Bailey v. Henry

Mr. Justice Buchanan delivered the opinion of the Court. This suit was brought for the use of the State of Tennessee for the purpose of collecting from the defendant — 395 — 1635.75, claimed on behalf of the State as a collateral inheritance tax on certain land in Montgomery county, Tennessee, to which the State insists that the defendent acquired title under item 4 of the will of Patrick Henry, deceased, which item reads: “4. I give to my nephew, Gustavos A. Henry, the plantation in Montgomery County, Tenn., which I bought from E. W. Barker and wife, which is known as part of the dower tract of Oloverlands.” The statute on which the suit is based is chapter 174, Acts of 1893, and so far as necessary to be set out is: “That all estates — real, personal and mixed — of every kind whatsoever, situated within this State, whether the person or persons dying seized theerof be domiciled Avithin or out of this State, passing from any person who may die seized or possessed of such estates,- either hy will or under the intestate laws of this State, or any part of such estate or estates or interest therein, transferred by deed, grant bargain, gift or sale, made in contemplation of death or intended to take effect in possession or enjoyment after the death of the grantor or bargainor to any person or persons or to bodies corporate or politic, in trust or otherwise, other than to or for the use of the father, mother, husband, Avife, children, and lineal descendants born in laAvful wedlock of the person dying seized and possessed thereof, shall be, and they are hereby, made subject to a duty or tux,” etc. The defendant was successful, both in the county court and on appeal therefrom in the circuit court, and from the judgment of the latter the plaintiff appealed to — 396 — this court, and lias made four assignments of error, raising, however, only one question, which is, was the judgment appealed from erroneous? The act whereon the suit is based must be strictly construed against the State and in favor of the taxpayer. State v. Alston, 94 Tenn., 674, 30 S. W., 750, 28 L. R. A., 178; Knox v. Emerson, 123 Tenn., 409, 131 S. W., 972; English v. Crenshaw, 120 Tenn., 531, 110 S. W., 210, 17 L. R. A. (N. S.), 753, 127 Am. St. Rep., 1025; Crenshaw et al. v. Moore et al., 124 Tenn., 528, 137 S. W., 924, 34 L. R. A. (N. S.), 1161. In the construction of the statute on which the suit is based, the meaning of the ■word “estate” is to be determined. Lord Coke defines the word thus: “State or estates signifieth such inheritance, or freehold, term for years, tenancie by statute merchant, staple eliget, or the like, as any man hath in lands or tenements.” Co. Lit., 345a. “An estate in lands, tenements or hereditaments signifies such an interest as the tenant has therein.” Hoge v. Hollister, 2 Cooper, Chancery Reports, 606. The words of the statute, “passing from any person who may die seized or possessed of such estates,” mean that the person dying must be seized or possessed, at the time of death of the whole estate or interest on which the statute seeks to fix the tax, as it is the privilege of succession to the whole estate which passes by the will, or under the law of descent, which this portion of the statute seeks to tax in the hands of the successor to the testator or decedent as the case may be. — 397 — So much of the statute as we have thus construed applies to estates which pass from the dead to the living by will, or by the statute of descent. The remaining portion of the statute seeks to tax the whole or any part of an estate or estates transferred by the owner by deed, grant, bargain, gift, or sale, while in life, but made in contemplation of death, or intended to take effect in possession or enjoyment after the death of the grantor or bargainor. The facts to which the statute as construed must be applied in this case are as follows: Patrick Henry, the testator, was the uncle of the defendant. The testator made his will on October 18, 1905, in which appears the devise of the land to defendant already set out. Upon the occasion of the birth of a daughter to the defendant, the testator named the child after his mother, Marion McClure, and in honor of the birth of the child, and the name which he was permitted to bestow upon her, the testator made a parol gift to the defendant of the same tract of land which he had devised to the defendant by his will. This parol gift was made on February 28, 1908. By the gift defendant was authorized to take immediate possession of the land as his own property. Defendant did take possession of it, made a crop on it during the year 1908, paid the taxes on it for that year, claimed it as his own, and adversely to the donor, all of which facts were known to the donor, and the latter stated to third parties that he had given the land to the defendant, and the donor never disputed the defendant’s right to the land between the date of the parol gift and — 398 — the date of the donor’s death, which occurred on November 23, 1908. He died, leaving his will unchanged, by which will he had devised the land to the defendant. Just here it must be noted that this suit is predicated wholly upon the devise contained in the will, and not at all upon any disposition of the land made by the donor while in life in favor of the defendant, so that, as we have construed the statute, the plaintiff’s case must .stand or fall upon its insistence that, notwithstanding the parol gift, the whole estate of which the defendant is now seized and possessed in the land passed to and became vested in him by the fourth clause of the will of the testator. The vital question being thus sharply drawn, the quantum of estate in the land which was vested in the testator at the time of his death would seem to be the controlling question. In the chapter which discusses alienation by deed and the common assurances of title of the kingdom, Mr. Blackstone mentions feoffment, and of it says: “It is the most ancient method of conveyance, the most solemn and public, and therefore the most easily remembered and proved, and it may properly be defined as the gift of any corporeal hereditament to another. He that so gives or enfeoffs is called the feoffor, and the person enfeoffed is denominated the feoffee.” By this ancient method the estate in fee in land was first created, and was distinguished from the conveyance by gift (donatio) only in that by enfeoffment an estate in fee may be created, but by the conveyance‘by gift (donatio) an estate tail alone could be — 399 — created. - The operative words of each form of conveyance were the same, “do” or -“dedi.” Estates tail, general and special, by our statute of 1784 (chapter 22, section 5), now appearing as section 3673, Shannon’s Code, were abolished; but the estate in fee created by our modern deed has its origin in the ancient feoffment. Now of this estate Mr. Blackstone says: “But- by the mere words of the deed the feoffment is by no means perfected. There remains a very material ceremony to be performed, called livery of seizin, without which the feoffee has but a mere estate at will. This livery of seizin is no other than the pure feudal investiture, or delivery of corporeal possession of the land or tenement, which was held absolutely necessary to complete the donation. ‘Nam jeudum sine investitura nullo modo constituí potuit.’ And an estate was then only perfect when, as the author of Fleta expresses it in our law, ‘Fit juris et seisinae conjunction” And this court has defined a title in fee to be “a full and absolute estate, beyond and outside of which there was no other interest or even shadow of right.” Earnest v. Little River Land & Lumber Co., 109 Tenn., 435, 75 S. W., 1122. The word “sale” in. our statute of frauds (section 3142, Shannon’s Code) means alienation, and an action on a parol contract made by the owner, binding him to give or donate land to another, would, we think, fall within the terms of that statute. A contrary holding would open a wide door to perjury and fraud, and defeat, as we think, one of the purposes of the statute. — 400 — But our statute of frauds does not in terms denounce as void ab initio a contract made in contravention of its terms with respect to the alienation of lands. It only-bars any action on such contract, and the statute is operative to defeat such a'contract only when interposed by one of the parties, and such contract may be enforced by the consent and upon the application of the parties to it, and so long as it is recognized, affirmed, and adhered to by the parties, it cannot be annulled by voluntary action of the courts, as has been held by this court, where a parol sale of land was involved, in the case of Brakefield v. Anderson, 87 Tenn., 209, 10 S. W., 360. Contrary holdings may, of course, be found in those jurisdictions where the statute by its terms makes all contracts void which contravene its provisions. But in Brakefield v. Anderson, supra, it was further said: ‘'The sounder view is that a verbal sale of land is not void ab initio, but only voidable at the election of either party, and not enforceable by one against the will of the other, who abandons or repudiates it. “A parol contract for the sale of land is not absolutely void, for it may be specifically executed as against either party if he fails or refuses to rely upon the statute; and if the parties themselves choose to execute the contract, third parties cannot object.” Jennings v. Bishop (Nashville, Dec., 1883), 3 Shan. Cas., 138. “The doctrine is now well established that, upon a bill for the specific execution of such a contract, if the contract be fully set forth in the bill, and the defendant admits it in his answer, and submits to waive the statute — 401 — of frauds, or, what is deemed equivalent to a waiver, does not insist upon the statute as a defense, a specific performance of the contract will be decreed.” Sneed v. Bradley, 4 Sneed, 304; Hudson v: King, 2 Heisk., 573. “As we have seen, Judge Cooper puts the same doctrine more briefly in these words: ... ‘It (the parol contract) may be specifically executed as against either party if he fails or refuses to rely upon the statute.' Jennings v. Bishop, supra. “Both parties come with appropriate pleading and say they want their contract carried out. When this is done, the reason of the statute — the prevention of fraud and perjury — ceases, and the chancellor, instead of setting the contract aside, should decree its specific execution; the case being one in other respects (as this one is) justifying specific performance by a court of equity.” Since the decision in Brakefield v. Anderson, supra, the doctrine there announced that parol contracts for sale of land were not void but merely voidable, under our statute of frauds, has been repeatedly reaffirmed by this court, and in one of these cases it has also been held, in respect of parol sales, that the statute of frauds must be specially pleaded whenever it is desired to rely upon it as a defense, Citty v. Manufacturing Co., 93 Tenn., 280, 24 S. W., 121, 42 Am. St. Rep., 919. And that the administratrix of a vendee in a parol sale cannot dis-affirm and rescind the sale when the vendor and the heirs of the vendor do not desire rescission, but prefer to consummate and complete it. Phillips v. Kimmons, 94 Tenn., 567, 29 S. W., 965. — 402 — In another of these cases the court said: “True it is that a parol sale of land is yoidable only, and not void, and that independent third parties cannot intervene to prevent its completion and enforcement, when the ven-dee is in possession, and both he and the vendor are ready, able and willing to comply Avith its terms.” King v. Coleman, 98 Tenn., 571, 40 S. W., 1082. But it has also been held that a parol sale is voidable jafter the death of the vendor at the election of his heirs, and they may recover possession by appropriate proceedings, Avith, however, all the legal consequences flowing from a disaffirmance and rescission of the parol contract made by the vendor. Vaughn v. Vaughn, 100 Tenn., 285, 45 S. W., 677. In another case, after reaffirming the doctrine of Brakefield v. Anderson, that there may be a specific performance enforced against either party to a parol contract if he fails or refuses to rely on the statute of frauds, this court held: “Moreover, under the uniform holding of this court, during the currency of the parol contract, and until it is repudiated, the vendee in possession holds for himself, and not as tenant of the vendor.” And after a citation of the authorities sustaining the above quotation, the court said: “In some of our cases the vendee has been likened to a quasi tenant of the vendor, but in those cases the parol sale had been repudiated.” Slatton v. Tennessee Coal, Iron & R. R. Co., 109 Tenn., 425, 75 S. W., 928. Plaintiff insiste that a parol donee of land does not, in legal contemplation, stand upon a parity Avith a parol vendee, and that the decisions we have noticed have no — 403 — application to this case, because, as he says, the cases referred to were based upon equitable considerations. We cannot assent to this proposition. We think the cases referred to are based wholly upon the legal rights of the parties as this case is. At common law the word “purchase” in its largest and most extensive sense is defined by Littleton to be the possession of lands and tenements which a man hath as by his own act or agreement, and not by descent by any of his ancestors or kindred. In this sense it is contradistinguished from acquisition by right of blood, and includes every other method of coming to an estate but merely that of inheritance, wherein the title is vested in a person, not by his own act or agreement, but by the single operation of law. And says Mr. Blackstone: “Purchase, indeed, in its vulgar and confined acceptation, is applied only to such acquisitions of land as are to be obtained by way of bargain and sale for money, or some other valuable consideration; but this falls far short of the legal idea of purchase, for if I give land freely to another, he is in the eyes of the law a purchaser, and falls within Littleton’s definition, for he comes to the estate by his own agreement; that is, he consents to the gift.” An extensive array of authorities, collated in the seventh volume, p. 5853, of Words and Phrases, under the heading “Purchase,” shows that the common-law definition of “purchase,” as applied to land, has obtained general sanction in the courts of this country. And this court has said that, “as between grantor and grantee, 'the title passes as contemplated by terms of the — 404 — deed, whether the conveyance be Ayith or Avithout consideration, and whether it he made in good faith or for a fraudulent purpose. The title is not revested in the grantor by the mere nonclaim of the grantee, and the nonexchange of possession.” King v. Coleman, 98 Tenn., 566, 40 S. W., 1083. The act of the donor in making the parol gift, and the act of the donee in the acceptance thereof, and his entry into possession of the land thereunder, and his claim of right and title to the land adverse to the donor and his heirs, is not in contravention of the terms of the statute of frauds, or any other law, nor a breach of public policy or good morals. The only effect of the statute of frauds on such a transaction is to bar the maintenance of a suit or action based on such parol donation. When the statute has done this it has performed its full function and purpose. By lapse of seven years’ time,- and possession by the donee, continuous and adverse to the donor and his heirs, a defensive right to the land may pass from the donor to the donee, under and by virtue of the second section of our act of 1819 (chapter 28), now carried as section 4458 of Shannon’s Code. Between the date of the donee’s entry under the parol gift, and the time when, under the above statute, his adverse, possession has ripened into a defensive right to th'e land, his right is a limited and qualified one, subject to be dis-affirmed and destroyed, either by his voluntary abandonment and surrender of the possession, and a re-entry into possession by the donor or his heirs, or by .proper proceeding at law or equity effectually prosecuted for — 405 — tbe purpose of terminating Ms rights and possession under tbe parol gift. Now, to say that tbe act of tbe donor in speaking tbe words of gift, which authorize tbe act of entry into possession by tbe donee, and that tbe act of tbe donee in entering under tbe parol gift, are acts void in law, and to be treated as if they bad not been done, is. going beyond any requirement of tbe statute of frauds, and beyond tbe legal effect of its provisions. It is well settled that these acts of the donor and donee, vis., tbe parol gift and tbe consequent entry and continuance of adverse possession by tbe donee, do by tbe lapse of seven years ripen into a defensive right to tbe land in tbe donee, which is good against the donor or bis heirs. O’Neal v. Breechen, 5 Baxt., 605; Haynes v. Jones, 2 Head, 373; Keys v. Keys, 11 Heisk., 430-431; Jordan and Ransom v. Maney, 10 Lea, 145, 146; Moore v. Burrow, 89 Tenn., 104, 17 S. W., 1035; Kittel v. Steger, 121 Tenn., 410, 117 S. W., 500, and other authorities there cited. Tbe only one of our cases in which we have noticed a direct .bolding that a parol sale is void is O’Neal v. Breechen, supra. The result, however, reached in that case, was inconsistent Avith tbe bolding that tbe sale Avas void; for it was also held ra that case that parol declarations of tbe donor, tending to show a rescission of tbe gift, were incompetent, on tbe ground that at tbe time of the making of tbe declaration tbe donor was not tbe owner of the thing given (tbe land), and that lie could not by parol declaration relieve the donee of a — 406 — charge for advancement. And it was held, further, that to so much of the land as the parol donee held and occupied by actual inclosure and claimed adversely in the lifetime of his father, under the gift, for a period of seven years, the donee had acquired a possessory right, and should account for at the estimated value of the land at the time of the gift. We think the word “void” was inadvertently used in the opinion, and. that “voidable” was the word which would have expressed the real meaning of the court and the learned author of the opinion. Now and finally under our construction of the statute, on which this suit is based, the donor and testator, Patrick Henry, was not seized or possessed of the estate in the land devised to the defendant at the time of his death Avithin the meaning of the act. Under our decisions, a covenant of seizin in a deed for land is an assurance to the purchaser that the vendor has the very estate, in quantity and quality, which he purports to convey. It imports, and seizin in law exacts, a perfect title, and is not fulfilled by a transfer to the purchaser of an actual seizin. Kincaid v. Brittain, 5 Sneed, 120; Kenney v. Norton, 10 Heisk., 387; Mette v. Dow, 9 Lea, 97; Williams v. Burg, 9 Lea, 459. Prior to his death the testator had given the land in question to defendant, had surrendered to defendant possession of it, and had acknowledged defendant to be the owner of it. After doing this, had the testator conveyed this land to a person other than the defendant, and embraced in his deed the usual covenants of seizin, these coA^enants under our — 407 — decisions would liave been held to he breached by him at the moment the deed was delivered; for by his acts in respect of the parol gift it is clear that between himself, and such seizin and possession of the land as wonld be required of him nnder such covenant, he had erected a barrier of adverse possession and claim of right in the defendant, which, to be sure, he or his heirs could have destroyed by appropriate legal or equitable proceeding within the time limited by laAV, or Avhich wonld have also been destroyed by voluntary abandonment of the possession by the donee and re-entry by the donor, but by nothing short of these things. Thus disseized and dispossessed of the land, the testator died, ratifying by his last Avill all that he had done while in life by the parol sale. The State cannot on this record predicate a right to recover on the parol gift by claim that it falls within the statute as a conveyance made in contemplation of death, because by its pleadings this suit is put entirely on the contrary proposition that the will passed the whole estate in the land, and that the parol gift Avas void, and that it, and everything done under it, should be held in laAV as not done. ' There can be no recovery on a perdicate outside of and inconsistent with the scope of the plaintiff’s pleadings. The judgment of the circuit court must be affirmed.