Fairfax's v. Hunter's Lessee

The Court having tákefi time since, last term to consider this case; *618 Story, J. delivered their opinion as follows, (Mar-shade Ch. J.'and Todd J. being absent.) The first question is, whether lord Fairfax was pro-proprietor'of, and seized of the soil of the waste and unappropriated lands in the Northern Neck, by virtue of the royal grants, 2 Charles, % and 4 James 2, or whether he had mere seignoral rights therein as lord paramount, disconnected from all interest in the land, except of sale or alienation. The royal charter expressly conveys all that entire tract, territory, and parcel of land, situate, &c. together with the rivers, islands, woods, timber, &c. mines, quarries of stone and coal, &c. to the grantees and their heirs and assigns, to their only, use and behoof, and to no other use, intent or purpose whatsoever. . i is difficult to conceive terms more explicit than these to vest a title and interest in the soil itself. The land is given, and the exclusive use thereof, and if the' union of the title and the exclusive use do not constitute the dominium directum utile, the complete- and absolute dominion in property, it will not be easy to fix any which shall constitute such dominion. The ground of the objection would seem to have been, that the royal charter had declared that the grantees should hold of the king as tenants in capite, and that it proceeded to declare that the grantees and their heirs and assigns should have power “ freely and without mo- « Jestation of the king, to give, grant, or by any ways “ or means sell or alien all and singular the granted premises, and every part and parcel thereof, to any “ person or persons being willing to .contract for and « buy the same,” which words were to be considered as restrictive or explanatory of the preceding words of the charter, and as confining the rights granted to the irfere authority to sell or. alien. But it is very clear that this clause imposes no restriction or explanation of the general terms of the. grant. As the grantees held as tenants in capite of the king, they could not sell or alien without the royal license, and if they did, it was in ancient strictness an *619 absolute forfeiture of the land. 2 Ins. 66; and after the statute 1 Edw. 3 ch. 12, though the forfeiture did not attach, yet a reasonable fine was to be paid to the king upon the alienation. 2 Ins. 67. Staundf. Prer. 27. 2 M. Com. 72. it was not until ten years after the first charter, (12 Ch. 2 ch. 24,) that all fines for. and tenures of the king in capite were abolished. 2 Bl. Com. 77. So that the object of this clause was manifestly to give the royal assent to alienations without the claim of any fine therefor. We are therefore satisfied, that by virtue of the charter and the. intermediate grants, lord Fairfax at Ihe time of his death, had the absolute property of the soil of the land in controversy, and the acts of ownership exercised by him over the whole waste and unappropriated lands, as - ated in the case, vested in him a complete seizin and possession thereof. Even if there had been no acts of ownership proved, we should have been of opinion, that as there was no adverse possession, and tne land was waste and unappropriated, the legal seizin must be, upon' principle, considered as passing with the title. On this point we have the satisfaction to find, that our view of the title of lord Fairfax seems incidentally confirmed by the opinion of the Court of appeals of Virginia, in Picket v. Dowdell, 2 Wash. 106. Johnson v. Buffington, 2 Wash. 116, and Curry v. Burns, 2 Wash. 121. The next question is as to the nature and character of the title which Denny Fairfax took by the will of lord Fairfax, he being, at the time of the death of lord Fair-fax, an alien enemy. It is clear by the common law, that an alien can take lands by purchase, though not by descent $ or in other words he cannot take by the act of law, but he may by the act of the party. This principle has been settled in the year books, and has been uniformly recognized as sound law from that time. 11 Hen. 4, 26. 14, Hen. 4, 20. Co. Litt. 2 5. Nor is there any distinction, whether the purchase be by grant or by devise. In either case, the estate vests in the alien. Vow. Dev. 316, tfc. Park. *620 Rep. 144. €o. Litt. 2 &. not for his own benefit, but for the benefit of the state $ or in tiie language of the ancient law, the alien lias the capacity to take, but not to hold lands, and they may be seized into the hands of the sovereign. 11 II. 4, 26. 14 II. 4, 20. Rut until the are so seized, the alien has complete dominion over the same. He is a good tenant of the freehold in a precipe on a common recovery. 4 Leon 84. Goldsb. 102. 10 Mod. 128. And may convey the same to a purchaser. Sheafe v. O’Neile, 1 Mass. Rep. 256. Though Go. Litt. 52 b, seems to the contrary, yet it must probably mean that he can cónyey á defeasible estate only, which an office found will divest. It seems indeed to have been held, that aii alien cannot maintain a real action for the recovery of lands. Co. Lit. 129 b. Thel. Big. ch. 6. By-er, 2. b. but it does not then follow that he may not defend, in a real action, his title l. the lands against all persons hut the sovereign. We do not find that in respect to these general rights and .disabilities, there is any admitted difiérem e between alien frunds and alien enemies. During the war, the property of alien enemies.-is subject to confiscation jure belli, and their civil capacity to sue is suspended.' Byer, 3 b. Brandon v. Nesbitt, 6 T. R. 23. 3 Bos. & Pull. 113. 5 Rob. 102 But as to capacity to purchase, no case has been cited in which it has been denied, and in The Attorney General v. Wheeden <Sp Shales, Park. Rep. 267, it was adjudged that a bequest to an alien enemy was good, and after a peace might be enforced. Indeed the common law in these particulars seems- to coincide with the Jus Gentium. Bynk. Quest. Pub. Jur. ch. 7. Valid, &.-2, ch. 8, § 112, 114. Grot. lib. 2, ch. 6, § 16. It has not been attempted to place the title of Denny Fairfax upon the ground of his being an antenatus, born under a common allegiance before the American revolution, and this has been abandoned upon good reason ; for whatever doubts may have been formerly entertained, it is now settled that a British subject born before, cannot, since the revolution, take lands by descent in the United Slates. 4 Crunch, 321, Dawson’s Lessee v. Godfrey But it has been argued, that although D. Fairfax *621 had capacity to take the lands as devisee, yet he took to ¡he use of the commonwealth only, and had therefore but a momenváry seizin ; that in fact he was but a mere trustee of the estate' at the will of the commonwealth, and that by operation of law, immediately upon the death of the testator, lord Fairfax, the title vested in commonwealth, and left but a mere naked possession in the devisee. If we are right in the position, that the capacity of an alien enemy does not differ in this respect from an alien friend, it will not be easy to maintain this, argumeut. It is incontrovertibly settled upon, the fullest authority, that the title acquired by an alien by purchase, is not divested until office found. The principle is founded upon the ground, that as the freehold is in the alien, and he is tenant to the lord of whom the lands are holden, it cannot be divested out of him but by some notorious act, by which it may appear that the freehold is in another. 1 Bac. Abr. Alien C.p. 133. Now an office of entitling is necessary to give this-notoriety, and fix the title in the sovereign. So it \yas adjudged in Page’s case, 5 Co. 22, and has been , uniformly recognized. Park. Rep 267, Park. 144. Hob. 231. Bro. Denizen, pi. 17, Co. Lilt. 2. b. And the reason of the difference', why. when an alien dies, the sovereign is seized without office found, is because otherwise the freehold would be in abeyance, as an alien cannot have any inheritable blood. Nay even after office found, the king is not adjudged in possession, unless the possession were then vacant 5 for if the possession were then in another, the king must enter or seize by his officer, before the possession in deed, shall be adjudged in him. 14 H. 7, 21. 15,11. 7, 6. 20. Staundf. Prerog. Reg. ch. 18, p. 54. 4 Co. 58. a. And if we were to yield to the authority of Staundford. (Prer. Reg. ch. 18, p. 56,) that in the case of alien enemy, the king “ ratiorie guerrae,” might seize without office found, yet the same learned authority assures us, «that the king must seize in those cases, ere he can have an interest in- the lands, because they be penal towards the party.” 4 Co. 58. b. And until the king be in possession by office found, he cannot grant lands which are forfeited by alienage. Staundf. Pre. Reg. ch. 18.f. 54. .mat. 48 Hen. 6, ch. 6. *622 EAIRFAX’S DEVISEE V. hunter’s UESSEB To apply these principles to the present case, Denny Fairfax had a complete, though defeasible title, by virtue of the devise, and as the possession was either vacant or not adverse, of course the law united a seizin to his title in the lands in controversy; and this title could only be divested by an inquest of office, perfected by an entry and seizure where the possession was not vacant. And no grant by the commonwealth., according to the common law, could be valid, until the title was, by such means, fixed in the commonwealth. It is admitted that no entry or seizure was made by the commonwealth ±“ rations guerras” during the war. It is also admitted, that no inquest of office was ever made pursuant' to the acts on this subject at any time.' And it woiild seem therefore to follow, upon common law reasoning, that the grant to the lessor of the original Plaintiff, by the public patent of 30th April,.1789, issued improvidently and erroneously, and passed nothing. And if this be true, and there be no act of Virginia altering the common law, it is quite immaterial what is the vain ity of the title of .the original Defendant as against t! e commonwealth; for the Plaintiff must recover by the strengfh of his own title, and not by the weakness of that of his, adversary. But it is contended, 1st, That the common law as to inquests of office and seizin e, so far as the same respects the lands in controversy, is completely dispensed with by statutes of the commonwealth, so as to make.the grant to the original Plaintiff in 1789 complete and perfect — Ami secondly, and further, if it bo not so, yet as the devisee died pending the suit, the freehold was thereby cast upon the commonwealth without an inquest, and th.us arises a retroactive confirmation of the title of the. original Plaintiff, of which he may now avail himself.-— As to the first point wc will not say that it was not competent for the legislature, (supposing no treaty in the way) by a special act to have vested the land in the commonwealth without an inquest of ojfi.ee for the cause of alienage. But such an effect ought not, upon principles of public- policy, to be presumed upon light grounds; that an inquest of office should be made in cases.of alienage, is a useful and important restraint upon public proceedings. No part of the United States seems to have been more aware of its importance, or *623 more'cautious to guard against its abolition, than the Courts of Virginia. It prevents individuals from being harassed by numerous suits introduced by litigious grantees. It enables the owner to contest the question of alienage directly by a traverse of the office. It affords an opportunity for the public to know the the value, and the extent of its acquisitions pro defedu hoeredis $ and above all it operates as a salutary suppression of that corrupt influence which the avarice of speculation might other-wise urge upon the legislature. The common law, therefore, ought not, to be deemed tó be repealed, unless the language of a statute be clear and explicit for this purpose. Let us now consider the several acts which have been referred to in the argument, from which we think it will abundantly appear that, during the war, the lands in controversy were never, by any public law, vested in the commonwealth. We dismiss, at once, the act of 1777, ch. 9, and of 1779, ch. 14, as they are restrained to estates held by British subjects at the times of-their respective enactments, and do not extend to estates subsequently acquired. The next act is that of 1783,'ch. 8, the 24th sec. after reciting that« since the death of the late proprietor of the Northern Neck, there is reason to suppose that the said proprietorship hath descended upon alien enemies,” enacts, that persons holding lands in said Neck, shall retain sequestered in their hands, all quit rénts which were then due, until the right of descent should be more fully ascertained; and that allquitrents, thereafter to become due, shall be paid into the public treasury, and the parties exonerated from the future claim of the proprietor. Admitting that this section1, as to the quit rents, was equivalent ,to an inquest of office; it cannot be extended, by construction, to include the waste lands of the pi ..prietor. Neither the words, nor the intention, of the legislature would authorize such a construction— But it may well be doubted if, even as to the quitrents, the provision is not to be considered as a sequestration jure belli, rather than a seizure for alienage — for it proceeds on the ground, that the property “ had descended, not upon aliens, but alien enemies. So far as the.tréaty. of peace might be deemed material in the case, this distinction would deserve consideration,” *624 The next is the act of 1782, ch. 33, which, after reciting that « the .death of lord Fairfax may occasion great inconvenience to those who may iricline to make entries for vacant lands in the Northern Neck, proceeds (sec. 3.) to enact, that all entries made with the survey- ' ors, &c* and returned to the office formerly kept ny lord Fairfax, shall be held as good arid valid as those heretofore made under his direction, « until some mode .shall « be taken up and adopted by the General Assembly, « concerning the territory of the Northern Neck.” This act, so far from containing in itself any provisiori for vesting all the vacant lands of lord Fairfax in the commonwealth, expressly reserves, to a futiii’e time, all decisions as to the disposal of the territory. — It suffers rights and titles to be acquired exactly in the same manner, and with the same conditions, which lord Fairfax had by permanent regulations presci’ibed in his office! — No other acts were passed on the subject during the war. We are now led tci consider the act of 1785, ch. 47 — 1 which has presented some difficulty, if it stand unaffected by the treaty of peace. The 4th sec. after a recital «that « since the death of the late proprietor, no mode hath « been adopted to enable those who had before his « death made entries within the said .district according « to an act, &c. (act 1782, ch. 33) to obtain titles to the « same,” enacts that in all cases of such entries, grants shall be issued by the commonwealth to the parties in the same manner, as by law is directed in cases of other unappropriated lands — The 5th sec. then declares that the unappropriated lands within the Northern Neck should be subject to the Same regulations, and be grant-fed in the same manner, and caveats should be proceeded Upon, tried and determined, as is by law directed, in cases of other unappropriated lands belonging to the commonwealth. The flth see. extinguishes for the future all quit rents. The patent of the original Plaintiff issued pursuant to the 5th sec. of this act. It has been argued, that the act. of 1785 amounts tó á legislative appropriation of all the lands in controversy. That it must be considered as completely divesting the title of Denny Fairfax for the cause of alienage, and *625 vesting it in the commonwealth — After the. most mature reflection, we cannot subscribe to the argument — in acts. of sovereignty so highly.pcnbl, it is against the ordiha ry rule to enlarge, by implication and inference, the extent of the language employed. It.would be to declare purposes which the legislature have not chosen tó avow, and to create vested estates, When the common law would pronounce a contrary sentence, and the guardians of the public interests have not expressed an intention to abrogate that-law. If the legislature have proceeded upon the supposition that the lands were already vested in the commonwealth, we do not perceive how it helps the case. -If the legislature, upon a mistake ■of facts, proceed to grant defective titles, we know of no rule of law which requires a Court to declare,, in penal cases, that to "be actually done which ought previously to have been done. Perhaps-as to grants under' the 4th sec. where entries under the act of 1782, ch. 33, it might not be too much to bold, that such grants conveyed no mope than the title of the commonwealth, exactly in. the same state as the commonwealth itself held it, viz. an inchoate right, to be reduced into possession and consummated by a suit in the nature, or ivith the effect, of an inquest of office. But we give no opinion qn this point, because the patent of the original Plaintiff manifestly issued under the succeeding section — and upon á construction, which wre give to this section,- it issued improvidently and passed no title whatever.! — That construction is, _ that the unappropriated lands in the Northern Neck should be granted in.the sameiiianner as the other lands of the. commonwealth, when the title of the' commonwealth was perfected by possession. It seems to us difficult to contend, that the legislature meant to grant mere titles and rights of entry, of. the commonwealth, to lands in the same manner as it did lands of. which the commonwealth was in actual possession and seizin; — it would be selling suits ard controversies through the whole country, and enacting a general statute in favor of maintenance, an offence which the common law has denounced with extraordinary severity.'. .Consistent therefore with the manifest intention of tiie legislature, grants were to issue for lands in the Northern Neck, precisely in the same manner as for lands in other parts of the state, and under the same *626 limitation,; viz. that the commonwealth should have, at the.time of the grant, a complete title and seizin. We are the more confirmed in this construction bjthe act concerning escheators, (act ±779, ch. 45.) which regulates the manner of proceeding in cases of escheat, and was by a subsequent act. (act 1785, ch. 53,) expressly extended to the counties in the Northern Neck. This act of 1779 expressly prohibits the granting of any lands, seized into the hands'of the commonwealth upon office found, till the lapse of twelve months after the return of the inquisition and verdict into the office of the general Court, and afterwards authorizes the proper escheator to proceed to sell in case no claim should be filed, within that time, and substantiated against the commonwealth. It is apparent, from this act, that if was not the intention of the legislature to dispose of lands, accruing by escheat, in the same manner as lands to which the commonwealth already possessed a perfect title. It has not been denied that the regulations of this act were designed to apply as well to titles accruing upon alienage, (which are not in strictness, escheats,) as upon forfeitures for other causes / and, but for the act of 1785, cln 47, we do not perceive- but that the vacant lands were*, by the devise of lord Fairfax, in the Northern Neck, would have been completely Within the act regulating proceedings upon escheats. The real fact appears to have been, that the legisla.lure supposed that the commonwealth were in actual seizin and possession of the vacant lands of lord Fair-fax, either upon the principle that an alien enemy could not take by devise, or the belief that the acts of 1782, ch.,8, arid ch» 33,.hád already Vested fhe property in the commonwealth. In either case it was a mistake which surely ought not to be prfesse.il to the injury of third persons. But if the construction, which we have suggested, be incorrect* we think that, at all events, the title of Hunter, under the grant of 1789, cannot be considered as inore extensive than the title of the commonwealth, viz. a title inchoate and imperfect * to, be consummated by an actual entry ufuler an inquest of-office, or its equivalent* a suit and judgment at law by. the grantee.. *627 This view of the acts of Virginia, renders it wholly unnecessary to consider a point, which has been very elaborately argued at the bar, whether the treaty of peace, which declares" « that no fiiture confiscations shall be made,” protects from forfeiture, under the municipál laws respecting alienage, estates held by subjects at the time of the ratification of that treaty.'— For we are well satisfied that the treaty of 1794 completely protects and confirms the title of Denny Fairfax, even admitting that the treaty of peace left him wholly unprovided for. The 9th article is in these words: « It is agreed that British subjects who now hold lands in the territories of the United States, and American citizens who now hold lands in the dominions of his majesty, shall con*tin ue to hold them according to the nature and tenure of their respective estates and titles therein j and may-grant, sell or devise the .same to whom they please in like manner as if they were natives, and that neither they nor their heirs’or assigns shall, so far as respects the said lands and the legal remedies incident thereto* be considered as aliens.” Now, we cannot yield to the argument that Denny Fairfax liad, no title, but a mere naked possession or tfust estate. In our judgment, by virtue of the devise to him, he held a fee simple in his own right. At the time of the commencement of this suit (in 4791) he was in complete possession and seizin of. the land. That possession and seizin continued'up to and after'the treaty of 1794, which being the supreme law of the land, confirmed the title to him, his heirs and assigns, and protected him from any forfeitlirc.by reason of alienage. It was once in the power of the commonwealth of Virginia, by an inquest of office or its equivalent, to have vested the estate completely in itself or its grantee. But it lias not so done, and its own inclínate title (and of course the derivative title, if any, of its.grantee) has by the operation of the treaty become ineffectual and void. It becomes unnecessary to consider the argument ¡is to the effect of the death of Denny Fairfax pending the *628 suit, because admitting it to be correctly applied in general, the treaty of 1794 completely avoids it. The heirs of Denny Fairfax were made capable in law tó take from him by descent, arid the freehold was not, therefore, on his death, cast upon the-commonwealth. On the whole, the Court are of opinion that the jhdgment of the Court of appeals of Virginia ought to be reversed, and that the judgment of- the District Court of Winchester be affirmed with costs, &c, Johnson, J. After the maturest investigation of this case that circumstances would permit me to mak ■» 1 am. obliged to dissent frqm the opinion of the majority of my brethren. The material questions are, 1st. Whether an alien can take lands as a devisee■, and if he can, 2d. Whether an inquest of office was indispensably necessary to divest him of his interest for the benefit of the state ? 3d. Whether the disability of the devisee was-not crire'd by the treaty of peace, or the treaty of 1794. "With regard to the treaty of peace it is very .clear to me that, that docs not affect the case. The words of thé 4th article arc, •* There shaH .be no future confiscations “made, -nor any prosecution commenced .against any “person or persons for dr by reason of the part which “ lie or they may have taken in the present-war.” Now should we admit, as has been strongly insisted, that .to es,cheat is to confiscate, it would still remain to show that this was “a confiscation on account <of the “ part taken by the devisee in the ’war of thé revolu- '« t-ioh.” But the disability of an alien to hold real . estate is the result, of.a general principle of the common law, and was in no wise attached to the individual on account, of his conduct in the revolutionary struggle. The alien who had taken part with this country and *629 fought the battles of the states, may have been -affected by it no less than be who •fought against-us, and the member of any other, community in the. world may as well have been the object of its application as the subject of Great Britain. The object evidently was to ser cure the individual from legal punishment — nbt to cure a legal disability.existing in him. With regard to the bearing of the treaty of 1794 on the interests of the parties, the only difficulty arises from the vague signification of the words “ now holding,” made use of in the article which relates to this subject.' But in conformity with the liberal spirit in which national contracts ought to be construed, I am satisfied to consider that treaty as extending to all cases ££ of a rightful possession or legal title defeasible only “ on the ground of alien disability and existing at the ££ date of that treaty,” What then were the rights of the ddvisee in this case ? and were they in existence at the date of this treaty ? Whoever looks into the learning, on the cap ity of an‘alien to'take jands as devisee, will find it involved in some difficulties. There is no decided case, that I know of, upon the subject. And the opinions of learned men upon it, when compared, will be found to have been expressed witli doubt, or scarcely reconcileable to each other. The general rule is, that an alien may take by purchase, but cannot hold. Yet so fragile, or ijfimsy is the right he acquires, that, if tortiously dispossessed, no one contends that lie can maintain an action against the evictor. To assert that he has a rigid, and yet adroit-that he lias no remedy, appears to me rather paradoxical. > Yet all admit that the bailiff of the king cannot enter on an alien purchaser until office found. But where a freehold is cast upon the alien by act of law, as by-descent', dower, custody, &c. it is admitted that no inquest of office' is necessary to vest the estate in the king, and he may enter immediately. Whether an alien devisee is to be considered as a purchaser according to tlie mcaning of that term as applied.to an alien, or whether 1ns estate is to be considered as one of those which are cast, on him by operation of law, is án alternative, either branch of vvliich may be laid hold *630 of with some conñdence. Chief baron Gilbert asserts, without reservation, that a devise to an alien is void. (Gilbert on devises, p. ÍC.J But Jfr, Powell maintains that he takes under it as a purchaser. (Powell on Dev, 317. ; In support of Gilbert’s opinion it might be urthat a devise takes effect undlr stattite, and in that view the interest may be said to be cast on the alien by operation of law. Yet I have no hesitation in deciding in favor of tire doctrine as laid down by Powell. Not on the words of lord Hardwick, as quoted from Knight and du Ple'ssis; for the judge there expressly decibles giving an opinion; hut from a reference to the principia upon which the doctrine is certainly founded. The only unexceptionable reason that can be assigned why -an alien can take by deed, though he cannot hold, is, that otherwise the proprietor would be restricted in hi's choice Of an alienee $ or in other words, in his right of alienation. And to declare such a conveyance null and void would be attended with this absurdity, that the estate would still remain in the alienor in opposition to his own will and contract. It would therefore seem that the law on this subject would be more satifactorily expressed by asserting that an alien is a competent party to a contract, so that a conveyance, executed to him, shall divest the feoffer or donor, in order that it may'escheat. The tendency of this doctrine to favor the royal prerogative of escheat, would no doubt secure to it a welcome reception, yet it is not too much to pronounce it reasonable in the abstract. This reason is 'as applicable'to the case of a devise as of. a con- ■ trad, and.in the technical-application of the terin purchaser a deyisce is included. . But it is contended that the grant to lord Fairfax was a grant or cession" of sovereign power, and as such.was assumed by the state When it declared itself,independent. Upon considering, as well the ads of the state, with regard to this property, as the..acts of lord Fairfax himself, there is reason to think that both acted under this impression. But to decide on this question, we must look into the deed of cession, and upon its. construction the decision of this Court must depend,’ And here, in every part of .it, we find it divested of.the chief attributes of sovereignty.— not # power .legislative, judicial or executive given, and the words such as are adapted to convey an interest, *631 but no jurisdiction. Some few royal prerogatives, it is true, are expressly conveyed, and these unquestionably must have accrued to the state upon the assertion of independence; But the interest in the soil remained to the grantee. So far, therefore,. I feel no difficulty about sustaining’the claim of the devisee. But did this rest remain in him at the time of the treaty of 1794 ? I. am of opinion it did. not. The interest acquired under tlie devise was a mere scintilla juris, and that scintilla was extinguished by ‘the grant of the state vesting this tract in the Plaintiff in error. I will not Say what would hate been the effect of a more general grant. But this grant emanated under a law expressly relating to the- lands of lord Fairfax authorizing thorn to be entered, surveyed and granted. The. only objection that can be set up to the validity of this grant is, that it was not preceded by án inquest of office. And the question then will be, whether it -was not. competent for the state to assert its rights over the alien’s property, by any other means than an inquest of office. I am of opinion that it was. That the mere executive of the state could not have. done, it, Twill readily-admit; but what was there tq restrict the supreme legislative power, from dispensing with the inquest of office l In the case of Smith, and• the state of Maryland, this Court sustained a specific confiscation of lands .under'a law of the state, where there was neither conviction nor inquest of. office. And in Great Britain, in the casé of treason, an inquest of office is expressly dispensed with by the statute S3, II. VIII, c. 30.. So that there is nothing mystical, nor any thing of indispensable obligation, in this inquest of office. It is, in Great Britain, a salutary restraint upon the exercise of arbitrary power by the crown,,and affords the subject a simple and dectent mode of contesting the claim of his Sovereign; but the legislative power of that country certainly may assert, and has asserted, the right of dispensing with it, and I sec no reason why it was not competent for the legislature of the state of Virginia to do the sáme. Several collateral questions have arisen, in this case or which, as I do not differ materially from my bre *632 thren, I-will only express my opinion in the briefest manner» I am of opinion that whenever the case, made out in the pleadings, does not, in law, sanction the judgment which lias been given upon it, the error sufficiently appears upon the record to bring the case within the XXV section 'of. the judiciary act. I am also of opinion that whenever a case is brought up to this Court under that section, the title of the parties litigant must necessarily be enquired iiito, and that' such an enquiry must, in the nature of, things, precede the consideration how far the law, treaty, and soforth, is applicable to it; otherwise an appeal to - this Court would be worse than nugatory. ' And that iti ejecfynent at least, if nót in every possible case, the • decision of this Court must conform to the state of rights of the parties at the time of its own judgment : so that a treaty, although ratified subsequent, to the decision of the Court appealed frojn, becomes a part of the law.of the case and must control our decision.