Watts v. Gordon

Mr. Justice Neil delivered the opinion of the Court. The bill in this case was brought by the trastee in bankruptcy of the Gordon-Martin-Cline Company to recover moneys alleged to have been withdrawn from the treasury of the corporation by the said Gordon, its president, and applied to his own use, and also to pay premiums upon certain policies of life insurance belonging to his wife, Mrs. Sarah Gordon, and his mother, Mrs. Etta Gordon. A recovery was sought against the Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance Company, to which the premiums were paid, and relief was also asked against the policies in question, by way of declaration of a lien thereon, and sale of the policies for the realization of the sum due. The chancellor adjudged against Mr. Gordon personally a sum of money which he found had been used by the latter of the assets of the corporation. Prom this part of the decree there is no appeal. He also found that the sum of $1,822.60 of .the moneys withdrawn from the funds of the corporation had been applied on the payment of premiums on the policies, and for this he held the Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance Company liable, but declined to fix a lien on the policies. The complainant prayed an appeal from so much of the decree as refused to declare a lien on the policies, and a personal judgment against Gordon for the $1,822.60; and the insurance company appealed from the latter feature of the decree, and also from so much of- the decree as rendered judgment against it for the sums paid on premiums. , ,., — 99 — The facts, briefly stated, are as fallows: About the year 1903, the defendant Gordon obtained two policies of insurance, and assigned them to hii wife, and also took out one of the policies in favor o( his mother. During the year 1986 the Gordon-Martin-Cline Company, a corporation, was chartered. Thert were five corporators, two of whom, Mr. Nathan Cohn and Mr. Leo Martin, were merely forma]; that is joining others for the purpose of making up the five needed for incorporation, and having only nominal stock. The real owners of the business were S. M. Gordon, J. W. Martin, and Solomon Cline. Up to January 1, 1908, the salary of Gordon and Martin each was placed at $2,500. By consent of the three owners, on January 1, 1908, or about that time, the salary of Gordon and Martin was increased to $3,500 each. But it does not appear that there was ever any formal meeting of the board of directors held, or that any minutes were kept. The three owners simply agreed upon the increase of salary, and' Gordon and Martin were allowed to draw accordingly. The method which these parties used in drawing their-salaries was that, whatever bills either owed, a check of the corporation was issued, not to him, but directly/ to his debtor, the check showing on its face for whose" benefit it was issued; that is, in case it was issued for-Gordon, it would have his name down in the left-hand! corner. The premiums on the insurance policies were, paid in this manner, as all other obligations were'which Mr. Gordon owed. The-chancellor held that the increase-of salary was illegal, and therefore all' drawn by Mr100 Gordon above $2,500 per annum was illegal appro*, priation of the funds of the corporation. As to the insurance company, he held that, inasmuch as these checks showed on their face that they were drawn in favor of the debtors of Mr. Gordon, and for his benefit, they gave notice to the insurance company that the transaction was an illegal appropriation of the funds of the corporation, and for that reason the insurance company was liable. It appears that at the time these checks ware drawn the corporation was solvent. There is no evidence that any fraud was intended, either by Gordon or the insurance company, or by the beneficiaries under the policies. Nor does it appear that the increased salary was exorbitant. The proposition on which the complainant bases his case, as we understand it, is that inasmuch as there was no meeting of the board of directors for the purpose of increasing the salaries, and no record of such action ras preserved on the minutes of the corporation, such increase was necessarily illegal, and hence, when Gordon and Martin drew the increased salaries, they simply misappropriated the funds of the corporation. The three directors constituted a majority of the board, and under the charter a majority of the board constituted a quorum. The unanimous act of this quorum was, therefore, probably binding, whether preserved in the minutes or not Recordation in the minutes does not make the corporate act valid, but simply preserves evidence of it It is not essential, unless the charter or a — 101 — statute requires it. 2 Thomp. Corp., secs. 1842, 1847; 3 Thomp. Corp., 2149; Clark on Corp., p. 479. It is certainly true that, where no minute is preserved of the action claimed to have been taken by the board of directors, and such action is sought to be used against creditors, or third parties, long after it is asserted to have been had, suspicion is at once aroused, and it must clearly appear that the action was really taken. In the present case there is absolutely no doubt that such action was taken. Again, the three men who agreed to the increase of salaries owned all the stock of the corporation, and it was, therefore, the action of the stockholders as well as of the directors. Of course, generally speaking (Clark on Corp., p. 477), it is true there cannot be lawfully held a called meeting of a board of directors of a corporation without notice to all of the'directors, unless such unnotified directors were actually present at the meeting, though, in the. absence of evidence to the contrary, it will be presumed that notice was given; and we are satisfied that in the present case no notice was given, because it appears two of the directors, Leo Martin and Nathan Cohn, never attended any meeting or took part at any time in the management of the corporation. Still we consider the fact immaterial, because the action taken was that of a majority, of the stockholders, and in fact of all who really held any stock, and hence would be binding, regardless of the absence of legal action on the part of the directors. Nor are we sure that the general rule requiring notice to all of — 102 — the directors would be essential to bind the corporation, where the unnotified directors had for years never attended a meeting, or taken part in the management of the business of the corporation, but had in fact turned over the business entirely to the remaining directors; but it is not necessary to decide this question. We may add that it has been held that if, by the charter of a corporation, a certain number of the directors aro made a quorum, and given power to transact business, the corporation is bound by the unanimous concurrence of that number at a casual meeting, and without notice to the others, unless notice is expressly required by the charter or by-laws. Clark on Corp., p. 477, and case's cited under note 235. Under such fircumstances — that is, where the act challenged was not only that of a majority of the board of directors, but also of a majority of the stockholders; in fact, of all the real holders of stock — to hold the act was illegal would be a mere sticking in the bark, a substitution of form for substance. Of course, if such action was a cover for fraud, the aspect of the case would be wholly changed. Here, however, there was no fraud. The corporation was solvent. At the time it was forced into bankruptcy it had assets of $20,000 in excess of its liabilities. It had not been able to pay certain small debts when demanded, and allowed them to go thirty or forty days in arrears, and these creditors precipitated the bankruptcy proceedings. In the bankruptcy court an inventory was taken, showing $58,000 worth of goods, $15,000 of solvent notes and accounts, some unexpired — 103 — insurance, and some cash on hand, all of which exceeded the debts. The trustee was permitted to run the business for about ten months, and suffered great losses, which depleted the assets to such an extent that they paid only twenty-nine cents on the dollar. It is insisted in behalf of the complainant that the solvency or insolvency of the corporation is an immaterial consideration. We do not think so. It does not seem just that the creditors of a concern really solvent, forced into bankruptcy simply on account of present inability to pay debts as they accrued, and greatly depleted by mismanagement of the persons intrusted with the care of the estate under orders of the court of bankruptcy, should be permitted to have recourse to the stockholders, who had used a portion of its assets honestly, .for legal purposes consented to by all of the stockholders and a majority of the directors, even though there may have been some technical inaccuracy in the method of appropriation at the time. We are referred to the case of Holmes v. Gilman, 138 N. Y., 369, 34 N. E., 205, 20 L. R. A., 566, 34 Am. St. Rep., 463, as analogous to the present one. In that case a member of a partnership had surreptitiously appropriated a large part of the assets of the firm, and converted them into an estate for his wife and in her name, meanwhile, by false reports to his copartners, lulling them into a sense of security and instilling in them the confident belief that the firm was not only solvent, hut possessed of a large balance — 104 — of assets over liabilities. This states a case of atrocious fraud. In the case before the court, counsel have discussed the question whether the assets of the corporation were a trust fund in the hands of the directors mentioned at the time the payments were made on the insurance policies. In behalf of the defendants it is insisted that as there was no overt act of insolvency, and in fact there was no insolvency, the trust fund doctrine did not attach to the situation. Counsel for the complainant agrees to this view, and says he is not insisting upon the trust-fund doctrine, and it has no application to the present case. His contention is that the officers of the corporation were trustees in fact; that is to say, common law trustees, people charged with the care of the funds of the company, who, therefore, had no right to appropriate these funds to their own use, and that, upon such misappropriation occuring, the complainant could not only sue the misappropriators, but could follow the assets so used into whatever property they might be invested, at least where the person in whose name the investment was made was a mere volunteer. This, says the counsel, is merely an application of the ordinary doctrine of resulting trusts. The theory of resulting trust, however, cannot apply where there was no real misappropriation, and the party whose money was used really agreed to that use. This brings us back to the view, previously announced in this opinion, that where all of the real stockholders and a majority of the directors agree to a particular appropriation — 105 — of the funds of the corporation, and that appropriation leaves the corporation still solvent, no one can complain. The question has been discussed whether a corporation may adopt a general method of paying its employees by check, not directly to such employees but to other persons designated by them as recipients of these checks, thereby canceling with one instrument two debts. Arising out of this question is a further one, whether every one taking such checks must be held prima facie in the wrong. It is in proof in the present case that this method of payment was not only customary with the particular corporation, but with many others, and with business men generally, when requested by employees in the manner stated; the checks, of course, being charged to the account of the employee. We are unable to see anything legally wrong in such a custom. The case is not analogous to one in which an executor, for example, on his account as executor, draws checks to pay his own debt, or for any purpose foreign to the estate. This has been held to be notice, to the bank paying the check, of the devastavit. So it was held where a man transferred for his own use to one having knowledge of this fact a paper which showed on its face that he held it as trustee. But how can it be said that a solvent and going corporation commits a fraud by issuing checks at its employee’s request to a creditor-of that employee rather than to the latter himself? Havana Cent. R. Co. v. Knickerbocker Trust Co., 198 N Y 422, 92 N. E., 12. — 106 — On the whole case we are of the opinion that the chancellor committed error, and that his decree should be reversed as to the Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance Company. His decree is affirmed as to the refusal to charge the amount in controversy on the insurance policies. Complainant will be.taxed with the costs of the appeal.