American Zinc Co. v. Lusk

Mr. Justice Ci-iambliss delivered the opinion of the Court. From a, judgment below awarding compensation for total disability to its employee, Fielding Lusk, the zinc company has appealed; while Lusk has also appealed from so much of the judgment as refused to order commutation of his award. It is conceded that Lusk was an employee and was injured in the course of his employment, but it is insisted that the proof shows that while one eye was altogether lost, five per cent, of the sight of the other remained, and that this percentage of normal sight might be increased to fifteen per cent, by the use of proper corrective glasses, and that this condition does not warrant an award upon the basis of total and permanent loss of the sight of both eyes. The pertinent section of the Tennessee Workman’s Compensation Act (Pub. Acts 1919, chapter 123), being the first paragraph of subsection (e) of section 28, provides: “The total and permanent loss of the sight of both eyes, or the loss of both arms at the shoulder, or complete and permanent paralysis, or total and permanent loss of mental faculties, or any other injury which totally incapacitates the employee from working at an occupation which brings him an income, shall constitute total disability.” Learned counsel for the zinc company have properly foreseep that reliance would be had upon that part of the subsection above quoted which provides that “any other injury which totally incapacitates the employee from working at an occupation which brings him an income, — 223 — shall constitute total disability,” it being recognized that such a degree of “loss of the sight of both eyes” as results in total incapacity authorizes an award under this section. Giving application to that equitable construction required by the express terms of the act, this court is of opinion that whenever it appears that an employee has suffered such a degree of permanent loss of the sight of both eyes as totally incapacitates him from working at an income yielding occupation which requires the use of eyesight, this constitutes such a loss of the sight as is contemplated by the statute. And, further, a condition resulting from injury which leaves the employee incapacitated to work in an income-yielding occupation constitutes total disability whenever his income-earning capacity is restricted to work which normally one can perform if totally blind; the loss being of the sight, or without arms, if the loss be of that nature. In other words, the employee’s disability is none the less “total” in the sense of the statute although it appears that without arms he can yet use for income-earning purposes his eyes and feet or mental equipment; or, if without eyes, he can so utilize his retained physical and mental powers. It appears from the proof that Lusk himself indicates that, if provided with cash funds by commutation of his compensation, he would be able to invest these funds in a farm, and, with assistance from members of his family, contribute toward his support. This much one totally blind, or without arms, could of course do, but it is not within the intent of the statute to reduce the basis of compensation in any case by reason of the income which it may remain possible for the injured employee to earn — 224 — by virtue primarily and. principally of an investment. This view is sound on principle and is supported by authority. Moore v. Peet Bros. Mfg. Co., 99 Kan., 443, 162 Pac., 295, Ann. Cas., 1917E, 240. It is true that in this case it appears that the employee has left a small fractional paid of his normal vision and is still able to distinguish objects indistinctly and see to get about with more or less facility. However, he has remaining but two and one-half-per cent, of his total, vision, with a possibility of increasing this to seven and one-half per cent, of the total by the use of corrective glasses. Is not this a “practical” destruction of the sight, when considered in connection with the manifest purpose of this legislation, which was to provide a substitute for the normal earning capacity of an employee in proportion to his injury? The question as to what constitutes incapacity is largely one of fact, and this court will not disturb the finding of the trial judge in a workman’s compensation case on a question of fact where there is evidence to sustain his finding. Milne v. Sanders, 143 Tenn., 602, 228 S. W., 702. Because of the insistence of learned counsel for the zinc company that this case does not come within this rule, but that a question of law* is pi’esented for consideration arising upon undisputed facts, this court has carefully considered the record and the authorities presented. None of the cases relied on by counsel for the zinc company have more than a partial application to the facts of this case. In Keyworth v. Atlantic Mills (42 R. I., 391, 108 Atl., 81) reported in 8 A. L. R., 1322, not only is a statute somewhat differently worded construed, but the — 225 — employee retained ten per cent, of his normal vision, double the amount retained in the present case, arid, moreover, in that case but one eye was involved. In another case cited the employee retained twenty per cent, of his normal vision, and in another, by the use of glasses, fifty per cent., while in yet another the vision remained “nearly normal for many purposes,” with the aid of glasses. Sofia Boscarino et al. v. Carfagno et al., 220 N. Y., 323, 115 N. E., 710, Ann. Cas., 1918A, 530; Cline v. Studebaker Corporation et al., 189 Mich., 514, 155 N. W., 519, L. R. A., 1916C, 1139; Valentine v. Sherwood Metal Co. et al., 189 App. Div., 410, 178 N. Y. Supp., 494. On the other hand, there is much authority for the general rule that the award may be for total disability whenever the faculty or member of the body, or the use thereof, is practically destroyed. It is well said that in construing these provisions, “the better view seems to be that where a faculty or member of the body, or the use thereof, is practically gone or destroyed, the award may be for the whole faculty or member.” 28 R. C. L., 819. Reference is made to 8 A. L. R., 1324 to 1331, for quotations from and citations of applicable cases. In the light of this rule this court is of opinion that the evidence in this case too nearly indicates a total loss of the eyesight as the result of this' accident to Avarrant reversal of the judgment of the trial judge, and the appeal on this branch of the case will be dismissed and the judgment below affirmed. It has been unnecessary for this court to pass upon the question as to whether or not an employee will be required to use corrective glasses or other available appliances in — 226 — order to reduce tbe compensation, as in this case it does not appear that even by the use of corrective glasses such a degree of sight would remain to the employee as would justify this court in overruling the finding of the trial judge as to the total disability of Lusk. Considering next the appeal of Lusk, this court approves the construction given by the trial judge to the provision for commutation. I.t is clear that the act contemplates an agreement between the employer and the employee as the basis of that “consent” which must be granted by the court before commutation may be ordered. This is apparent from the language of section 36 of the act, reading as follows: “Be it further enacted, that the amounts of compensation payable periodically hereunder may be commuted to one or more lump sum payments. These may be commuted only with the consent of the circuit court. In making such commutation the lump sum payment shall, in the aggregate, amount to a sum equal to the present value of all future installments of compensation calculated on a six per cent, basis. No settlement or compromise shall be made except on the terms herein provided.” The act permits commutation only when the court consents. The usé of the word “consent” implies the precedent presentation of an agreed stipulation or order. It negatives the idea of arbitrary or initiatory action on the part of the court. And the language of the last sentence of the section, “no settlement or compromise shall be made except, etc.,” supports this construction, clearly implying that the commutation thus provided for shall be made pursuant only to a “settlement or compromise,” terms inconsistent with ex parte or forcible procedure. — 227 — This view is in harmony with the general purpose of the act to substitute periodical contributions to the support of those accustomed to and dependent upon such regular periodical incomes for those incomes theretofore earned; and is further strengthened by provisions in the act for termination of the periodical or installment payments upon the arising of certain conditions, such as the remarriage of a widow. Such provisions are,, of course, inconsistent with a right in either party to enforce commutation by court order over the objection of the other. Supporting this view, see 14 N. C. A., 349 to 351, and authorities cited. The appeal of Lusk is therefore dismissed, and the judgment affirmed, and the whole case remanded for further proceedings pursuant to this opinion.