Union Railway Co. v. Raine

Mr. Justice Wilkes delivered the opinion of the Court. This is an action for condemnation of land for railroad purposes in the exercise of eminent domain. The right to condemn the land is not controverted, and the only question before us is the compensation that should be allowed the land owners as damages. There was atrial in the court below before the judge and a jury, and a vérdict and judgment for $5,000; and for this amount, and interest from the date of the occupation, judgment was rendered. There is nothing to show definitely how much of this was given for the value of the land taken, nor how much — 572 — was for incidental damages to the remainder of the tract. As a matter of correct practice, these amounts should be reported separately by the. jury, although a joint judgment for both together may be rendered. The first assignment made is that the jury were instructed that they might estimate the damages incidental to the taking, as if the entire strip was occupied by as many tracks as practicable. We are of the opinion that there is no error in this. When a railroad asks to have land condemned for its purposes, it is presumed to ask for only so much as it may need for its purposes; and the damages should be assessed upon the theory or basis that the entire right of way asked for is intended to be devoted to the purposes of the railroad, either at once or subsequently; and, inasmuch as the landowner can have only one assessment of damages, it is proper that the entire damages shall be given to him at the time the property is taken and the condemnation made. After taking the right of way, the railroad company has the right at any time to occupy every portion of the way taken that it may deem necessary for the purposes of the railroad. R. Co. v. French, 100 Tenn., 209, S. W., 771, 66 Am: St. Rep., 752. The fact that the railroad company does not contemplate the immediate occupation and use cannot alter the measure of damages. See, also, R. Co. v. Telford’s Executors, 89 Tenn., 293, 14 S. W., 776. — 573 — As was said in Alloway v. Nashville, 88 Tenn., 510, 13 S. W., 123, 8 L. E. A., 123: “The owner is entitled to all of Ms damages — those to the land taken and those to the residue— so soon , as the condemnation is made. Neither he nor the condemning party can await future developments to enhance or diminish the amount of the damages. These must he estimated on the assumption that the land appropriated will he properly and in a reasonable time put to the use for which it is condemned.” It is said that the court erred in refusing to charge the following charge requested by the plaintiff: “In considering the possibilities of the uses to which this ground is adapted, you are instructed that you should not assume, that when these Union Eailway tracks are constructed, this will prevent other roads on Broadway having access to the manufactories or industries that may be constructed on this land. The law makes the provision for one road crossing another to reach industries, and the contract between the city and the Union Eailway provides for such crossings.” In order to understand the materiality of this request, it is necessary to give a description of the property, and the location of the road over it. The entire tract belonging to defendant, Eaine, consists of 10.61 acres, lying on the south side of Broadway, near McGhee’s Station, and is bounded on the west by Elmwood Cemetery, from which it is separated by Elmwood avenue. The entire tract is substantially the same kind of land, and the — 574 — physical topography or contour of the strip taken is the same as the balance of the tract. The strip taken embraces about one-third of an acre, or, to be accurate, .36, and fronts 270 feet on Broadway, which is not a public street, but a general railroad right of way for various roads entering the city of Memphis,'and is not used by vehicles at this place. Before the plaintiff entered upon it, there were already five tracks located on Broadway, abutting the front of this property, to wit, two tracks belonging to the Frisco Road, two to the Southern, one to the Chattanooga Road, and now one to the plaintiff, Union Road. The proof shows that the property is valuable for manufacturing sites, and it is conceded that the several railroads which run in front of it had a right to build switches and spurs across each other in order to reach any manufactories or industries that may be erected upon this land. It is a question which is controverted whether these several roads, after the track of the Union Railway Company is laid between them and this property, will have the right to pass over the track of this Union Road in order to reach the property of such manufactories and industries as may be erected upon it. There is proof tending to show that, if these roads have the right to cross the Union Railway with switches and spurs in order to reach this property, that fact will materially affect the question of damages to the remainder of the property caused by the building of the Union — 575 — Eailway tracks; and there is a strong intimation from one or more of the witnesses that, if the Union Eailway tracks can be thus crossed, the remainder of the property wonld not be damaged, and therefore the actual damage to the landowner would be only the value of the land taken. It is shown by the proof, to wit, the contracts with the city and its ordinances, that the Union Eailway Company is authorized to, construct switches and spurs in order to reach any manufactories or industries that may be erected upon this land, or upon any other along its line. The contracts and ordinances of the city of Memphis were put in proof, in effect providing that any other railroad company should have the right to cross the tracks of the Union Eailway Company to reach other railroads, industries, or shippers located upon either side of it, and that the Union Eailway Company should have a like right to cross any other railroad for a like purpose. It was contended by the defendant that this contract and ordinance did not apply to the locality in question. As to whether it did or not was a question for the court to decide, upon a proper construction of the terms of the contracts and ordinances. It was a very vital and material question, affecting the amount of the incidental damages, and the request was designed to obtain the instruction of the court as to the right of these different roads to cross the Union Eailway tracks in order to reach this property. — 576 — The instruction should have been given in the original charge, hut, if omitted in that, it should have been given in response to the request. The request embodies a true and proper construction of the contracts between the Union Railway Company and the city of Memphis, and of the ordinances before referred to; and the contracts and ordinances leave no doubt that the several railroads do have the right to cross the track of the Union Railway Company in order to reach this and other property. In addition, our statute provides that all the railroads of the State have power to construct their roads so as to cross each other, if necessary, by main trunks or branches, or to unite with each other as with branches, Shannon’s Code, section 1504. Section 1489 also provides that any railroad may build lateral roads, not exceeding eight miles in length, extending from the main stem of said line of railroad to any mill, quarry, mine, manufacturing plant, etc. This right to cross the track of the Union Railway Company in order to reach this and other property was an important one, to be considered in determining the question of incidental damages done to the remainder of the tract. Our statute provides .that incidental benefits which may result to the owner by reason of the proposed improvement may be taken into consideration in estimating incidental damages. Shannon’s Code, section 1857. — 577 — Row, if these several railroads, having tracks along Broadway, have the same right of access to this property that they had before the construction of the Union Railway Line, and the property gets also the benefit of the frontage upon the Union Railway Line, with the right to have tracks laid to it from that line, it may be a question whether the incidental benefits to this land do not equal the incidental damages, or to state the proposition differently, whether any incidental damages arise. However this may be — and as to this we express no opinion — if there be such incidental damages, over and above the incidental benefits, they should be estimated upon the theory and basis that none of the roads are cnt off from access to the property by the construction of the Union Line. It is said that the court erred in instructing the jury as follows: “You are likewise instructed that, in assessing the damages to the land actually taken by the Union Railway Company, it would not be reasonable or proper to fix the price of one acre or the fourth of an acre or tenth of an acre at the general rate of the whole tract or a. larger quantity, or even to estimate so many square feet, taken at the general fair value of the whole tract. This would be selling by retail, and ought to be at a higher price for the quantity taken.” This is the exact language of this court in the leading case of Woodfolk v. N. & C. R. Go., 2 Swan, 438. — 578 — Exception is taken to the latter sentence, the language of which is, “This would he selling by retail, and ought to be at a higher price for the quantity taken.” The argument is that this rule is an invasion of the province of the jury, since it does not follow that the sale of a small strip or parcel of the strip would in all cases be at a higher price than the average price of the land as an entire tract. And it is said that in the sale of a small part of the tract sometimes a higher price may be realized, and sometimes a lower price, and that it is a matter of common observation that a sale of an entire tract as a whole can usually be made at an advance over the price when the land is subdivided. In other words, common experience is that the sale of land as an entire tract will generally bring more than if it is sold in small tracts or subdivisions. We are of opinion that this criticism is well made, and a more accurate charge would be that, when a small strip or portion of the land is involved, it ought to be valued at such a price, for the quantity taken, as the jury deemed it would be worth at that place and in that form, whether that be more or less than the price proven per acre for the whole tract. For the reasons indicated, we think there is error in the judgment of the court below, and the judgment is reversed.