Hughes v. Moore

Marshall, Ch. J. delivered the opinión of the Court as follows: Much of the seeming intricacy of this cause will disappear, if we extricate the questions made by the pleadings before the Court, from others which might greatly embarrass and perplex it. The 'declaration contains four counts. The first recites an original contract between Cleon Moore and John Darby, for the sale of certain lands, lying in Kentucky, and proceeds to recount in detail those transactions on which the action was founded. The other counts state, in different terms, the sevéral assumpsits,' which they allege to have been made. The Defendants crave oyer of the written, contract, stated in,the first count, and file several pleás to.that *190 count.. They then, without repeating the oyer, file similar pleas to the remaining counts. After taking issue on some of the pleas, and demurring to Others, the below discontinues his first count; By the counsel for Hughes, this has been considered as ei’ror. But the Court can perceive no reason for this opinion. After this discontinuance, the parties are in precisely the same situation, as if. all the issues both of law and fact which were joined upon that count, had been decided in favor of the Defendant below. Such decision could, not, in point of law, have affected the rights of the parties under the issues joined on the remaining counts, and consquently the discontinuance upon that count must leave those rights unimpaired. Whether this count remain in the declaration, or he stricken out of it, the right of the Plaintiff in the Circuit Court, to recover on the other counts, will be precisely the same. The examination of this right must be conducted on the same principles as if the declaration had never contained the first count. By the Plaintiff in error it is contended, that.itheoyer, which was prayed of the written contract alleged in the first count, spreads that contract' on the record, and makes if; a part of all his subsequent pleas. This is certainly true with respect to all his subsequent pleas to that count, - but not with respect to his pleas to the other counts. Different counts allege different contracts, and. different assupipsits. It is upon-this idea alone, that a verdict can be rendered for the Plaintiff, on one count, and for the Defendant on another. Now the oyer of one contract cannot be the oyer of another contract, and cannot spread upon the record a contract supposed to he totally distinct from that which was read» The discontinuance of the first count produces no change in this respect, in the condition of the parties. Had it remained, it could have had no influence on the other counts, nor could the oyer of the written contract it stated have transferred that contract to the other counts. The second count states, that Cleon Moore was c-wner and proprietor of a plat and certificate of survey for lands lying in Kentucky, for which he was entitled to a patent from the government of that State j and that *191 James Hughes, without authority, transferred that - plat and certificate, in the name of Cleon Moore to John Darby and the said Hughes, by which wrongful' act a patent for the said land! was issued to the said Darby & Hughes to the great injury of the said Moore. That afterwards the said Hughes promised to pay to the said Moore, « the sum of seven hundred pounds for the said injury, and loss of the said land assigned as aforesaid ¿ the said Plaintiff at the same time, agreed to ..the said terms, and to accept of the said compensation in full of all claims and demands for the said timd and for tlie injury aforesaid.” To this count, the Defendant pleaded several pleas, one of which was, that neither the promise nor any. memorandum thereof was made in writing. To this plea the Plaintiff demurred, and the Court sustained the demurrer. The correctness of this decision depends entirely on the application of the statute of frauds to the contract stated in the declaration. Cleon Moore is averred to' have been the proprietor of a plat and certificate of survey oh which Hughes & Darby obtained a patent by using his name without authority. . This tortious act did not divest Moore of his equitable title. The land, in equity, was his. Did he part with this title by the contract stated in the declara-. tion ? The answer must, in th.e opinion of the whole Court, be in the affirmative. « He agreed to accept of the said compensation in full of all claims and demands for the said ‘and for the injury aforesaid. This, then, was an agreement to sell his. equitable title to the i land for the sum of seven hundred pounds. The Court can perceive no distinction between the s,ale of. land to which a man hás only an equitable title; and a sale, of land to which lie has . a legal title. They/are equally, within the statute. It is, therefore, the unanimous opinion of this Court, that the'judgment upon the demurrer to this plea, ought to have been hi favor of the Defendant .below* This plea being a complete bar to the second count, it is ini-, necessary to consider the other pleas. • *192 , The third count states the. title of Cleon Moore» and , the injury sustained by him to the same effect with the, second count. It then states a conversation between - the parties, “ concerning a compensation for the loss» “ and a liquidation of the damages sustained by the said “ Cleon, by reason of the misconduct and wrong doing “ pf the said James in the premises» and of the vesting “them, the said Darby & Hughes, with the legal.titleto “ the said land as aforesaid t, and it was then and there “ agreed by the said James, on his part, in consideration, of the premises,-and of the just claims of the said “Cleon, for .compensation and damages, as áforcsaid, “ that the said James should pay to the said Cleon, in “ satisfaction-for the same, the sum of 7001.” &c. « And “ the said Cieori then and there agreed, on- his part, to “ accept of the said seven hundred pounds in. full com- “ pensatioh of his just claims as aforesaid,” and, upon the same being secured, &c. to release and quit claim to the said Jámes, all his, the said Cleon’s, ci aims and demands whatsoever, -for compensation, redress or damages-arising from the wrong doing and misconduct of the said James in the premises, and from the vesting the said Darby & Hughes, with the legal title to the said land as aforesaid. ' T° this counf also, the statute of frauds was pleaded in bar. The Plaintiff below demurred to the plea, and the Defendant joined in demurrer. ' Upon the true construction ®f the contract stated in this count, there was some contrariety of opinion among the judges. It is,.-however, the opinion, of the majority that the contract must be understood to import a sale of' land, and that the sum of money stipulated to be paid, was, in contemplation o,f the parties, to extinguish the ti? tie of the said Cleon Moore. The conversation was « concerning a compensation “ for the loss and a liquidation of the damages sustained “ by the said Cleon,” not only “ by reason of the mis- “ conduct of the said Hughes, but also.' by reason « of “ the vesting, them, the said Darby & Hughes, with the “ legal- title to the .said land.” “And it was then “ agreed, in consideration of the just claims, of the said « Cleon,, for compensation and ddmages, that the. said *193 “ James, should pay the said Cleon, in'satisfaction for «the same, the sum of 700i.” To the majority of the Court, it seems, that a compensation fob the loss of the title to the land must be understood to be a compensation for the land itself, and that the receipt of this money by. Cleon Moore, would not only have barred an action for damages, but a suit in equity for the title. If this opinion be correct, then the contract is substantially for the sale of land, and, to be valid, ought to have been in-writing. On this plea also the demurrer ought to have been overruled. The foiirth count states the injury more in detail, than is done in either the second or-third counts. It states the claim of Cletffi Moore to be compensated foy the loss sustained by his land being granted without his consent to Hughes and Darby. A conversation was then held, and “ propositions-for a compromise were made, touching the compensation and indemnification of him, the said Cleon,” « and it was then and there agreed by the “ said James, in consideration of the just claims of the “ said Cleon, to be compensated for the damage and « injury for the misconduct of the said James in the pre *f mises, and in consideration of the said James having “ procured and obtained a patent to he completed and *( issued to the said James, and the said John Darby, as " last aforesaid, for the said land,” that he, the said James, would well and truly pay the said Cleon, one other sum of 7001. This the « said Cleon agreed to « accept in satisfaction of his just claims to compensáis tion arising from the causes and considerations last « aforesaid.” The compensation here offered and accepted, is for the injury sustained by Cleon Moore, in consequence of the* grant of his land, by the state of Kentucky, to Hughes and Darby. It seems to the Court, that this compensation was in lieu' of the patent itself, and must have been intended to extinguish his right to that patent. It is difficult to suppose an intention, in this case, to receive a full compensation for the loss of a title, and yet to retain the right to that title. The majority of the Court is of opinion that, under the contrast as stated in this count also, the payment of the money agreed to be *194 paid, would have extinguished the right of Cleon Mooré to the laud in question, and that this contract likewise is siibstanlially a confraci for the sale ofland. Thedemurrer, therefore, to this plea ought to have been overruled. It is unnecessary to examine other points-which were made in the cause. The judgment of the Circuit Court must he reversed, and judgment rendered for the Plaintiff'in error. Judgment reversed.