Neville v. Southern Railway Co.

Mr. Justice Buchanan delivered the opinion of the Court. This case is here on petition for certiorari. Prom an adverse verdict and judgment in the circuit court, rendered by direction of the trial judge, the plaintiff prosecuted his appeal, and the court of civil appeals reversed and remanded the cause for a new trial. The theory of plaintiff, apparent in his declaration and proof (no evidence having been offered by defend — 98 — ant), was that at the time of tbe occurrence of tbe matter complained of tbe relation of passenger and common carrier existed between bim and defendant. It was averred and proven that in tbe ticket office of defendant, located in its railway station at Germantown, Tennessee, tbe agent of defendant in charge of the ticket office and station committed upon tbe body of plaintiff an unwarranted, unprovoked, brutal, and painful assault and battery, in the presence of other persons in tbe station assembled, and at a time when plaintiff was waiting for tbe arrival of one of defendant’s trains, bound for Memphis, on which be intended to become a passenger, for which passage be bad already paid, and was the bolder of a ticket issued by defendant showing bis right to such passage. It further appears that plaintiff was a colored schoolteacher resident in Germantown, but teaching school in Memphis, who daily traveled to and from bis work by means of defendant’s train, that plaintiff was a man of good character, and that after reaching defendant’s station, on tbe day in question, be was properly conducting himself in tbe station when tbe agent called bim into tbe ticket office, also a part of tbe station, and engaged plaintiff in tbe discussion of a matter of business which tbe agent bad undertaken to conduct between plaintiff and another, but in which tbe defendant bad no interest whatever, and during tbe discussion of this business, tbe agent became, without just cause, greatly enraged, and committed tbe assault and bat — 99 — tery about five minutes before the schedule time for the arrival of the train for which plaintiff was waiting. Defendant, without controverting the facts recited, insists that from them its nonliability appears, that the rule respondeat superior is controlling, and that under this rule the moment plaintiff stepped into the ticket office at the invitation of the agent, intending there to transact other business than the pursuit of his journey to Memphis, he ceased to be an intending passenger, and was no longer under the protection of the carrier as such, and that the origin of the assault and battery, being a matter wholly foreign to the contract of carriage, was wholly personal between the agent as an individual and plaintiff as such, and wholly without the scope of the employment of the agent as such, and therefore that defendant is not in law liable to respond for the unlawful and unauthorized act. It is clear that the trial judge, in directing the verdict, adopted defendant’s view,. and equally clear to us that he was in error. Plaintiff’s declaration was in one count on the facts of the case, and on these his suit is manifestly based upon a breach by the defendant of its duty to him while he was a passenger waiting in its station for the arrival of one of its trains. We must look beyond the limits of the rule respondeat superior to find the controlling principle in this case. The distinction above suggested is noted by Mr. Thompson in his work on Negligence,'in discussing the doctrine of respondeat superior, where he says: “It must be borne in naind that, in cases of the expulsion — 100 — of trespassers from tbe vehicles of a carrier, the governing' principle is the rule of respondeat superior, which we are considering, and is entirely different from the principle which governs in a case of the wrongful expulsion or other maltreatment of a passenger by the servants of the carrier. Such maltreatment is a violation of the duty which'the carrier has assumed of transporting the passenger in safety, and it is quite immaterial, in respect of his liability, by what kind or grade of servant the duty has been violated.” 1 Thompson on Negligence (2d Ed.), section 564, p. 523. We are therefore to look to the broader rule of liability growing out of the relationship of passenger and carrier, and declared by the courts as a matter of sound public policy to be created by the establishment of that relationship. A- fair statement of this rule, so far as the purposes of this case are concerned, is to be found in Hutchinson on Carriers in these words: “The authority of carriers of passengex-s to make and enforce such reasonable regulations as are necessary to protect from annoyance, insult, or injury those who are invited to their depots or stations to become passengers, cannot be questioned. • And the willful or negligent failure to make and enforce such reasonable regulations will render them liable in damages for any injuries directly resulting to persons who repair there for tlie purpose of becoming passengers. But since such carriers are required to exercise only ordinary care to protect their passengers, or those intending to become such, from the turbulent or disorderly conduct of per — 101 — sons in their depots, it must appear, in order to establish a liablity against a carrier where an injury has arisen from such a source, that the agent in charge of the station knew, or had opportunity to know, that the injury was threatened, and that by prompt intervention he could have prevented or mitigated it. If, however, an agent in charge of the station stand by and allow a passenger, or one intending to become such, to be insulted or injured without any attempt on his part to prevent the wrongful act, the carrier will certainly be liable. So if' he fails to guard against the long-continued and notorious acts of third persons, such as scuffling in the passageways by cabmen, and a passenger is thereby injured, the carrier must respond in damages.” 2 Hutchinson on Carriers (3d Ed.), section 989, p. 1134. In another textbook of acknowledged merit we' find this: “The purchase of a ticket at a station by one who is waiting to take a train constitutes him a passenger. The legal relation of carrier and passenger, unless it is. terminated in a legal way, continues until the passenger is safely deposited at his destination, and until he has left, or has had a reasonable time in which to leave, the premises of the carrier. If, during the continuance of this relation, though after the passenger has left the train, he suffers injury in consequence either of the negligent, wrongful, or wanton tort of one of the carrier’s servants, the carrier is liable.” So says Sutherland, on Damages, vol. 3, section 941. — 102 — In the same section last above quoted it is further said: “Whoever engages in the business impliedly promises that his passenger shall have this degree of care. In other words, the carrier is conclusively presumed to do what under the circumstances the law requires him to do. We say conclusively presumed, for the law will not allow the carrier, by notice or special contract even, to deprive his passenger of this degree of care. If the passenger does not have this degree of care, but, on the contrary, is unlawfully assaulted and insulted by one of the very persons to whom his conveyance is intrusted, the carrier’s implied promise is broken, and his legal duty is left unperformed, and he is necessarily responsible to the passenger for the damages he thereby sustains.” See Sutherland, vol. 3, section 941. Mr. Cooley states the general principles thus : “The responsibility of the carrier begins when the passenger presents himself for the transportation; and this he may be said to do when he approaches the place of reception for the purpose. Therefore, if the carrier is negligent in respect to the platforms and other approaches provided for the use of passengers, and in consequence of their being in an unsafe condition, the person coming to be carried is injured, he may have his action therefor.” Cooley on Torts, Vol. 2 (3d Ed.), section 770, p. 1364. In 6 Cyc., at page 601, it is said: “But so long as the passenger is being transported or is on the carrier’s premises legitimately in connection with such transportation, and the servant is there employed about the — 103 — business of the carrier in his relation to the passenger, the duty of protection exists. Therefore the carrier is liable for assault upon a passenger by the conductor in charge of the train or car in which the passenger is riding, whether the assault is in the supposed interest of and discharge of the supposed duty to the carrier, or is made as the result of personal malice or desire for revenge for an affront.” To support the above text notes 80 and 81 on the same page cite decisions from as many as twenty courts of last resort in different states of this Union. The obligation of a common carrier to maintain safe approaches from its ticket office to its trains, even where a public street was the approachway used between the two points, was by this court enforced by judgment against the carrier in Railroad v. Cheatham, 118 Tenn., 164, 100 S. W., 902. This court'has said: “The contract to carry passengers is not one of mere toleration and duty to transport the passenger on its cars, but it also includes the obligation on the part of the carrier to guarantee to its passengers respectful and courteous treatment, and to protect them, not only from violence and insult from strangers, but also against violence and insult from the carrier’s own servants.” Knoxville Traction Co. v. Lane, 103 Tenn., 382, 53 S. W., 557, 46 L. R. A., 549, and authorities cited. The principle set out above from Knoxville Traction Co. v. Lane was reaffirmed by this court in St. Ry. Co. v. Shaw, 110 Tenn., 479, 75 S. W., 713. — 104 — The general principle announced in 5 American & English Encyc. of Law, 558, “that whenever a carrier through its agents or servants knows or has opportunity to know of threatened injury, or might have reasonably anticipated the happening of an injury, and fails or neglects to take the proper precaution, or to use proper means, to prevent or mitigate such injury, the carrier is liable,” was announced and approved in Railroad Co. v. Flake, 114 Tenn., 676, 88 S. W., 326, and it is there stated that the same rule was applied in Ferry Companies v. White, 99 Tenn., 256, 41 S. W., 583. It is unnecessary in this case to discuss the degree of care which is required by law to be exercised by the common carrier for the safety and protection from insult and injury of a passenger, after he is aboard its vehicle, and in progress of transportation. This subject is fully discussed in Railroad Co. v. Flake and Ferry Companies v. White, supra, and the authorities in each of them cited. We are only concerned in the present case with the degree of care required while the passenger is in the station where the carrier has invited him to come and wait for his train, and where in response to such invitation the passenger is there waiting. In such case it is clear that the legal duty of the carrier is to exercise ordinary care in the protection of the passenger from insult or injury, whether caused by the negligence or by the willful or wanton acts of its own servants, irrespective of the scope of the authority or grade of employment of the servant, and a breach of this duty by the carrier fixes the liability. Under the facts of this — 105 — case the carrier cannot escape pliability under its plea that the act of its servant was unauthorized, for it may be granted that the act was wholly without authority from the carrier, and yet the fact 'remains that by the act the legal duty of the carrier was breached, and from this breach the right of action flows, not because the carrier authorized the act, but because it did not prevent it by the exercise of ordinary care. The judgment of the court of civil appeals was correct, and the prayer of petitioner is denied.