Dietlein v. Dietlein (In re Dietlein)

MIRANDA M. DU, UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE I. SUMMARY Appellants-Debtors Eric G. Dietlein ("Eric") and Colleen M. Dietlein (collectively, "Appellants") appeal from the decision of the United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Nevada ("Bankruptcy Court") converting their bankruptcy *866case from a Chapter 13 to a Chapter 7 matter. (ECF No. 10-21.) The Court has reviewed Appellants' opening brief (ECF No. 7), William Dietlein ("Bill") and Nora Dietlein Christensen's ("Nora") (collectively, "Appellees") response (ECF No. 8), and Appellants' reply (ECF No. 11). The Court has also considered the corresponding exhibits (ECF Nos. 7-1; 7-2; 10-1 through 10-38 (exhibits to answering brief) ). Notably, the exhibits the Court has reviewed includes, inter alia : the motion to convert from Chapter 13 to Chapter 7 ("Conversion Motion") Appellees filed in the Bankruptcy Court (ECF No. 10-17); Appellants' objection to the Conversion Motion (ECF No. 10-18); Appellees' reply (ECF No. 10-19); Appellants' supplement to their objection (ECF No. 10-20); the Bankruptcy Court's order converting the case (ECF No. 10-21); and the transcript of the Bankruptcy Court proceedings on the Conversion Motion ("Tr.") (ECF No. 10-1). For the reasons explained below, the Court affirms the Bankruptcy Court's decision upon finding it is supported by the record before this Court. II. RELEVANT BACKGROUND Appellant Eric and Appellees are siblings. Appellees filed the Conversion Motion in June 2014. (ECF No. 10-17.) At that time, Appellees and Eric had been in "lengthy disputes" regarding their trust assets. (ECF No. 10-1 at 60.) The core disputes between the parties regard what to do with related trusts (collectively, "the Trust") established by the siblings' parents, Robert W. Dietlein ("Robert") and Eleanora J. Dietlein ("Eleanora"). (ECF No. 8 at 7; ECF No. 7 at 29; ECF No. 10-2 at 3.)1 Shortly before Robert's death in 1992, he and Eleanora executed the Robert W. and Eleanora J. Dietlein Revocable Trust - 1992. (Id. ) The Trust provided for the creation of three "sub-trusts" upon Robert's death: two irrevocable sub-trusts (named the Family Trust and the Marital Income Trust)-to receive Robert's half of their community property and all his separate property; and another revocable sub-trust, the Survivor's Trust, to receive Eleanora's half of their community property and all her separate property. (Id. ) In October 2004, Eleanora executed the Eleanora J. Dietlein Trust dated October 25, 2004, ("Eleanora J. Dietlein Trust") to replace the Survivor's Trust. (Id. ; ECF No. 10-3 at 3.) Eleanora further amended the Eleanora J. Dietlein Trust on November 16, 2007, by executing the Amended and Restated Declaration and Agreement For The Eleanora J. Dietlein Trusts. (ECF No. 10-3 at 3; ECF No. 7 at 29.) It is undisputed that thereafter Eric began exercising control over the Trust's assets, and at some point, began using the assets for personal reasons. (ECF No. 10-2 at 4; ECF No. 10-6.) Appellants filed for bankruptcy in October 2009. (ECF No. 10-2 at 4.) Eleanora died in 2010. (Id. ) In March 2013, a trustee that had been appointed to Appellants' Chapter 13 case filed a motion to dismiss Appellants' Chapter 13 case "based on delinquency and because [Appellants] had not provided copies of their 2009, 2010, 2011, and 2012 tax returns." (ECF No. 10-31 at 4.) In the 2014 Conversion Motion Appellees alleged ten "causes" supporting a finding of conversion (ECF No. 10-17 at 3, 12) culminating in their overarching position that Appellants had acted in "bad faith" (ECF No. 10-1 at 9) throughout the Chapter 13 case. Appellees asserted: (1) failure to disclose a material change in employment *867and/or compensation; (2) failure to disclose pre-petition income; (3) failure to properly identify all trust assets; (4) misrepresentation of the value of trust assets; (5) failure to update schedules to reflect vesting of trust interests and expiration of spendthrift provision; (6) that, relatedly, Eric cannot argue the spendthrift provisions protect him; (7) failure to identify the trust or movants as creditors; (8) intentionally delaying distribution of trust assets; (9) failure to disclose unliquidated claims; and (10) failure to disclose bankruptcy status in state court proceedings. (See generally ECF No. 10-17.) The paramount theory underlying Appellees' Conversion Motion was that Eric "undervalued or [had] not disclosed" his assets-including the Trust assets. Appellees posited that if the assets "were taken over by a Chapter 7 trustee, [they] could be liquidated and provide more money to creditors." (ECF No. 10-1 at 31.) When asked about Appellee's theory at a July 31, 2014 hearing held regarding the Conversion Motion, Eric appeared to be most concerned about the Trust's ability to recover the most money possible from a lawsuit he had filed against Bill2 as Trust representative. (ECF No. 10-1 at 25, 31-33, 54-55.) Ultimately, the Bankruptcy Court decided to grant the Conversion Motion (ECF No. 10-21) based upon its oral finding of all but one of the asserted causes-cause (8) intentionally delaying distribution of trust assets (id. at 56-61), and that conversion was in the best interest of creditors (id. at 61). Appellants timely appealed the decision. (ECF No. 1 at 1; ECF No. 1-2 at 2.) Appellees then timely elected to have this Court hear the appeal. (ECF No. 1-3.) The appeal was transferred and filed with this Court on November 4, 2014. (ECF No. 1-4.) III. STANDARD OF REVIEW The Court reviews "for abuse of discretion the bankruptcy court's ultimate decisions to deny a request for dismissal of a Chapter 13 case ... and to convert a case from Chapter 13 to Chapter 7. In re Rosson , 545 F.3d 764, 771 (9th Cir. 2008) (citations omitted). A bankruptcy court's conclusions of law are reviewed de novo , "including its interpretation of the Bankruptcy Code," and its factual findings are reviewed for clear error. In re Rains , 428 F.3d 893, 900 (9th Cir. 2005) ; In re Salazar , 430 F.3d 992, 994 (9th Cir. 2005). The bankruptcy court's factual findings are clearly erroneous only if the findings "leave the definite and firm conviction" that the bankruptcy court made a mistake. In re Rains , 428 F.3d at 900. "A bankruptcy court abuses its discretion if it applies the law incorrectly or if it rests its decision on a clearly erroneous finding of a material fact." In re Brotby , 303 B.R. 177, 184 (9th Cir. BAP 2003). In reviewing a bankruptcy court's decision, this Court ignores harmless errors. In re Mbunda , 484 B.R. 344, 355 (9th Cir. BAP 2012). The Court may affirm the bankruptcy court's decision "on any ground fairly supported by the record." In re Warren , 568 F.3d 1113, 1116 (9th Cir. 2009). IV. DISCUSSION In their opening brief on appeal, Appellants put forth numerous "issues" they deem related to purported findings and rulings the Bankruptcy Court made. (See generally ECF No. 7.) At times, Appellants argue their various "issues" without citation to authority regarding either things they claim the Bankruptcy Court *868should have done, or things they claim they were not obligated to do.3 In any event, all these "issues" Appellants highlight are subsumed into a single dispositive issue-whether the Bankruptcy Court erred or abused its discretion in converting Appellants' Chapter 13 case to a Chapter 7 case. The record supports affirmance. Title 11 of the bankruptcy codes pertaining to "conversion or dismissal" provides: Except as provided in subsection (f) of this section, on request of a party in interest or the United States trustee and after notice and a hearing , the court may convert a case under this chapter[--chapter 13--] to a case under chapter 7 of this title, or may dismiss a case under this chapter, whichever is in the best interests of creditors and estate, for cause , including- ... 11 U.S.C. § 1307(c). Subsection c goes on to list eleven types of 'cause' ( id. at § 1307(c)(1)-(11) ), but that list is "nonexclusive." In re Nelson , 343 B.R. 671, 674 (9th Cir. BAP 2006). " Section 1307(c)... establishes a two-step analysis for dealing with questions of conversion and dismissal. First, it must be determined that there is 'cause' to act. Second, once a determination of 'cause' has been made, a choice must be made between conversion and dismissal based on the 'best interests of the creditors and the estate.' " Id. at 675. The Ninth Circuit has recognized that a debtor's right to voluntarily dismiss a Chapter 13 case under § 1307(b) is not absolute, but rather "is qualified by the authority of a bankruptcy court to deny dismissal on grounds of bad faith conduct or 'to prevent an abuse of process.' " In re Rosson , 545 F.3d at 774-74 (quoting 11 U.S.C. § 105(a) ); see also Marrama v. Citizens Bank of Massachusetts , 549 U.S. 365, 375, 127 S.Ct. 1105, 166 L.Ed.2d 956 (2007) (quoting 11 U.S.C. § 105(a) ) (noting that the Bankruptcy Code specifically grants bankruptcy judges "broad authority ... to take any action necessary 'to prevent an abuse of process' " and acknowledging that bankruptcy courts "routinely treat dismissal of prepetition bad-faith conduct as implicitly authorized by the words 'for cause' "). Courts assess a 'cause' of bad faith based on the "totality of the circumstances." In re Leavitt ("Leavitt "), 171 F.3d 1219, 1224 (9th Cir. 1999) (internal quotation and citation omitted). While in Leavitt the Ninth Circuit identified certain factors that "should" be considered in making a bad faith determination (see id. ), the Ninth Circuit later acknowledged that in Marrama the Supreme Court "declined to decide 'with precision what conduct qualifies as bad faith,' [and] 'emphasize[d] that the debtor's conduct must, in fact, be atypical,' " In re Rosson , 545 F.3d at 773 (quoting Marrama , 549 U.S. at 375 n.11, 127 S.Ct. 1105 ). Moreover, a finding of bad faith "does not require fraudulent intent by the debtor[,]" Leavitt , 171 F.3d at 1224, and bad faith is a finding of fact reviewed for clear error, id. at 1222-23 ; Eisen v. Curry (In re Eisen) , 14 F.3d 469, 470 (9th Cir. 1994) (per curiam). Without need to consider all the Bankruptcy Court's findings, the record here provides ample support for the Bankruptcy Court's implicit finding that Appellants'-particularly Eric's-conduct in the *869Chapter 13 case amounted to "atypical" bad faith debtor conduct. This outcome is reinforced by the fact that at no point did Appellants supplement their bankruptcy petition to correct omissions or provide additional information. See Fed R. Bankr. P. 1007(h) (stating that a debtor's duty to amend their schedules continues until a discharge order is entered). Appellant Eric acknowledged at the hearing on the Conversion Motion that he owed the Trust money at the time Appellants filed for bankruptcy, but Appellants did not list the Trust as a creditor on Appellants' Chapter 13 bankruptcy petition schedules. (ECF No. 1 at 34; see also ECF No. 10-6.) Eric also indicated that he knew the Trust would become fully vested upon Eleanora's death (ECF No. 10-1 at 21)-yet he failed to amend the schedules in his bankruptcy case upon her death in 2010 to indicate that the Trust assets were then available to him. Moreover, the name of the trust he actually provided in his schedules was incorrect. (Id. at 58.) Nor did he specifically note that he was "a one-third beneficiary of one trust and one-half beneficiary of another trust." (Id. ) In his opening brief on appeal, Eric admits that he-through his attorney-listed the Trust only as the "Robert and Eleanora Dietlein Spendthrift Trust." (ECF No. at 30.) Of course, this does not accurately reflect either the Trust's name, or any of the "sub-trusts" therein, see supra Section II. However, Eric suggests this listing was not duplicitous because there are many ways he could have scheduled the Trust by name and attribute. (Id. ) He provides no authority to support this "could have" statement. (Id. ) In their response, Appellees argue that the exact name of the Trust was important because a creditor searching by the name Appellants provided on the Chapter 13 petition "would reveal no results, whereas searching with the proper name would yield several results." (ECF No. 8 at 17.) The Court agrees with Appellees. The Bankruptcy Court did as well. (See ECF No. 10-1 at 58 (Tr. at 57:23-25).) The Bankruptcy Court also found that Eric did not disclose a material change in employment and/or compensation-by failing to disclose his "gross income" as required by the schedules. (Id. at 57.) Appellants' schedules disclose Eric's average income as $4,419.75 per month from the operation of a business. (ECF No. 10-27 at 2 (Chapter 13 Stat.).) Later in November 2011, Eric entered into a working agreement with Karlon J. Kidder, Esq. for a salary of $7,000 per month. (ECF No. 10-28.) Appellants provided a 2013 1040 tax form associated with work at Kidder Law Group, LTD ("Kidder") to their Chapter 13 trustee evidencing a total business gross income of $34,750.00. (ECF No. 10-31.) Appellants argue on appeal, as Eric did at the conversion hearing, that this "gross income" constitutes income after purported allowable business deductions-suggesting he was not an employee of Kidder, and was at all relevant times an independent contractor. (ECF No. 7 at 11-17; ECF No. 10-1 at 11-15, 51-53.) The Bankruptcy Court found Eric's explanation of gross income unconvincing and indicated having concluded that the schedules unambiguously required disclosure of "gross income." (ECF No. 10-1 at 11, 58.) Moreover, Eric's claim on appeal that his "gross income" appropriately reflected deductions from business income has been muted by judicial estoppel. (See ECF No. 10-15 (Eleanora J. Dietlein Trust, et al. v. Am. Home Mortg. Inv. Corp. , No. 3:11-CV-00719-LRH-VPC) at 22 (finding "Eric was Mr. Kidder's employee. Eric was not an independent contractor.").)4 *870These omissions and inaccuracies support the conclusion that Appellants essentially forfeited any right to continue under Chapter 13. They also support the Bankruptcy Court's exercise of its authority to dissuade "bad faith" or abuse of the bankruptcy process by converting the case to a Chapter 7 case and placing it under the purview of a Chapter 7 trustee to protect the relevant creditors' interests-including the Trust.5 Even if the Bankruptcy Court erred in deciding to convert the case and appoint a Chapter 7 trustee-and this Court finds it did not-Appellants arguably invited the error. "Under the invited error doctrine, an error that is caused by the actions of the complaining party will cause reversal "only in the most exceptional situation." U.S. v. Schaff , 948 F.2d 501, 506 (9th Cir. 1991) (internal quotation and citations omitted). Such an "exceptional situation" exists where, for example, the complaining party has demonstrated that "reversal is necessary to preserve the integrity of the judicial process or to prevent a miscarriage of justice." Id. (citation omitted). That is not the case here. As indicated, Eric's primary concern during the conversion hearing appeared to be that if the case was converted a Chapter 7 trustee would not zealously pursue the Trust's lawsuit against Bill, to ensure that creditors obtain the greatest possible recovery. (ECF No. 10-1 at 31-33, 54-55.) The Bankruptcy Court was unpersuaded by this argument and stated that Eric's assumption about what a Chapter 7 trustee might do was "erroneous." (Id. at 33.) Eric subsequently conceded that having a Chapter 7 trustee-who would pursue asset recovery as he would-would be a "good thing." (Id. ) He specifically stated that If that Chapter 7 trustee was willing to actually get the most out of what is there, I would be happy about it. If they weren't, I'd be very unhappy about it ... I do know that my brother and sister and I can't agree on anything and I do believe that a trustee needs to take charge. (Id. at 54 (Tr. at 53:6-18).) Upon finding causes existed for the case to be converted-presumably as opposed to dismissing the case outright-the Bankruptcy Court provided two reasons for concluding that it was in the best interest of creditors to appoint a Chapter 7 trustee. First, "it appears ... nothing can be accomplished as long as [the siblings] are battling." (ECF No. 10-1 at 61.) Second, Eric "[c]ertainly ... indicated that he thought a trustee could do some better"-albeit he "quibble[d]"-"saying that the trustee would only be appropriate if he could direct the trustee," but "[t]hat's not appropriate in this case, or any case." (Id. ) Therefore, this Court finds that Eric essentially invited the Bankruptcy Court to make the decision it did, and thus it is incongruous for Eric to now seek reversal of that decision.6 See Warren , 568 F.3d at 1116 (noting a bankruptcy court's decision *871may be affirmed "on any ground fairly supported by the record"). For the stated reasons, the Court affirms the Bankruptcy Court's decision converting Appellants' Chapter 13 case to a Chapter 7 case. V. CONCLUSION The Court notes that the parties made several arguments and cited to several cases not discussed above. The Court has reviewed these arguments and cases and determines that they do not warrant discussion as they do not affect the outcome of this appeal. It is therefore ordered that the Bankruptcy Court's decision is affirmed. The Clerk of this Court is directed to enter judgment and close the case. Footnotes [1] The facts provided regarding the creation and distribution of the Trust are undisputed. [2] Appellees established that this lawsuit was dismissed and therefore "[n]either Appellant nor a Chapter 7 trustee could ever pursue the claims against NAFCO USA, LLC." (ECF No. 8 at 11-12; ECF No. 10-23; ECF No. 10-24; ECF No. 10-25; ECF No. 10-26.) [3] For example, without citation to authority, Appellants claim the Bankruptcy Court prejudiced them merely by not providing an evidentiary hearing-to further expound on their arguments-beyond the hearing on the Conversion Motion. (ECF No. 7 at 9, 30-31; ECF No. 11 at 19.) Appellants also claim without legal support that Eric had no obligation to disclose his "personal" bankruptcy status in a case where he was involved as manager of the Trust. (ECF No. 7. at 20). [4] In the Appellants' reply brief, they highlight that this order by Magistrate Judge Valerie Cooke was up for appeal. (ECF No. 11 at 13.) However, the Court takes judicial notice of the fact that the appeal has since been dismissed for lack of jurisdiction. (See 3:11-cv-00719-LRH-VPC at ECF Nos. 105, 113, 137.) [5] Notably, the trustee assigned to Appellants' Chapter 13 case at the time of the modification, opined that "[t]o the extent the court determines that the [Appellants] have been deceptive, concealed assets or withheld material financial information that frustrated the proper administration of their Chapter 13 case, the case should either be dismissed or converted." (ECF No. 10-31 at 3.) [6] Appellants appear to request reversal "in full or in part." (ECF No. 7 at 32.) It seems infeasible that a decision to convert the case from a Chapter 13 to Chapter 7 may be reversed in part. Thus, the Court does not address that alternative request.