Kidd v. National Council of Junior Order of the United American Mechanics of the United States

Mr. Special Justice‘Clark delivered the opinion of the Court. This suit was instituted by complainant against defendants to recover $500 claimed by complainant as the beneficiary in and owner of a benefit certificate or policy of insurance issued by defendant National Council, J. -O. U. A. M., on the life of complainant’s father, W. A. Kidd. Under the laws of the order, the benefit certificate is not collectable if the death of the member is “the result of intemperance or other immoral conduct.” The defendant re — 400 — lies on this provision, and insists that the death of the insured was “the result of intemperance,” and therefore, under the terms of the policy, it is not liable. The question for decision is: Was the death of insured the result of intemperance in the sense that the provision is used in the policy? On October 10, 1913, the insured was found in a saloon in the city of Nashville, and, in the language of the witnesses, “he was very drunk.” He was placed by officers in a patrol wagon and carried to the police station and kept in a cell that night. No charge was lodged against him, and the next morning, about seven o’clock he was released. It was a bad, rainy morning, and assured asked permission to remain in the building, which was granted, and he remained. About eleven-thirty a. m. he came to the officer in charge, stated that he did not feel "like going out in the rain, and asked permission to go back in the cell and lie down, which permission was granted, and he went back to the cell. On the morning of the 12th assured complained of being sick, and the officer says he was sick, and he was sent to the hospital in a patrol wagon. On October 15th he died. An interne at the-hospital made out the death certificate and gave as the cause of death “acute alcoholism.” The interne also testifies that assured died from the effects of acute alcoholism. So far as the record shows, the instance referred to is the only occasion on which assured was ever drunk or intoxicated. No witness testifies to ever having seen him take a drink — 401 — of any intoxicating beverage, or to ever having seen him at any time other than the occasion above referred to, when he appeared to he drinking or at all ■under the influence of liquor. In fact, it does not appear from the record in this case that any witness saw him drink any intoxicating liquor or any liquor of any kind on the occasion when he was found drunk in the saloon. The testimony is that he was very drunk when found in the saloon, and had to he carried to the patrol wagon, hut how much or what kind of intoxicants he drank or how long he had been drunk does not appear. ■ The lieutenant of police says when he was brought to the police station his face had a “fiery” appearance like that of a person who had been drinking to excess for some time, hut he says that the fiery appearance does not necessarily indicate that a person has been drinking; that he has seen people with a similar fiery appearance of the face who did not drink at all. It further appears from the proof that the assured was formerly a railroad man and earned good wages. About two years before his death he lost one of his legs. The railroad company paid him some amount as damages because of his injury, and he retired from the service. For quite a while after his retirement he had a healthy, prosperous appearance, but for a short time, probably a few weeks, prior to his death he had an uncouth, unclean appearance, and, as one of the witnesses expresses it, looked like he was sick, looked like he was down and out, but, except on the one oc402 cassion referred to, no witness éver saw Mm intoxicated or ever saw or heard of Ms taking a drink. Whether on the occasion he is proven to have been drunk he took one drink or many drinks does not appear. It does not appear that he had ever been in this saloon or any other saloon on any occasion other than the one referred to. , „ As stated, the opinion of the physician is that assured died of acute alcoholism. Alcoholism is a diseased condition of the system brought about by the excessive use of alcoholic liquors. Acute means coming speedily to a crisis — opposed to chronic. See Webster’s New Int. Die. Then acute alcoholism would seem to be a diseased condition of the system coming speedily to a crisis and brought about by the excessive use of alcoholic liquors. One of the meanings given to the word “intemperance” is: Habitual or excessive indulgence in intoxicants.” Webster’s New Int. Dic. In Davey v. Aetna Life Ins. Co. (C. C.), 38 Fed., 650, it was held that: “Where a policy of life insurance contains the proviso that, if the insured ‘shall become so far intemperate as to impair his health, or induce delirium tremens,’ the policy shall become null and void, it is not nessessary for the defendant to 'prove that the insured had become habitually intemperate for any length of time before his death, in order to avoid the policy; but the condition will, be broken if it appear that the insured died from the effects of a single drunken debauch, continued for one day or ten days. — 403 — immediately preceding his death, and although before that time he may have led a temperate, or even a strictly abstemious, life.” And in Conn. Mut. Life Ins. Co. v. Attee, 3 Ohio Cir. Ct. R., 650, it was held that: “Where a policy of life insurance provides that it shall be void if insured shall become so far intemperate as to impair his health or induce delirium tremens, it is avoided by a single debauch which impairs insured’s health.” And in the case of Miller v. Mutual Benefit Ins. Co., 34 Iowa, 222, it was said: Death “from intemperance” within the meaning of. a life policy releasing the insurer from liability for the death of the insured caused by intemperance includes death from a cause occasioned or produced by the excessive use of intoxicating liquor by the insured. But in Tatum v. State, 63 Ala., 147, it is said: “If the habit is to drink to intoxication when occasion offers, and sobriety or abstinence is the exception, then the charge of' intemperate habits is established, . . . ' and it is not necessary that this custom should be an everyday rule.” And in Mowry v. Home Life Ins. Co., 9 R. I., 346, the court said: “Intemperance does not' necessarily imply drunkenness. It is defined .to be the use of anything beyond moderation, but the word ‘intoxicated’ means to become inebriate or drunk.” — 404 — Ordinarily when one drinks intoxicating liquors to such an extent that he is made drunk he would he considered as having drunk to excess. But upon the proof in this case can the court say that the insured died as the result of intemperance? The rule for the construction of the contract under consideration is that, having indemnity for its object, it will be liberally construed to that end. State Ins. Co. v. Hughes, 10 Lea, 461; Kimbro v. Insurance Co., 101 Tenn., 245, 47 S. W., 413. It is a well-known fact that the effect produced by alcoholic liquors depends to some extent on the condition of the system at the time the liquor is taken. It is also a fact that one small drink of whisky may make one person drunk, when a large quantity — a half dozen drinks — of the same whisky would not intoxicate another person. So far as appears from the proof, up to the time deceased went into the saloon from which he was taken he had led a strictly temperate life. He may not have taken more than one drink of whisky, and that may have made him .drunk. Whether he drank the whisky that he did drink for medicinal purposes or simply to satisfy a desire for same does not appear, and the court cannot presume. ' What his condition ■ was at the time he went in the saloon does not appear. _ If the insured drank only a reasonable amount of intoxicating liquor, and drank that in good faith for medical purposes, and he was made drunk thereby and died as a result of same, or from acute alcoholism caused by the whisky so drunk, the policy would not — 405 — be forfeited. Aetna Life Ins. Co. v. Davey, 123 U. S., 739, 8 Sup. Ct., 331, 31 L. Ed., 315; Aetna Life Ins. Co. v. Ward, 140 U. S. 76, 11 Sup. Ct., 720, 35 L. Ed., 371; Knights of Pythias v. Allen, 104 Tenn., 623, 58 S. W., 241. A recovery will not be denied npon a mutual benefit certificate unless required by the language of the contract naturally construed. Bracket v. Modern Brotherhood of America, 154 Ky., 340, 157 S. W., 690, 45 L. R. A. (N. S.), 1144. Giving the language of the certificate under consideration its- natural construction, a recovery will not be denied upon the facts proven. Under the rule of construction above announced, where an insurance company defends upon the ground that the assured has violated some condition of the policy the violation of which worked a forfeiture, the proof that the condition was violated should be affirmative, and presumptions will not be drawn from general terms used by witnesses. In addition to what has been stated above, there is no proof that assured had any whisky in his possession when he was carried from the saloon on October 10th. He remained, at the police station two nights and one day, and there is no proof that he took any intoxicant of any kind while at the station or that he was at all intoxicated after the night of the tenth. He remained at the station during the day of the 11th and that night of his own volition and at his request, and by virtue of the kindness of the officials. On the morning of the 12th the record — 406 — shows.lie was sick, not drunk — so sick that the lieutenant sent him to the hospital. The only evidence that his death resulted from acute alcoholism is the testimony of a young physician who had graduated about four months before he saw the patient and who had been at the hospital less than two months. His certificate as to the cause of death was not made out until more than a month after the death of assured. He says he made the certificate from the hospital charts, hut the charts are not introduced in evidence. He gave his deposition two years after the death of assured, and dofes not claim to remember his symptoms definitely. He says life smelled no whisky on assured’s breath when he was brought to the hospital. He says that assured had cerebral oedema, which is sometimes caused by excessive use of alcohol, but may be caused by many other things, and he could not remember one sympton of deceased that was a symptom of acute alcoholism and not also a symptom of some other disease. The proof does not show with that degree of certainty required by the rule that assured’s death resulted from intemperance or other immoral causes. Complainant also seeks to recover the statutory penalty from defendant because of its failure to pay the certificate. ' It cannot be said that the defendant was not acting in good faith in declining to pay the certificate, and for that reason judgment for the penalty is denied. Silliman v. Insurance C., 135 Tenn., 646, 188 S. W., 273. The judgment of' the court of civil appeals is affirmed.