United States v. Beacham

Morris, J. The first objection relied upon in support of the demurrer is that the averments of the indictment do not show an offense cognizable under federal law. It must be conceded that the offense charged is within the language of section 5344 of the Revised Statutes; but it is urged that the statute must be shown to be constitutionally applicable by alleging facts which will support the constitutional validity of the statute. The authority for the statute is to be found in the constitutional grant of power to congress to regulate commence among the several states. The supreme court has construed this clause of the constitution in many cases, and, among others, in Gilman v. Philadelphia, 3 Wall. 724; The Daniel Ball, 10 Wall. 557; The Montello, 11 Wall. 411; Lord v. Steam-ship Co., 102 U. S. 541; Sherlock v. Alling, 93 U. S. 103. The result of these decisions is that, as commerce includes navigation, congress has power to regulate navigation, and to regulate steam-boats as instruments used in navigation whenever they are used on the navigable waters of the United States. The allegation of the indictment is that, at the date of the alleged offense, the defendant was the captain of a certain steam-boat called the “Excelsior,” which steam-boat was being used in carrying pas [285] sengers on an excursion from the city of Baltimore to a certain landing on the Chesapeake bay not far from the city of Annapolis, called “Bay Ridge,” and back again to Baltimore. This, in substance, alleges that the steam-boat was navigating the Chesapeake bay between Baltimore and Bay Ridge, near Annapolis. It is not alleged that tho Chesapeake bay, so navigated, was one of tho navigable waters of the United States, but it seems to me that this is a fact of sucli universal notoriety that the court must know it judicially, and that it need not be either averred or proved in such an indictment as the present one, based upon section 5344 of the Revised Statutes. This section declares that every captain of any steam-boat by whose misconduct or inattention to duty the life of any person is destroyed shall be guilty of manslaughter. The section does not limit the offense to the navigable waters of the United States, but is in terms without limit. It is the restriction in tho constitutional grant of power to congress which limits the application of the law. The indictment alleges facts sufficient, in substance, to give valid operation to the law within that restriction. It alleges the defendant to have been captain of a steam-boat engaged in navigation; therefore the steam-boat was an instrument of commerce. It describes that navigation to have been upon the Chesapeake bay, between Baltimore and a point near Annapolis; therefore, of necessity, to the judicial knowledge of the court, and as a fact of universal notoriety, upon the navigable waters of the United States. It is also urged against the first count that there is no sufficient averment that it was the duty of the captain to see that tho rail, the absence of which is charged as negligence, was in place, and no sufficient averment that the absence of the rail left the place from which Ella Martin fell into the water dangerous and without protection. The allegation is that the absence of the rail left a portion of the deck unguarded, and, by reason and in consequence of the absence of the rail, Ella Martin stepped upon the unguarded part of the deck, and fell into the water, and that it was by the inattention and neglect of the defendant to his duties as captain that the rail was suffered to be absent, whereby the life of Ella Martin was destroyed. It seems to mo that the neglect complained of, and the connection with it charged against the defendant, and the consequences of the alleged neglect, could not be more precisely stated. The second count is based upon section 4477 of tho Revised Statutes, which requires passenger steamers, during the night, to keep a suitable number of watchmen on each deck, to give alarm in case of accident. The allegation is that the defendant, contrary to his duty as captain, did not, on the night of the day stated in the Indictment, keep a suitable number of watchmen on the saloon deck of the steamboat, by reason of which neglect no proper measures for the rescue of Ella Martin were taken, for want of which measures Ella Martin was drowned, and that, by this neglect of his duty as captain of the steam [286] boat, the life of Ella Martin was destroyed. Notwithstanding the many ingenious objections urged by defendant’s counsel against this second count of the indictment, I think it is good, and contains every necessary averment. The demurrer is overruled.