Louisville & Nashville Railroad v. United States Fidelity & Guaranty Co.

Mr. Justice Neil delivered the opinion of the Court.. The bill in the present case was filed for the purpose-of recovering the sum of about $12,000 and interest, now amounting in all to about $20,000, which principal sum; the railroad company claims it paid to certain customers of the road to cancel a liability brought upon it by the-negligence of one of its employees, T. C- McCampbellr who was chief clerk in complainant’s South Nashville-office. The Fidelity & Guaranty Company executed to-the complainant, for a .consideration, a bond to secure: the faithful performance by Mr. McCampbell of his664 duties as such clerk. The action -was brought against McCampbell for the whole liability, and against the Fidelity & Guaranty Company to the extent of its bond, which was not large enough to cover the whole sum claimed. Judgment was rendered on the bond for $16,860 and costs, and against T. C. McCampbell for $19,953.77. The Guaranty Company appealed, and Mc-Campbell brought the case here by writ of error, and both defendants have assigned errors. It is alleged that through the culpable negligence of Mr. McCampbell certain cars shipped to the order of the consignors, with directions to notify C. D. Smith & Go., were delivered to the latter, without the production of the bills of lading; that these cars contained wheat, and were each of the value of $600 to $1,000; that by reason of such delivery without the production of the bills of lading the complainant railroad company became liable to the consignors for the value of the goods contained in the cars, and that C. D. Smith & Co. never made this liability good. It is admitted by the defendants McCampbell and the Fidelity & Guaranty Company that the cars weré delivered, as stated, to C. D. Smith & Co., without the production of the bills of lading; but it is insisted that there was no culpable negligence in making such ■delivery, because Mr. McCampbell in so delivering the ■cars acted in accordance with an established custom of the company, and as he was expected to do in the ordinary course of the business. Other defenses claimed will be stated further on as they arise out of the facts, — 665 — It appears from the record that the nature of the shipments referred to was this, viz.: Dealers in other cities, who had sold goods to other dealers and to mills here in Nashville and were unwilling to pass the title without previous payment of the purchase price, shipped goods to their own order, with directions in the bills of lading to notify the persons to whom the sales had been made; that these hills of lading were attached to drafts at the points of shipment, and these drafts were placed in bank for collection, and were forwarded through the initial banks to other banks in Nashville, and it was expected that the persons to whom the goods had been shipped would in each instance call at the bank and pay the amount of the draft and take up the bill of lading and present it to the railroad company, and then procure the delivery of the cars. At the same time that the bills of lading were issued in the form above mentioned there was a waybill given to the conductor of the train on which the goods were to be transported, showing that the cars referred to were shipped to order of the consignor, or, as previously stated, that they were bills “order-notify.” A waybill to the same effect went to the office of the railroad company at the point of delivery; that is, in the present instance, at Nashville. It was the duty of the agent at Nashville, either personally or through his clerks, to go out into the yard of the railroad company every night and take down the numbers of the cars there found. This duty was performed by the night clerk, who arrived at the yard about five o'clock in the afternoon, and left at seven the next morning. It was — 666 — liis duty to enter the numbers of these cars on a ruled sheet, with proper spaces in which to write information ■concerning the cars, indicated by a heading over these •spaces. This was called the “abstract.” The night ■clerk also had access to the conductor’s waybills, and from these he would sometimes indicate whether the cars were straight shipments or “order-notify” shipments; but he was not bound to make this indication. The abstract was returned to the office of the agent at the South Nashville office, of which Dr. Bumpas was in ■charge, and there passed under examination by Mr. McCampbell, the chief clerk. He had before him, not only this abstract, but the waybills, and it was his duty to compare the car numbers with these waybills, from which he would learn whether they were “order-notify” ••shipments or straight shipments, and would indicate the .fact opposite each number. Upon the consignee being-notified, it was his privilege to give an order to the office •of the agent indicating the point or place where he wished the car delivered. The chief clerk was accustomed then to enter upon the order book the directions :.so given. He then made out a switching list, which constituted the authority of the yard foreman for delivering ■the cars therein mentioned to the points therein directed. ‘This switching list also contained the date under which •the delivery was directed. There was also another paper, which was made out by the car service association, called The “car service record.” The purpose of the existence •of the car service association was to facilitate the delivery and unloading of cars and their return into the — 667 — active channels of commerce, and to thereby prevent their being used for storage by consignees. The date being fixed when the delivery was made, and, under the car service record, that on which the car was redelivered to the railroad company, the time was thus ascertained for which consignees should be charged for retaining the car at the rate of one dollar per day after the lapse of a certain free time not necessary to be mentioned more specifically in this case. There was also kept in the office of Dr. Bumpas, but in no other office on the line of railway, a set of little books known as "bills of lading books.” These were used to keep a record of bills of lading surrendered to the railroad company on “order-notify” shipments. These various papers and the books just mentioned are necessary to a proper understanding of one of the leading controversies in this case. The rule of the company upon the subject of “order-notify” shipments was as follows: “123-J. In waybilling shipments consigned To order/ forwarding agents will in every instance show on waybills the name and address of party to be notified, and receiving agents must not deliver such shipments until surrender of original bill of lading propertly endorsed.” It is insisted by defefidants that there was a custom of the railroad company whereby its agents were authorized to disregard this rule, and that it had been disregarded for a considerable time, more than a year at least, at the South Nashville freight office. Mr. McCampbell testifies that such was the custom, and he undertakes — 668 — to fortify his statement by reference to the hill of lading books above mentioned, and a comparison of the dates there shown for the delivery of the bills of lading that had been issued on “order-notify” shipments, and the dates of delivery of cars shown by the switching lists, and the date of the return of the cars to the railroad company by the car service record. He testifies that by • this comparison in hundreds of instances the cars were delivered to the consignees under such shipments from one to five or ten days before the bills of lading were surrendered to the railroad company, and that in some instances the difference was as much as thirty-five and even forty days; that deliveries of this kind were made to the Liberty Mills, the Cumberland Mills, the Model Mills, to Neil & Schofner, to Mr. Brooks, to C. D. Smith & Co., and others. His reliance upon the bills of lading books is based on the fact that these books contained the true date on which the bills of lading were surrendered to the railroad company. It appears, however, upon an investigation of these books, that the entries were not . made daily; that often there was an interval of five and sometimes ten days between entries; and that several of these little books were being cared for at the same time — at least two or three of them at one time. He admits that these intervals occurred, and says that it was not the custom to malee the entries daily, but only when he could get time from other duties to do this, but that in the meantime he endeavored to keep the bills of lading in regular sequence as they were delivered, and to keep them in the same sequence when he came to write — 669 — the ear numbers clown into the bills of lading- books; and it is a fair dednction from his testimony that in the meantime the entries were really kept in this sequence. Mr. Whitworth, who was night clerk at the time that Mr. McOampbell was chief clerk, says that the effort was to enter them in the order in which they came in, bat that he does not know whether the entries were so made or not; nor in fact does Mr. McOampbell know whether he succeeded in getting them in the proper sequence, as an examination of his whole testimony would indicate, especially his cross-examination. A singular thing, however, about this proof of custom is that no one seems to have had knowledge of it except Mr. McOampbell and O. D. Smith & Co., to whom he let the goods go-, which was the origin of the present litigation. The various millers and dealers to whom he testifies that he delivered goods prior to the surrender of the bills of lading say that they never asked such indulgence and never received it; that Dr. Bumpas, the agent at the South Nashville office, was very strict upon this subject, alway-s insisting upon the bills of lading, and was really brusque and offensive about the matter; that Mr. McOampbell, while more pleasant, was equally positive in his enforcement of the rule, so far as they were concerned. In response to, or in explanation of, this evidence, Mr. McOampbell testifies, and it is so argued in the brief of his able counsel; that in allowing goods to be so delivered he had no thought of giving credit to any of the customers to whom deliveries were thus made, and it is said in the argument that in all — 670 — probability these millers and dealers believed that they were complying with the requirements of the company; that the cars were placed on their several side tracks, or delivered at the points to Avhich they had directed delivery to be made, very often before 9 o’clock in the morning, and that the cars had been unloaded and had been returned to the railroad company before the bank opened, and before these customers' could pay the draft with the bill of lading attached and return it to the company ; and that while the leading men of these concerns; who were, examined by the railroad company, truly state that they knew nothing of any such facts, still their subordinates, who did the actual unloading, knew these facts, and if they had been examined they would have shown such facts. However, the defendants did not examine such subordinate employees as the customers referred to. So the fact remains that these customers all deny that any such deliveries were made to them, but say that before deliveries of the cars to them were made they procured from the banks, and filed with the railroad company, the bills of lading covering the cars. Another peculiar feature of the matter is that, although Mr. McCampbell discovered, at least as far back as the early fall of 1898, that he had delivered to C. H. Smith & Co., without surrender of the bills of lading, some twenty-eight cars of wheat, of the value of $28,000, for which sum he had thereby rendered the railroad company liable to the shippers, he did not communicate this fact to the agent, Dr. Bumpas, or to any one of the officials of the railroad company. It is claim — 671 — ed, and he says,* he had been quite busy, and had not checked np Ms bills of lading, and when he did so, and discovered that O. D. Smith & Oo. were twenty-eight cars ahead of him, it struck him like a thunderbolt;, that he immediately telephoned to 0. D. Smith & Co.r calling off to them the numbers of the cars which' had been so delivered to them, and demanding bills of lad* ing; that O- D. Smith & Oo. replied that he was.correct in his statement, but that they were now unable at once to bring up the bills, and asked for a conference with him on the platform. Mr. McOampbell invited Mr. Smith to his office. Mr. Smith insisted upon a conference on the platform. Mr. McOampbell finally acceded to this, and accordingly they met on the platform, Mr. McOampbell says that Mr. Smith said to him that, if he (McOampbell) would continue to deliver cars to-0. D. Smith & Oo. as he had been doing without demanding the bills of lading, the firm would be able to take up the liability. Mr. McOampbell says that he did not make any promise to Mr. Smith, but decided in his own mind that he would follow this plan. He was asked whether he informed Dr. Bumpas of what had occurred, and he said, “No.” Asked why he did not, he replied that he knew, if he informed Dr. Bumpas, the latter would immediately inform the cMef agent, Mr. Saunders, who would inform the railroad authorities at Louisville, and the railroad company would immediately close down on 0. D. Smith & Co. and force them into bankruptcy, and probably would lose the whole $28,000. Influenced by these views, he decided that he — 672 — would keep tbe matter to himself and endeavor to work out tbe liability in tbe method suggested by Mr. Smith. Matters went along under this arrangement between these two men until about the 11th of March, 1899. In the meantime O. D. Smith & Oo. had reduced the liability to about $12,500. At this juncture an inquiry came from a shipper at Louisville, asking whether a certain, car had been delivered to C. D. Smith & Oo. This was referred by Dr. Bumpas to Mr.' McCampbell, and the latter replied that the car had been delivered. An inquiry then came as to whether the bill of lading was surrendered before the car was delivered. This was also referred to Mr. McCampbell, and he replied ■that it had not been. Two similar inquiries came from '•St. Louis, with the same result. Thereupon the whole matter was opened to Dr. Bumpas by Mr. McCampbell. He immediately informed his superiors in office, and in this manner the offices at Louisville were notified. 'The railroad company at once took steps to recover such •of the wheat as they could, and did succeed in recovering parts of two car loads, which, on being sold, realized about $1,026. This was credited on the liability, and left a balance of about $11,500, on which the present •suit was brought. The railroad company immediately •notified the Guaranty Company of the loss, and demanded reimbursement. The shippers have demanded the value of the cargoes from the railroad company., 'The Guaranty Company did not at once flatly refuse ~to pay, but desired negotiation, either with a view to ¡settlement, or for the purpose of convincing the rail — 673 — road company, without suit, that it was not liable. The railroad company referred the matter to its attorneys at Nashville, and the Guaranty Company made similar reference to its attorneys. Before these attorneys had conferred, however, Mr. McCampbell had gone before the attorneys of the railroad company at their request, and had made a statement about the matter. He admitted that he had delivered the cars without surrender of the hills of lading; that he knew at the time that he was making the railroad company liable for the value of the cars; and said that he did not know at the time whether C. D. Smith & Co. were solvent or not. But, singular to relate, he made no claim or defense that in so delivering the goods he had acted in accordance with any custom of the company, but excused himself on the ground that he was very busy, and that the deliveries so made were inadvertent. There is another singular fact that in the conference between the attorneys for both sides, wherein the attorneys for the Guaranty Company were endeavoring to convince the attorneys for the railroad company that it was not liable, no claim was made by them that Mr. McCampbell had acted in accordance with any custom of the road to violate its own rule upon the subject. It is true that, -some weeks after Mr. McCampbell had made his statement to the attorneys of the railroad company, he replied, to an article in the “American” charging him with shortage, that he had acted only in accordance with a custom of the business, and that therefore — 674 — he had done nothing wrong. It seems to ns, however, that if there had been any such custom, it would have been the first defense that Mr. MeCampbell would have made when he was called upon by the railroad company for an explanation; also that he would not have failed ‘to impress this fact upon the attorneys of the Guaranty Company, who evidently had also had an interview with him, and it is not to be doubted that, if these attorneys had been put in possession of this information, they would have made, in the negotiations referred to, a stronger effort to convince the railroad company’s attorneys that no liability existed because of such fact. This seems to indicate that the defense of a custom to violate the rule was a matter of second thought. Mr. McCamp-bell testified in his original examination that this was the custom at the South Nashville office and at other offices of this company; but on being requested, on cross-examination, to name another office, he was unable to do so. In addition to the foregoing considerations, the improbability of the railroad company’s authorizing, sanctioning, or tolerating a violation of the rule referred to is inherent. The rule which required that the goods should not be delivered without surrender of the bill of lading was very pointed, and incapable of misconception. It was, moreover, strictly in line with the duty of the railroad company to its customers, since a shipment to the order of the consignor, with directions to notify the consignee, is an unmistakable indication by the shipper to the carrier that the title to the goods will not — 675 — pass and the duty to deliver will not arise until the draft has been paid, the. bill of lading taken up, and the latter presented to the railroad company. Bank v. Cummings, 89 Tenn., 609, 18 S. W., 115, 24 Am St. Rep., 618; Charles v. Carter, 96 Tenn., 607, 615, 36 S. W., 396; North Pennsylvania R. R. Co. v. Commercial National Bank, 123 U. S., 727, 8 Sup. Ct., 266, 31 L. Ed., 287; Boatman’s Savings Bank v. Western & A. R. R. Co., 81 Ga. 221, 7 S. E., 125; Union Stockyards Co. v. Westcott, 47 Neb., 300, 66 N. W., 419; Weyland v. Atchison, etc., R. R. Co., 75 Iowa, 573, 39 N. W., 899, 1 L. R. A., 650, 9 Am. St. Rep., 504, and note pages 512, and 513; Arkansas Southern Railway Co. v. German National Bank, 77 Ark., 482, 92 S. W., 522, 113 Am. St. Rep., 160; General Electric Co. v. Southern Railway Co., 72 S. C., 255, 51 S. E., 695, 110 Am. St. Rep., 600; Lyons v. New York Central & H. R. Co., 119 N. Y. Supp., 703; Id., 136 App. Div., 903, 120 N. Y. Supp., 1133. The railroad company, of course, in delivering goods so shipped, would be guilty of a conversion. Seaboard Air Line R. R. Co. v. Phillips, 108 Md., 285, 70 Atl., 232. And failure of the consignor to recover the goods from the party to whom they had beeii thus wrongfully delivered would not relieve the carrier of his liability for the conversion. Midland Valley R. R. Co. v. J. A. Fay & Eagan Co., 89 Ark., 342, 116 S. W., 1171. It is difficult to conceive how any railroad company would place it in the power of a subordinate to thus cause it to violate its duty daily. The improbability becomes greater when It is remembered that shipments of the kind under ex — 676 — amination here amounted, along the line of the whole railroad, to an average of $1,000,000 a day, and in the particular office concerned in the present litigation, the South Nashville office of the complainant, weekly, the liability was on an average of from about $350,000 to $500,000. We cannot believe that any business concern would knowingly sanction the exercise of so enormous and destructive a power by a clerk of one of its subordinate agents. Before the court could reach the conclusion that any competent business concern had been guilty of such folly, the evidence would have to be very clear and convincing. But, as we have already stated, no one seems to have known of this custom except Mr. McCampbell and and O. D. Smith & Co. Dr. Bumpas, the agent, says that he knew nothing of it. Mr. Whit-worth, the night clerk, says that he knew nothing of it, and it does not appear that any other railroad official .knew of it. But let it be assumed that there was such a custom in that office; it would by no means follow that the railroad company had thereby waived its rule. It would have to be shown, in addition to the adoption of such custom by the subordinate officer mentioned, that knowledge of this had been brought home to the railroad company, or that there were such facts in existence in connection therewith as would impute knowledge to the company. However, before it can be properly held that a railroad company has sanctioned a custom to violate one of its rules, it must appear that the habit of violation among the servants of the company was so constant, open, and — 677 — general that no reasonable conclusion could be reached other than that the responsible officers of the company must have known it. This is the substance, of the rule as laid down in numerous authorities of the highest respectability. 4 Thompson on Negligence, sec. 4163; 5 Thompson on Negligence, sec. 5404 ; 3 Elliott on Railroads, sec. 1282; 1 Labatt on Master & Servant, sec. 233. And see sections 198 and 200; 26 Cyc., p. 1161. ' It is next insisted in behalf of the defendants that they are exonerated under the following clause of the bond: “The company shall not be liable hereunder for any ]oss occasioned by mistake, accident, or error of judgment on the part of any employee; or by robbery, unless by or with the connivance or culpable negligence of the employee; and culpable negligence as used in this bond shall be deemed and held to mean failure to exercise that degree of care and caustion which men of ordinary prudence and intelligence usually exercise in regard to their own affairs of the same character.” It is insisted that Mr. McCampbell was very busy at the time he permitted C. D. Smith & Co. to obtain the twenty-eight cars without surrender of the bills of lading, and he was thereby caused to overlook the fact. It is to be observed that this defense is in direct contravention of that previously urged that Mr. McCamp-bell was justified in making the delivery under a custom of the company to violate its rule; but, passing this, the record fails to show that Mr. McCampbell was so engaged as that he could not attend to this particular duty. He went to his office at 7 o’clock in the morning, — 678 — and left at 6 in the afternoon, and sometimes returned after supper and worked until 10 o; clock. He had time to get his usual three meals a day, and at noon walked at least four squares to get that meal. The evidence also shows that the business was not more than one man could comfortably attend to. But, in addition to these facts, Mr. McCampbell had a record of all of the cars which had been shipped under “order-notify” consignments, and it was only a matter of a minute or two for him to look to this record and discover whether a car was under a shipment of the kind last referred to, or under what is called a “straight shipment.” It might require several minutes to direct the delivery, but it would require only a moment to refuse it. He would not be justified, under the clause of the bond quoted, in saying that he forgot the rule. It is the duty of employees to keep the rules in mind and act in accordance therewith. Forgetfulness itself is negligence, since proper care will so impress a duty upon the mind as that it will not be forgotten; and the duty to so impress a rule is all the greater when the result of a violation Of it will be serious loss to the business of the employer. To deliver the cars under the circumstances was culpable negligence, within the sense of the paragraph quoted from the bond. Men of ordinary prudence and intelligence, when sending goods to a purchaser at a distant point under a contract that the goods shall not be delivered until the price shall be paid, do not usually permit delivery to take place until the money is received. It would be nothing short of folly to permit such de — 679 — livery, since tlie safety of the property may in any instance be .imperiled. By this form of shipment the seller protects himself against the possible frand or insolvency of the purchaser. By delivering the goods in disregard of the terms of the shipment, the shipper is subjected to all the dangers against which he sought to guard himself. It therefore appears that Mr. McCampbell did not measure up to the rule of diligence and care which the parties agreed to in the bond. •It is insisted by the defendant the Guaranty Company ■that it is not liable because of a violation of the following provisions contained in the bond: “If at any time after the beginning of the term for which this bond is written the employer suspect,. or there come to the notice or knowledge of the employer, any act, fact, or information tending to indicate that any employee is or may be negligent, unreliable, deceitful, dishonest, or unworthy of confidence, the employer shall immediately so notify the company in writing at its principal offices in the city of Baltimore, and if the •employer fail or neglect so to do, the company shall, not be liable for any act of omission of such employee occurring thereafter. “And if at any time after the beginning of the term for which this bond is written there come to the notice or knowledge of the employer the fact that any employee is negligent, unreliable, deceitful, dishonest, or unworthy of confidence, the employer shall immediately notify the company in writing of such fact, at its principal offices — 680 — in tlie city of Baltimore, and failure to give sucb immediate notice sliall relieve the company from all liability on account of sucb employee.” It is insisted that this phrt of the bond was violated under the following facts: The railway company was accustomed, from time to time, to send inspectors along its line to investigate its various offices. It was required of these inspectors that they should appear in the offices referred to without previous warning and immediately call for the cash and count it, and also take charge of the office, and make all such examinations and inquiries there as would enable them to answer sixty-nine inquiries which the company propounded to the inspectors themselves. It appears that three such inspections were made along about the time of the occurrence of the breaches of duty which are the subject of the present controversy. Several inquiries were made, running from numbers 89 to 45, inclusive, to elicit information whether the agents ever delivered freight without payment of “charges.” The inspectors replied in the affirmative. The inspectors were directed, in case their answers should be in the -affirmative on this subject, to refer to form 788. It should be stated in this connection that the railway company permitted freight to be delivered to certain customers without previous payment of charges, where permission had been given by the general freight office to that effect, and such permission was based upon the known reliability or solvency of the particular customers. Now, the question is whether the word “charges” here meant simply freight charges, per — 681 — taining to the revenue of the road, or likewise the money' due for the value of cargoes shipped “order-notify,” the price of which was represented by drafts attached to hills of lading sent by the shipper to a bank or banks for collection by such bank or banks from the consignee. It is insisted by counsel for the defendant that it did cover such shipments. An examination of the numbered inquiries to which the inspectors were required to respond on this subject convinces us that reference was had only to freight charges or the revenue of the company. The inspectors themselves say they had always considered it to have this meaning alone, and. never at any time had any idea that it had any bearing upon “order-notify” shipments, so far as .concerned the value of the cargo, and that when they made these reports they understood it themselves as referring only to freight charges, and that they had made no examination as to whether the drafts in bank had been paid and the bills of lading surrendered before delivery of the cars. This meaning is obviously the true one, because the agents had nothing to do with the collection of the drafts in bann. This was the business of the banks, and, indeed, the consignee could not have lawfully paid these drafts to the railroad company. The opposite view is based upon an opinion given oh cross-examination of the witness G. Quarrier, who was cross-examined by counsel for defendant upon the meaning of rule 257. This rule is “Freight must not be delivered until the freight delivery book is receipted and all charges are paid. — 682 — Agents must not give credit to any one without special permission of the general freight agent.” Mr. Quarrier was cross-examined specially upon the meaning of the word “until the freight delivery book is receipted and all charges are paid.” He said that the word “charges” here meant freight charges. Counsel for defendant asked him if he did not think it also meant the value of cargoes shipped under “order-notify” bills of lading. He replied that he thought that such bills Avould also be charges against the car, and that they should not be delivered without payment of the drafts. Counsel for defendant adroitly used this opinion of Mr. Quarrier in endeavoring to solve the meaning of the inquiries which the inspectors above mentioned were required to respond to. Mr. Quarrier did not have these inquiries in mind at all at the time he was examined, nor was his attention at that time drawn to them. When his attention was drawn to that particular subject in another part of the examination, he said, in substance, that the railroad company had never caused inquiries to be made upon that subject at all, because it had not deemed, it necessary, on grounds which will be presently stated. As we have said, the inquiries responded to by the inspectors could not have meant any such thing, and we may add, also, that rule 257, which is really immaterial in this connection, had no bearing upon shipments “order-notify,” which subject was controlled by rule 1233/2 already copied into this opinion. In addition, as further showing that the inspectors were not understood as responding to the subject of shipments “order683 notify” in making answers to the inquiries concerning “charges,” it appears from these inquiries that under inquiry number sixty-seven the inspectors were required to report whether the agents understood that they were not to deliver “order-notify” shipments without surrender of the bills of lading. The inspectors responded to this inquiry that the agent understood the matter. It is next insisted that, if the railroad company did not violate the paragraphs above quoted, it violated the following: “That it” (the railway company) “will at all times during the term hereof take and use all reasonable steps and precautions to detect any act or omission upon the part of any employee which would tend to render the company liable for any loss; and when any employee for whom the company is surety hereunder is- acting in the position of joint agent for the employer and any other person, company, or corporation, joint audits of his books and.accounts shall be made by the employer and such other person, company, or corporation.” It is insisted that if the report of the inspectors upon, the subject of “charges” did not embrace the drafts due upon the “order-notify” shipments, and they were not required to make investigation as to the delivery of this class of shipments' prior to the delivery of the bills of lading, then no inquiry was made at all upon this subject, and the railway company violated its duty to the G-uaranty Company in not using the precaution required in the paragraph just quoted. — 684 — ■ It is proven by tiie railroad company that to make the regular and continuously repeated investigations suggested an army of clerks would he required, and the outlay would be far greater than the risk; that an experience of more than forty years had justified the conclusion that the risk of such deliveries being made was very small, since only three such instances had occurred in more than forty years; and, furthermore, that there was no pecuniary or other gainful inducement operating upon the mind of any of the company’s agents to cause them to make such deliveries. It further appears from the evidence that The inspections made by the railway company in the present instance were such as were accustomed to be made by other first-class railroad systems, including the Southern, the Illinois Central, and several- other railway organizations mentioned in the evidence. It is proven that conferences upon this subject had been had between several first-class railroad systems, and it had been settled among them that so small a risk would not justify so great an outlay as would be required to thoroughly prosecute such an inquiry. We are of the opinion that these reasons are sufficient. Certainly where in more than forty years only three such derelictions had occurred out of transactions involving property worth millions of dollars yearly — say in forty years, making a low estimate, |40,000,000 — we say that when within that time, and in the handling of property worth so many million dollars, only $3,000 worth had gone astray, a railway company could not be held guilty of negligence in — 685 — failing to employ an army of clerks to run down or prevent a risk so small. But it is said by defendant company that since the present loss had occurred the railway company had taken warning thereby, and had imposed upon its inspectors the duty of examining and reporting upon this phase of the business, and that one of the inspectors had testified in this case that there' was little difficulty on their occasional visits in accomplishing this wrork, aside from its tediousness; hence it is argued that no great number of clerks was required' for this duty, unless it should be made a matter for continuous daily examination at the railway companies’, headquarters. Let this be granted; still the substance of the reason assigned remains, viz., that the risk had been found so small during a preceding period of forty years’ experience by the complainant company, and in' the experience of other well-managed railway companies, and the inducement to a breach of duty in this regard was so remote, that one could not reasonably anticipate danger of loss from that source from the negligence or dishonesty of employees, and it could not be supposed tiie parties to the contract had such a contingency in mind at the time they adopted into their contract the clause quoted. The foregoing presents the substance of all the material controversies offered for our consideration. There-is no merit in any of them, as we see the case, and the,, judgment of the chancellor is affirmed. Before closing this opinion we deem it proper to say ■ that we believe Mr. McCampbell is an honest man, and — 686 — that his conduct, which is the subject of the present' inquiry, was the result only of negligence, induced, perhaps, by an overzeal on his part to hurry the unloading of cars, and the return of cars into the regular channels of commerce,* that is, to prevent them from being held loaded too long. Since Mr. McOampbell was discharged by the complainant from its service, he has occupied several important positions with responsible concerns, and no doubt has received and merited their confidence. The errors committed by him while in service of the complainant have probably served as a warning against similar acts. It is also proper to be noted that while this case has been in litigation since 1899, it reached this court only within this term, and has been disposed of with that promptness which this court has now for many years endeavored to úse in disposing of its business, hearing its whole docket at every term. The delay in the lower court was caused by the immense field of inquiry which was explored by the respective counsel in their efforts to prodiice evidence to sustain their respective contentions. The record consists of five large volumes, and, in addition, exhibits containing thousands of pages. The briefs are very voluminous, covering more than 600 pages. We wish to express to the respective counsel engaged in this controversy our appreciation of the care .and skill with which they have prepared and supported their respective contentions. The briefs are models of candor and force. They leave nothing to be desired in — 687 — tbe way of a thorough presentation of all matters which the court was called upon to examine and consider.