Bruner v. Bank

WiLKES, J. This bill is filed to recover from the defendant, Cox, as receiver of the First National Bank of Johnson City, $1,163.83, balance to their credit in the bank when it closed its doors, November 12, 1894. There was demurrer to the bill, and it was amended so as to charge that the deposits made November 10 and November 12, 1894, were traceable into and formed part of the fund on hand when the bank failed, and that the fund in bank was all the time after the deposits more than the amount of these deposits. The Chancellor held that the bank officials obtained the deposits through fraud, knowing the bank to be insolvent when they were received. He was of opinion that $276.32 of the deposits could be — 542 — traced into the funds on hand when the bank suspended, and the remainder of $886.86 could not be so traced. He gave decree for the former sum, as a preferred debt, but as to the latter amount held that the complainant could only share pro rata in the assets of the bank. Complainant and the receiver both appealed, but, the record failing to show an appeal granted, the appeals were by this Court dismissed. Afterward the cause was brought to this Court by writ of error on the part of the bank and its receiver, and, errors being assigned, the case has been heard by the Court of Chancery Appeals, and the Chancellor’s decree reversed and the bill dismissed. The facts, as found by the Court of Chancery Appeals, are that the bank officials were guilty of fraud in obtaining the complainant’s deposits now in controversy, in not only withholding knowledge of the bank’s insolvency, which was well known to them, but in active misrepresentation that the bank was in a safe and solvent condition. That Court also finds that there is no evidence that the checks deposited were on hand when the bank failed, or that their proceeds constituted a part of the cash turned over to the receiver. The question presented in the case is simply whether the complainant can reclaim, as against the receiver and the other creditors of the bank, the amount of the checks deposited on November 10, 1894, of $18, and on November 12, 1894, of $30 and $36, aggregating $84, upon the — 543 — theory that the bank had on hand when it failed, and always after the deposits were made, more than that amount in cash, the deposits having been secured by fraud of the bank officials. The right of a vendor to reclaim specific personal property from a vendee or his assignee, when it has been obtained by fraud and the property can be identified, cannot be disputed. Belding Bros. v. Frankland, 8 Lea, 67. But does a similar rule apply in a case like the present, when the property is paper, or its proceeds, and cannot be identified in kind, and can only be traced into a common fund, with which it has been commingled ? The deposits made by the complainant, whether of paper or money, were received as cash by the Johnson City bank, and credited up to complainant as cash, and the paper was remitted to and received by the New York bank as cash, and so credited up by it to the Johnson City bank. As to the actual cash deposited on the tenth and twelfth of November, it appears that it went into the general funds of the bank, being credited as cash, and there is no claim that it could be identified and separated from the other funds on hand when the receiver took charge, and the right to reclaim this is lost. Aiken v. Jones, 9 Pick., 353; Sayles v. Cox, 11 Pick., 579. But it appears that on November 10, 1894, there was deposited a check or draft on the United States treasury for §18, and on November 12, 1894, two other government checks for §30 and §36. These — 544 — were forwarded for credit, as cash, to the Southern National Bank of New York, before the Johnson City bank closed its doors at noon on November 12, 1894. When they were received by the New York bank, they were credited as cash to the Johnson City bank; but the exact date when thus received. and credited is not made to appear. It is absolutely certain, however, in the natural course of events, that the checks sent on November 12, 1894, the same day the Johnson City bank failed, could not have reached the New York bank and been credited on the same day; but it is not certain that the check sent on the tenth could not have reached the New York bank, and have been credited by it, before the Johnson City bank closed its doors on the twelfth at noon. As to these checks a very nice question arises. It appears that the New York bank paid over to the receiver of the Johnson City bank, after he took possession, about $5,000, retaining a further sum of $771.62 to meet certain in-dorsements upon rediscounts made for the Johnson City bank. This fund embraced the checks referred to, but they having been entered up to the general credit of the Johnson City bank after its failure, the question is, can the amount be reclaimed out of the money paid over to the receiver by the New York bank? It has been held that when a bank ceases to do business, the status of each and every creditor is immediately fixed. After that time a correspondent bank has no power to so deposit or credit funds — 545 — received for the account of the insolvent bank as to affect the rights of the customers or creditors of the insolvent bank. Unquestionably the complainants, in view of the fraud practiced upon them by the bank, had the right, when it closed its doors, to reclaim the government checks deposited on the twelfth, and which were not yet collected or credited, if they could be found. Nor could the New York bank, by afterward collecting these treasury checks and depositing their proceeds to the general account of the Johnson City bank, deprive complainant of his right to such proceeds. The New York bank, after the closing of the doors of the Johnson City bank, could make no further credits to it that could or would in any way affect the right of the complainant to the checks or their proceeds. And this is true, whether the New York bank had notice of the failure of the Johnson City bank or not, when it made the credits. In other words, all checks and drafts received by the New York bank after .the Johnson City bank closed its doors, should have been kept separate, and accounted for to the receiver, for the true owners, and not credited to the Johnson City bank; and such credit, if given, could not prejudice complainant’s right to rescind his contract for fraud, and recover back the proceeds not credited when the insolvent bank failed. It is evident these identical proceeds were embraced in the $5,000 paid over. This holding is sustained, as we think, by — 546 — sound reason, and is supported in principle by the following authorities: Manfs. Nat. Bank v. Continental Bank, 2 L. R. A., 699; St. Louis de San Francisco Ry. Co. v. Johnson, 133 U. S., 566; Commercial Nat. Bank v. Armstrong, 148 U. S., 50; Old Nat. Bank v. German Nat. Bank, 155 U. S., 563; Craigie v. Hadley, 99 N Y., 131: Morse on Banks and Banking, Secs. 589, 5895, 629, 630, 631. It may be that none of the authorities present the question in the exact shape here presented, but the principles decided are, we think, conclusive in this case. It follows that the decree of the Court of Chancery Appeals must be reversed as to the checks deposited by complainant in the Johnson City bank on November 12, 1894, aggregating $66, and for this amount complainant is entitled to a judgment against the receiver, to be paid as a preferential claim, and the remainder of said decree must be affirmed. There being no proof or presumption that the $18 pension check was not received and credited by the Southern National Bank before the Johnson City bank closed its doors, complainant has not made out his right to reclaim or recover the proceeds of it. The cost of the appeal will be paid by the receiver. The other costs as heretofore adjudged.