Hunt-Berlin Coal Co. v. Paton

Mr. Justice Williams delivered the opinion of the Court. This is an action to recover for the alleged wrongful death of R. L. Patón, in which the Hunt-Berlin Coal Company and one of its employees, W. R. More-head, áre defendants. The deceased was shot and killed by Morehead. His personal representative procured a favorable verdict and judgment against both defendants, but on appeal the court of civil appeals held that the trial judge should have sustained a motion for peremptory instructions in behalf of the coal company, that a like motion of defendant Morehead was properly overruled, but that there was reversible error in the charge of the court as to Morehead. All parties have petitioned for certiorari, complaining of rulings adverse to them in assignments of error. The facts appear to be as follows: The coal company was engaged in selling coal, and Morehead was in its employ, as manager of the p.artic.ular yard at which the trouble with Patón occurred, having full general control also of the lights and the — 614 — meters used at that yard, though, according to More-head’s testimony, only to the extent of giving access to those who might have occasion to go in. Patón was in the employ of the light company, and charged with the duty of inspecting all meters and seeing that they were kept in running condition. The coal company used two of the meters of Patón’s employer. Patón went to the plant of the coal company to inspect one of these meters and. on making known his business, Morehead opened the door of the building where the meter was located and let him into the building. Morehead says that, he then asked Patón if there was anything wrong with the meter, observing that a man was sent there every few days; whereupon Patón began to curse, and asked, “What have you got to do with it?’-’ and saying further, “I believe you coal men think we are thieves like all of you coal s— of b — s,” in reply to which Morehead said, “I did not come down here to have trouble with you; I don’t know anything about you being a thief; I know I am not.” Patón then said to him, “Shut up, you black-faced s- of a b-; you don’t know me; I am a Scotchman; I will kill you; I have got a gun; I will kill you;” at which time Morehead turned and walked away, meaning to go to the office to call up the Light Company, and have the meter taken out. . He left Patón still working on the meter, and was not expecting him to follow. While he was on his way to the office, however, he heard some one talking behind him, and on glancing around he saw Patón approaching — 615 — him running, and then within ten feet of him. When Patón got opposite Morehead, he turned facing More-head and threw his own hands to his hip pocket, saying, “You black-faced s-of a b-, I will kill you now, ’ ’ drawing something out of his pocket. This was a meter seal. Morehead testifies that, thinking Patón had a pistol he fired in what he thought was his own self-defense. There was sent up, as a part of the record, a tool that Morehead says Patón drew, and which he took to he a pistol, which tool, while not greatly resembling a pistol, is of such character as led the court of civil appeals to hold that it was a question for the jury as to whether one would be led, under the circumstances indicated, to so believe. According to the evidence of Morehead, he ceased shooting on Patón’s falling, and this is not contradicted. Morehead testified that he had done nothing more to provoke the trouble; that he was followed by Patón about four hundred feet from the place where the meter was being inspected by Patón. According to the testimony of a policeman, after Patón was taken to a hospital he made statements as to how the trouble occurred, which corroborated the testimony of Morehead. The policeman testified that Patón, while in the hospital, explained to him that Morehead might have thought that he (Patón) had a “gun,” that he in fact had whát he called a sealing iron, and also told him that he (Patón) applied vile epithets to Morehead. — 616 — Another witness says that Morehead told him, “That man (referring to Patón) had a gun on him,” and that on searching Patón he found 6on the ground by him the tool referred to, describing it as shiny. 1. As to the petition of the administrator of the deceased: On the above facts it is contended that the court of civil appeals erred in sustaining the motion for a directed verdict favorable to the coal company, since the dispute and killing was not about the private affairs of those engaged, but about the affairs of their respective employers, and the trouble first arose while Morehead was, it is urged, in the line of his duty at the meter. It is said that when he shot he had the interests of the coal company in mind, and was going to the telephone in furtherance of those interests. An early conception of common-law judges of the true test of the master’s liability for a servant’s tort was that of a direct command or direction to do the act; but later this was modified. Lord Holt, who became Chief Justice during the English Revolution of 1688, is said to have been largely instrumental in bringing this about, by discarding that part of the doctrine which required a particular command as the test of liability, and exhausted the rule so as to include the notion of implied or presumed command. Turbeville v. Stampe (1698), Comb., 450. He laid down the rule that, where the master sets his servant to prosecute a particular enterprise, he impliedly authorizes the doing of all acts which are reasonably — 617 — necessary in accomplishing the end aimed at. The change to constructive command thus wrought in the law of torts was more clearly demarked during the chief justiceships of Lords Kenyon and Ellenborough, and “scope of employment” phrased the general test. Nicholson v. Mounsay, 15 East, 384. When, however, it came to dealing with willful torts of servants, Lord Kentow, in McManus v. Crickett, 1 East, 107, an action for driving a chariot against the' plaintiff’s chaise, .ruled that a master is not liable for the willful act of his servant, done without the direction or assent of the master, thus reverting to the old doctrine of particular command^ in cases involving willful torts. It was said by him: “It is a question of very general concern, and has been often canvassed, hut I hope at last it wil he at rest. . . . When a servant quits sight of the object for which he is employed, .and without having in view his master’s orders, pursues that which his own malice suggests, he no longer acts in pursuance of the authority given him, and his master will not he answerable for such acts.” According to the rule of the earlier American cases, which follow McManus v. Crickett, supra, although a master was liable for a servant’s tortious act in the scope of his employment, he was not liable for such acts if they w;ere committed by his servant willfully or maliciously, unless the master had ordered or directed them or subsequently adopted or ratified same. This view was based on the theory that, when — 618 — a servant commits a willful act lie is not acting within the scope of his employment. The dividing line was the willfulness of the act. This earlier doctrine has now been discarded in nearly every jurisdiction and held to be fallacious in that it mates the mental attitude of the tort-feasor in an act of design the test by which to determine whether he was acting within the scope of his authority from the master. In Texas & Pac. R. Co. v. Scoville, 62 Fed., 730, 10 C. C. A., 479, 27 L. R. A., 179, it was said: “Strong as was Lord Kenyon’s hope that he had put the question at rest, and reluctant as have been Westminster Hall and the courts of last resort in this country to pass the line he set to terminate the master’s liability, an examination of the cases shows that the most enlightened and conservative courts no longer hold that willful and malicious purpose is prima facie a departure from the master’s business.” How far the former doctrine may have entered into, and how far, if at all, it deflected unduly the course of decision in our early cases of Puryear v. Thompson, 5 Humph. (24 Tenn.), 397, Cantrell v. Colwell, 3 Head (40 Tenn.), 470, and Smith v. Memphis & Packet Co., 3 Tenn. Cas., 265, we need not stop to inquire. See Stone Co. v. Pugh, 115 Tenn., 688, 91 S. W., 199, 4 L. R. A. (N. S.), 804, 112 Am. St. Rep., 881. We believe, however, that the later decisions in this and other jurisdictions, aside irom some that are erratic, holding that the willful tort of the servant — 619 — may he imputed to the master, may he grouped into three classes: (a) Where the master is under contract, expressed or implied, with the person wronged, or under a law-imposed duty, requiring the master to refrain from mistreatment of him. . Into this class fall, for example, assaults upon passengers by railway employees. Knoxville Traction Co. v. Lane, 103 Tenn., 379, 53 S. W., 557, 46 L. R. A., 549, and cases in accord. (b) Where the nature of the employment or the duty imposed on the servant is such that the master must contemplate the use of force by the servant in performance, as a natural or legitimate sequence. Illustrating this class are cases involving assault and homicides by special officers in the master’s employ (Eichengreen v. Railroad, 96 Tenn., 229, 34 S. W., 219, 31 L. R. A., 702, 54 Am. St. Rep., 833; Railroad v. Carter, 129 Tenn., 463, 166 S. W., 593; Terry v. Burford, 131 Tenn., 451, 175 S. W., 538, L. R. A., 1915F, 714); assaults by guards employed to protect the master’s property (Memphis Street R. Co. v. Stratton, 131 Tenn., 620, 176 S. W., 105, L. R. A., 1915E, 704); trainmen protecting their trains from trespassers; servants sent to repossess or take property. It is generally held in such circumstances that the master will be liable though the wrong be done by means of a deadly weapon in the hand of the servant. (c) Where a dangerous instrumentality is intrusted by the master to the servant, which has capability of harm to the public. Illustrating this class is Nash — 620 — ville & C. R. Co. v. Starnes, 9 Heisk. (56 Tenn.), 52, 24 Am. Rep., 297, which involved a locomotive whistle willfully sounded. It may be that in the development of the law of torts other cases may arise which would call for a distinct classification. The cases relied upon by the petitioner, fall under one of the above heads, when at all sound. Daniel v. Petersburg R. Co., 117 N. C., 592, 23 S. E., 327, 4 L. R. A. (N. S.), 485, so relied upon, was justly criticized in Bowen v. Illinois Cent. R. Co., 136 Fed., 306, 69 C. C. A., 444, 70 L. R. A., 915, and is said by Labatt to be opposed to the general current of authority. 6 Labatt, Mas. & Serv., section 2368a. The facts of the pending case do not bring it within either of the groups. Morehead was not a guard, and his use of force was something that his employer cannot be held to have fairly had in anticipation. In Rounds v. Delaware, etc., R. Co., 64 N. Y. 129, 21 Am. Rep., 597, it was said: “The master is liable only for the authorized acts of the servant, and the root of his liability for the servants’ acts is his consent, express or implied, thereto. . . . “It seems to be clear enough from the cases in this state that the act of the servant causing actionable injury to a third person does not subject the master to civil responsibility in all cases where it appears that the servant, was at the time in the use of his master’s property or because the act, in some general — 621 — sense, was done while he was doing his master’s business, irrespective of the real nature and motive of the transaction. ... “If he is authorized to use force against another when necessary in executing his master’s orders, the master commits it to him to decide what degree of force he shall use; and if, through misjudgment or violence of temper, he goes beyond the necessity of the occasion, and gives a right of action to another, he cannot, as to third persons, be said to have been acting without the line of his duty, or to have departed from his master’s business.” In Johanson v. Pioneer Fuel Co., 72 Minn., 405, 75 N. W., 719, one employed by the defendant to sell coal assaulted a purchaser who came to defendant’s place of business. The dispute arose from the employee charging that the prospective purchaser brought sacks too large in an attempt to get more coal than he was entitled to. This the customer denied, whereupon the employee became enraged and assaulted and heat the customer. It was. held that in so doing the employee was not acting within the scope of his employment. See, also. Fairbanks v. Boston Storage Co., 189 Mass., 419, 79 N. E., 737, 13 L. R. A. (N. S.), 422, 109 Am. St. Rep., 646. In the instant case, if that were material, the dispute that led to the homicide was not over any defect in the meter, hut one in relation to the relative demerits of the employers of the disputants; and it was in no way within the scope of Morehead’s employment to — 622 — engage in a debating match, garnished with profanity, or to settle by force the question of the probity or fair dealing of the coal company. We hold that no error was committed in sustaining the Coal Company’s motion for peremptory instructions. While, generally speaking, the question whether the act of a servant is within the scope of his duty is one for the jury, it becomes one for the court in a case such as this. 2. As to the assignments of error unler the petition of Morehead, the servant: It is the insistence of this petitioner that his motion for an instructed verdict should have been sustained because the facts show that he acted in his necessary self-defense. The law of self-defense applicable in a civil suit is the same as that governing in criminal prosecutions, with the exception that in a civil action the cause must be decided on a preponderance of testimony, whereas in a criminal prosecution the defendant is entitled to the benefit of a reasonable doubt in respect to the defense. 8 R. 0. L., p. 779, and authorities cited; 5 C. J., 635. In an action to recover damages for wrongful death due to an intentional act, the burden of proof is on the plaintiff first to establish his case by sufficient' proof; but when there .is a plea of self-defense the burden of proof is on the defendant to sustain the plea. Brooks v. Haslam, 65 Cal., 421; Suell v. Derricott, 161 Ala., 259, 49 South., 895, 23 L. R. A. (NS.), 996, 18 Ann. Cas., 636, and note; 8 R. C. L., p. — 623 — 858. A contrary rnle in Missouri which puts the bnrden on the plaintiff to show that the homicide was not justifiable (Nichols v. Winfrey, 79 Mo., 544) stands alone, and is severely and justly criticized in Rutherford v. Foster, 125 Fed., 187, 60 C. C. A., 129, as obnoxious to a wise and fair administration of justice. The court of civil appeals ruled, and we think correctly, that the jury was warranted in finding that' the sealing iron 'did not so nearly resemble a pistol as to mislead Morehead. Further, we think the jury may have drawn the inference that Morehead saw Patón at work with that tool at the meter just prior to the shooting. Under the facts the validity of the plea of self-defense was for the jury; and we cannot say that there was no evidence to support its finding of liability on Morehead’s part, under the above rules applicable in civil action. 3. As to the assignments of error of the administrator relating to the ruling on the trial judge’s charge: The court of civil appeals held to be reversible error this paragraph in the charge because of the use of the words “prudent and cautious:” “Even if the jury should find that Morehead was not in peril and that it was not necessary for him to fire in order to protect himself, still, if the jury should find the facts to be that the situation or happenings were such as to lead a prudent and cautious man to believe that he was in danger, even though — 624 — he were not, the law would not hold him liable for firing the shot.” We believe this ruling of the appellate court to be correct. The charge placed an undue burden on Morehead in respect of his defense in not qualifying the indicated words by prefixing the word “reasonably.” The appellate court further held that defendant Morehead was prejudiced by. this statement in the charge: “But if the jury finds that Patón was not making an assault on Morehead which led Morehead necessarily and reasonably to believe that his life was imperiled or that he was in danger of having great bodily harm inflicted upon him, then he had no right to fire. ’ ’ The use of the word “necessarily” was erroneous; it conveyed to the minds of the jurors the thought that Morehead was not warranted in shooting until the circumstances were such as to compel him to believe that his life was in peril. It is by no means improbable that the jury would have found in Morehead’s favor but for these two paragraphs in the charge. There being no error, the judgment of the court of civil appeals is affirmed, with a remand for a new trial as to defendant Morehead.