inside of 1950 to a very few acres. ' Lewallen has had a very ancient possession within the lap of his entry upon 1942, This possession antedates the death of Louis Blei-dorn, and was continued more than seven years. Complainants concede that this possession has barred any recovery of so much of entry Ho. 1800 as lies within their entry Ho. 1942. The ninth assignment assigns as error in the Chancellor the decree adjudging that the true boundary of ' 1800 is to be determined by the marked lines found upon the ground which extend the entry beyond the calls of the grant. If the grant to Lewallen be surveyed according to its courses and distances, it will contain 500 acres less than are found within the marked lines contended for by defendant. This grant is laid down on the [198] plot made by Surveyor Scott in sucb way as to show by dotted lines the grant as surveyed by its calls and distances, and by solid lines the grant as it is marked off on the ground. The defendant, Lewallen, says the entry was not surveyed all around before issuance ,of grant; that the original survey, was made by one Staples, who surveyed only the eastern boundary of the entry and a part of the north line, marking a Spanish oak as the beginning corner. Afterward, the lines were all surveyed and marked by one Vaughn, a deputy county surveyor. He says he always claimed to these marked lines, and that his neighbors recognized them as his lines. The grant calls for marked trees at the two eastern corners; the other calls _ are for distance and stakes. The proof is, that the lines running east and west, as marked by Vaughn after issuance of grant, are 130 poles longer than the distance called for in the grant, and that the eastern line, which is the only one claimed to have been marked at date of grant, shows much more ancient marks than the other lines. From Lewallen’s own proof, 'it is clear that when he had his lines marked, he extended the length of his grant 130 poles beyond its true calls. His possession is not within this extension. Entry 1800 is older than complainants’ entry by a few months, but the grant is something over a year younger than complainants’ grant. Lew-allen does not state the date of his extension. [199] But as his grant is younger than complainants’ grant, and his extension was made after his grant, it follows that before he had extended and marked his lines complainants’ entry was made and grant obtained. It is not a case where the State alone was concerned in the marking of his lines. Younger enterers had acquired rights, and their rights could only be affected by a processioning in strict accord with the Act ..of 1806, carried into the Code at § 2020 et seq\ This Act requires notice. There is no pretense that notice was given adjoining land-owners, or that complainants or their privies in estate were present or countenanced this marking and extension. In discussing the early cases of Whiteside v. Singleton, Meigs, 207, and Overton’s Heirs v. Cannon, 2 Hum., 264, this Court said, in Chouning v. Simmons, that in those cases “there were no-adjacent owners, the land being vacant and unappropriated, and of course the question of notice could not arise, and did not, the controversy being between an enteren subsequent to the survey and the original grantee.” 5 Hum., 303. • It would hardly seem necessary to argue the proposition that a subsequent enterer’s rights cannot be affected by a resurvey and remarking of an older entry, unless the formalities' of the processioning Act' are shown to have been complied with, or unless, after knowledge, he acquiesces under such circumstances as amount to an estoppel. There is no element of estoppel here. The ac [200] quiescence of adjacent neighbors cannot affect complainants, who are not shown to have had any knowledge whatever of the extension of the lines of this ■ conflicting entry, or of the survey and marking of these lines. The question we regard as settled by - the cases of Chouning v. Simmons, 5 Hum., 299; Woodfolk v. Cornwall, 1 Head, 273; Nolen v. Wilson, 5 Sneed, 333; and Fly v. E. T. College, 2 Sneed, 689. The case of Williamson v. Buchanan, 2 Over-ton, ' 278, is not in point. The remarking and extension was done before the rights of younger enterers accrued. So in the case of Caruthers v. Crockett, 7 Lea, 91. Entry ' 1800 is the superior title only to the calls and courses contained in the grant, and the second line must stop at the point where the poles give out. It is not a case where course and distance yield to natural objects or to an old marked line presumably run before the grant issued. This grant calls for courses and distances only; and it not being shown that the lines as mai'ked- on the ground were so run and marked at the time the grant issued, the lines must terminate, as against the conflicting rights of a younger enterer, where the distance .gives out. The ninth assignment is therefore sustained. Tenth. — The tenth assignment relates to the character of entry 1495, as to whether it is general or special. The enti-y is in these words: “ Samuel Scott, Sr., enters 5,000 acres of land [201] in said Morgan County, on both sides of Emory River, beginning on the east corner of Thomas Scott’s 150-acre entry, on the east side of Emory, and then running up, Emory on both sides for complement, to include the complement after plotting out all prior legal rights.” Entered September 15, 1832. "We. held, in the case of Scott v. Lewallen, at the September Term, 1888, that this entry was not special on its face. It is now insisted that under the proof in the record the entry is special. The only evidence relied upon to show it a special entry is an entry for 150 acres in favor of Thos. Scott, and presumably the one called for in entry 1495. This Thos. Scott entry is in these words: “Thos. Scott enters 150 acres of land in said county on the waters of Emory, adjoining the survey made in the name of Jacob Laymence, under the foot of the mountain, and running around under the foot of. the mountain, joining the new ground.” There is no proof as to the location of this entry, none as to a survey in the name of Jacob Laymence, and none as to what is meant by the call for the foot of the mountain. In other words, there is no proof that the natural objects called for ever existed or were notorious. Neither is there proof as to the notoriety of the place on which Samuel Scott then lived. The Thomas Scott entry was one capable of being shown a special entry by proof of the existence of either the [202] natural or artificial objects called for and their notoriety. No such proof being made, a call for it in the entry subsequently made by Samuel Scott does not make it a special entry. Of course, if it had been shown that the Thomas Scott entry was a notorious entry, or if this entry had been supported hy proof of the notoriety of the objects called for in it, such proof would operate to make entry 1495 a special entry. In the absence of such proof,. we are constrained to hold that it is not special, and that the grant thereon does not relate to it. Wood v. Elledge, 11 Heis., 607; Barnes v. Sellers, 2 Sneed, 33; Brummett v. Scott, 4 Heis., 321. The entry belongs to that class of entries which may be aided by proof and thus shown to-be a special entry. The tenth assignment is sustained. The thirteenth and fourteenth assignments relate to the finding hy the Chancellor that 'there was an adverse possession within entries 1495 and 2661, both of which conflict with 1950, and that this possession began before death of Bleidorn, and was continued for seven' years. It is sufficient to say that neither of these assignments is well taken. The weight of proof is with the finding of the Chancellor. The fifteenth assignment, relating to a 100-acre claim in favor of Defendant Sexton, is likewise overruled. A question has been made as to the . supposed [203] extension of the lines of 1495 after issuance of grant, and complainants insist that this entry and the grant thereon contains 1,800 acres less than as it- is marked on the ground, and that the lines have been extended by a remarking. There is no proof of this. Complainants’ witness, Scott, when asked as to the age of the marked lines, says: “ It is a very old line, but I think I noticed marks on the first line of the grant which appeared to be older.” The presumption is that this very old marked line was the line of the original survey, and this, proof is altogether insufficient to overcome this presumption. This entry had been surveyed before complainants’ entiles were made, and it would require very clear proof — such as was made in the case of entry No. 1800 — of a remarking and extension subsequent to the vesting of- complainants’ rights to overcome the presumption in favor of an old marked line. The conclusion we reach upon the whole case is that the defendants have maintained their defenses to the lands embraced in their special pleas, and are entitled to an affirmance of the decree of the Chancellor, save as to the Defendant Lewallen, against whom complainants are entitled to a modification of the decree in so far as to allow them to recover so much of the lands embraced in entry 1942 as is not within the lines of entry 1800 when surveyed by the grant, the second line being terminated at the point where the distance gives [204] out, ignoring the recently-marked line. A small part of entry 1800 laps upon entry 1950. This lap is not within Lewallen’s entry when properly surveyed, and complainants will also recover this.' The recovery by complainants embrace but a small part of the lands sued for, and but a small part of that for which they sued Lewallen. Complainants will therefore pay ninety per cent, of all costs, and the remainder will be paid by Lewallen. (Knoxville. October 28, 1890.) I. Will, Foreign. Passes lands in Tennessee without probate or registration here. Doctrine re-affirmed that a foreign will, executed and attested in conformity to our statutes, passes lands situated in Tennessee without probate or registration in this State where it has been duly proved and recorded at the testator’s domicile in another State under statutes of that State identical with our own. Code construed: #30221’t seq. (M. &V.); {¡2182 et seq. (T. & S.). Case cited and approved: Smith v. Neilson, 13 Lea, 461. 2. Same. Case in judgment. B’s will devised lands situated in Tennessee to his widow for life, and remainder to his children. This will was executed and attested as required by our statutes. It was duly proved and recorded in New York, the testator’s domicile, under statutes of that State identical with our own. It was not recorded or registered in Tennessee. After B’s death a stranger to his title took possession of the devisel lands, and held them adversely for a period of more than seven years under an independent, but inferior, claim and color of title. This adverse possessor had no notice, actual or constructive, of B’s will. He conveyed his supposed title to a purchaser who had none. The remainder-men sued this purchaser for the land within three years after the life tenant’s death. Seven years’ adverse possession was interposed as a defense to this suit. [204] Chief Justice Turney concurs in the result, but he does not believe that the case of Smith v. Neil-son, 13 Lea, .461, should be followed, and dissents on this point of the opinion.