Ehrlich v. Weber

Me. Justice Neil, after making the foregoing state-' ment of facts, delivered the opinion of the Court. Regardless of whether the said Wilhelmina and her husband Adolph Weher, Sr., were aliens, their children, Emma, and Adolph, Jr., having been born in this country and under its jurisdiction, became at once, by virtue of such birth, American citizens. United, States v. Wong Kim Ark, 169 U. S., 649, 18 Sup. Ct, 456, 42 L. Ed., 890. Rudolph C. Ehrlich, complainant, having been born — 717 — in a foreign country, and hence an alien, Ms status of alienage would be presumed to continue, in the absence of proof that he had denationalized himself or ceased to be a citizen of his native land, and the mere fact of long residence in this country would not he sufficient to overcóme the presumption thus arising. Havenstein v. Lynham, 100 U. S., 483, 25 L. Ed., 628; Green v. Salas (C. C.), 31 Fed., 107; Bode v. Trimmer, 82 Cal., 517, 23 Pac., 188; State, ex rel. Thayer, v. Boyd, 31 Neb., 730, 48 N. W., 753, 51 N. W., 602. The same conclusion holds in respect of Adolph Weber, Sr., and of his wife, Wilhelmina. Hence, while it is true, as contended by complainant’s counsel, that an alien woman, otherwise eligible to citizenship here, may become a citizen by intermarrying with a citizen of this country, and that her minor child, of a former marriage, brought by her to this country and residing with her, will, upon such marriage to a citizen of this country, ipso facto, become also a citizen along with Ms mother X United States v. Kellar (C. C.), 13 Fed., 82; Kreitz v. Behrensmeyer (Ill.), 17 N. E., 232, 8 Am. St. Rep., 349), there is nothing in tMs case upon which to rest such a conclusion in favor of the complainant. His mother was clearly not a citizen, aside from any consideration of her intermarriage with Adolph Weber, Sr., and that marriage did not confer citizenship upon her, for the reason that Adolph Weber, Sr., was not himself a citizen. The facts stated concerning his origin are sufficient to show that he was an alien. The testimony of Emma Weber — 718 — upon this subject, set out in the statement, would, no doubt, have been excluded in the court below, as pure hearsay, if a proper objection had been interposed; but there was no> objection, and the evidence must be considered. The testimony"of Mrs. Heinrichs as to the statements made to her by Adolph Weber, Sr., as to the place of his birth, should probably have been held competent, even if an exception had been interposed. Groves v. Gordon, 3 Brev. (S. C.), 245. But see Schuster v. State, 80 Wis., 107, 49 N. W., 30. We are referred to Lucas v. United States, 163 U. S., 612, 16 Sup. Ct., 1168, 48 L. Ed., 282, as a controlling authority .against the admissibility of the evidence. It is, indeed, held in that case that such evidence would not be admissible for the purpose of sustaining the jurisdiction of the court in a criminal case; but it is conceded in the opinion that in a contest over property rights the admission of the deceased person as to his status “might be competent” against those claiming under him. At all events, this evidence must be allowed, no objection having been offered in the trial court. Considering together all of the facts recited upon this subject in the statement, we are of the opinion that they are 'sufficient to justify the conclusion that Adolph Weber, Sr., was an alien, and that he never became a citizen of this country. If by reason of alienage the complainant be barred of the inheritance, the whole estate must go to defendant, Emma Weber, who is a citizen of this country, and cap — 719 — able of taking the inheritance. Orr v. Hodgson, 4 Wheat., 453, 4 L. Ed., 613. An alien has no heritable blood under the common law, and, if he take at all, he must do so under statutes of the State where the property is, or by the provisions of. treaties. Baker v. Shy, 9 Heisk., 85. The statutes of this State bearing upon the question are the following, viz.: Sections 1998, 1999, 2000, of the Code of 1858. “Sec. 1998. An alien may take and hold real estate in this State, by purchase, inheritance, or in any other way' which may be agreed upon by treaty between the United States and the country of which he is a citizen or subject. “Sec. 1999. Any alien resident in this State, who has legally declared his intention, under the naturalization laws, to become a citizen of the United States, may take and hold, dispose of or transmit by descent, any real estate, as a native citizen. “Sec. 2000. An alien who is a resident in the United States at the time of the death of an intestate, and has declared, or shall within twelve months thereafter declare his intention, according to the acts of congress, to become, a citizen, shall be capable of inheriting the estate of such intestate.” Shannon’s Code, sections 3659, 3660, containing the provisions of chapter 2, p. 4, Acts 1875: “Sec. 3659. Aliens to Hold and Dispose of Property. An alien, resident, or nonresident, may take and hold — 720 — property, real or personal, in this State, either by purchase, descent, or devise, and dispose of or transmit same by sale, descent, or devise, as a native citizen; and in all cases where aliens, resident or nonresident, have hereto^ fore acquired title to property, real or personal, in this State, in a lawful manner, said aliens, their assigns, heirs, devisees, or representatives, shall hold and ^dispose of the same in the same manner as native citizens. “Sec. 3660. Heirs of Aliens may Inherit. The heir or heirs of an alien, whether resident or nonresident of the United States, may take any lands, so held by descent, or otherwise, as citizens of the United States.” The act of 1883, p. 330, c. 250, viz.: “Section 1. Be it enacted by the general assembly of the State of Tennessee, that hereafter when any person dies, a resident of this State, intestate and without issue, possessed of real or personal property, and when nearest of kin are aliens to the United States, the same shall he distributed as follows: “First. By his brothers and sisters of the whole blood, born before his or her death, or afterwards, to be divided among them equally, and if any such brother or sister died in the intestate’s lifetime, bearing issue, such issue shall represent their deceased parent, and be entitled to the same part of the estate of the uncle or aunt as their father or mother would have been entitled to, if living. In default of brothers and sisters, or their issue, the said estate shall be inherited by the father and mother of the intestate equally; if both be dead, the — 721 — equal moieties by the heirs of the father and mother, in equal degrees, or representing them in equal degrees of relationship to the intestate; but if such heirs or those they represent do not stand in equal degree of relationship to the intestate, then the heirs nearest in blood to the intestate shall take in preference to others more remote. “Section 2. Be it further enacted, that any alien to whom property, personal or real, shall descend under the provisions of this act, shall have the right to hold, sell, alienate, and convey the same in as full and ample a manner as if he or she were a citizen of the United States.” The treaty provisions bearing upon the controversy are articles 2 and 3 of the treaty of M'ay 4, 1845, ratified August 12, 1846, between the United States and the king of Saxony, viz.: “Art. 2. Where, on the death of any person holding real property within the territories of one party, such real property would by the laws of the land descend on a citizen or subject of the other, were he not disqualified by alienage, or where such real property has been devised by last will and testament to such citizen or subject, he shall be allowed a term of two years from the death of such person — which term may be reasonably prolonged according to circumstances — to sell the same and to withdraw the proceeds thereof without molestation, and exempt from all duties of detraction on the part of the government of the respective states. — 722 — “Art.'3. The citizens or subjects of each of tbe contracting parties shall have power to dispose of their personal property within the states of the other, by testament, donation, or otherwise; and their heirs, being citizens or subjects of the other contracting party, shall succeed to their said personal property, whether by testament or ab intestato, and may take possession thereof, either by themselves or by others acting for them, and dispose of the same at their pleasure, paying such duties only as the inhabitants of the country where the said property lies shall be liable to pay in like cases.” Treaties and Conventions between U. S. and Other Powers, pp. 981, 982 (9 Stat., 830, 831). The treaty made between the United States and the German Empire soon after the formation of the latter does not appear, upon examination, to have carried any purpose of abrogating or annulling the treaties in existence at that time between the states composing the German Empire and foreign countries. Treaties and Conventions, etc., pp. 363-369 (17 Stat., 921-933). See, also, comment upon this subject in Wunderle v. Wunderle (Ill.), 33 N. E., 195, 19 L. R. A., 84, 86; In re Thomas, 12 Blatchf., 370, Fed. Cas. No. 13,887. That treaty, perhaps it may be said, impliedly recognized the former treaties referred to, so far as property rights were concerned, in the following provision appearing in the last paragraph of article 10, viz.: “In all successions to inheritances, citizens of each of the contracting parties shall pay in the country of the other such duties only as they — 723 — would be liable to pay, if they were citizens of tbe country in which the property is situated or the judicial administration of the same may be exercised.” Treaties and Conventions, etc., page 366 (17 Stat., 926). Our statute controlling the inheritance of our own citizens in cases similar to the present is the following: “If the estate was acquired by the intestate, and he died without issue, his land shall be inherited by his brothers and sisters of the whole and half blood, born before Ms death or afterwards, to be divided amongst them equally.” Shannon’s Code, section 4163, subsec. 2. Under our statute of distributions, the personalty, in casé of the death of both the father and mother of the intestate, would be divided equally between brothers and sisters. Shannon’s Code, section 4172, subsec. 5. In case of a conflict between the statutes of a State and the terms of the treaty, the latter must prevail, since the federal constitution provides that “All treaties made or which shall be made under the authority of the United States shall be. the supreme law of the land, and the judges in every State shall be bound thereby, anything in the constitution or laws of any State to> the contrary notwithstanding” (article 6). Eauenstem v. Lynham, supra; Ex parte Cooper, 143 U. S., 472, 12 Sup. Ct., 453, 36 L. Ed., 232; Whitney v. Robertson, 124 U. S., 190, 8 Sup. Ct., 456, 31 L. Ed., 386; United States v. Rauscher, 119 U. S., 407, 7 Sup. Ct., 234, 30 L. Ed., 425; Blythe v. Hinckly, 180 U. S., 333, 21 Sup. Ct., 390, 45 L. Ed., 557. — 724 — This rule has "been recognized in this State (Baker v. Shy, supra) and in other States (Succession of Rabasse, 47 La. Ann., 1455, 17 South., 867, 49 Am. St. Rep., 435; Opel v. Shoup, 100 Iowa, 424, 69 N. W., 563, 37 L. R. A., 586; Yeaker’s Heirs v. Yeaker’s Heirs, 4 Metc. (Ky.), 33, 81 Am. Dec., 530). And see extended note to Succession of Rixner, 32 L. R. A., 177-189, 81 Am. Dec., 538, note. In Blythe v. Hinckly, supra, it is said: “This court has held from the earliest times, in cases where there was no treaty, that the laws of the State where the real property was situated governed the title, and were conclusive in regard thereto.” 180 U. S., 341, 21 Sup. Ct., 393, 45 L. Ed., 557. Again: “Questions have arisen as to the rights of aliens to hold property in a State undertreaties between this government and foreign nations which directly provide for that right, and it has been said that in such case the right of aliens was governed by the treaty, and, if that were in opposition to the law of the particular State where the property was situated, in such case the State law was suspended during the treaty or term provided for therein.” Id. The clear meaning of article 2 of the treaty is, touching the right of inheritance, that the aliens protected thereby shall have the same right as citizens in the same situation — that is, shall inherit just as they would if they were citizens — with the qualification that this right shall be subject to the exercise of a power to sell the land and withdraw the proceeds within a time limited. — 725 — It was held in Schultze v. Schultze (Ill.), 33 N. E., 201,19 L. R. A., 90, 36 Am. St. Rep., 432, construing similar language in another treaty, that the alien took “a fee, determinable by the non exercise of the power of sale within” the time limited; approving Kull v. Kull, 37 Hun, 476. On the theory that the rights of the complainant are controlled wholly by the treaty, it would result that he would take an interest in the land according to Shannon’s Code, section 4163, snbsec. 2, above quoted, qualified by the necessity of selling within the two years limited in the treaty, or within such reasonable time thereafter as the court might fix; also that he would have the right to file a bill for partition, preparatory to a sale, as was done in this case. Schultze v. Schultze, supra. But as held in Blythe v. Hinckly, supra, there is no incapacity on the part of the State to give to aliens more than the treaty vouchsafes to them. This view of the matter necessitates an inquiry into the meaning of our statutory provisions purporting to regulate the rights of aliéns in property situated in this State. The act of 1875, reproduced in Shannon’s Code in sections 3659 and 3650, was designed by the legislature to completely cover the ground, and in fact did so; thereby superseding the provision of the Code of 1858, and operating as an implied repeal of those sections. This act placed aliens in all respects, as to the succession to property, in the same situation as citizens. The act of 1883 relating to the same subject must be construed in pari materia with the act of 1875, hut, operating as a limitation upon the rights granted by the — 726 — former act, must be strictly construed. So construing it, we bold that it only applies to a case in which all of the heirs are aliens; and inasmuch as one of the two heirs to the estate in controversy in the present case is a citizen, and one an alien, the act does not apply to the case before us, and the act of 1875 controls, with the result that the complainant takes a full half interest in the estate. It is perhaps needless to add that the act of 1883 could not in any event regulate the rights of the parties in any case falling within the terms of the treaty copied above, since its provisions are in clear contravention of the treaty. If it was required of the complainant to make formal claim of his rights under the treaty, the demand was sufficiently made in the pleadings; but we are of opinion that no such demand was necessary, since “the constitution, laws, and treaties of the United States, are as much a part of the laws of every State as its own local laws and constitution.” Blythe v. Hinckly, 173 U. S., 501, 508, 19 Sup. Ct., 497, 43 L. Ed., 783, 786. “This,” it was said in Hauenstein v. Lynham, 100 U. S., 483, 25 L. Ed., 628, “is a fundamental principle in our system of complex national policy.” The chancellor committed no error in the matter of costs and commissions complained of in the brief of defendant’s counsel. The costs of the court below will be paid as decreed by the chancellor. The defendant will pay the costs of this court.