In re Skiles

MEMORANDUM OF OPINION RUSS KENDIG, Bankruptcy Judge. The issue in this case is how to calculate household size for the purpose of the means test. The facts involve recurring issues relating to children from multiple parent sets living part-time at different locations. For the reasons that follow, the court selects the “economic unit” test for household size and decides in favor of the chapter 13 bankruptcy trustee. Brian Alan Skiles (“Debtor”) filed a voluntary chapter 13 petition and chapter 13 plan on June 14, 2013. On August 16, 2013, Debtor amended his original chapter 13 plan (“Amended Plan”). The Amended Plan proposes monthly plan payments of $1,270.00 for a period of thirty-six months. Toby L. Rosen, the chapter 13 trustee (“Trustee”), objected to Debtor’s Amended Plan because she calculates Debtor’s annualized current monthly income as above the applicable median family income for an Ohio household the same size as Debtor’s, hereinafter referred to as Debtor being “above median,” requiring Debtor to make chapter 13 plan payments for sixty months. Trustee and Debtor disagree on two main points, both of which may alter the amount of time Debtor is required to make chapter 13 plan payments: (1) Who should be included within Debtor’s calculation of “household” for the purpose of determining the applicable median household income in Ohio; and (2) Should Debtor’s live-in girlfriend’s gross income, net income, the amount she contributes to Debt- or for household expenditures, or some other amount be included within Debtor’s current monthly income (“CMI”)? — 874 — The court has jurisdiction over this case pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1334 and the general order of reference entered in this district on April 4, 2012. Venue in this district and division is proper pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1409. This is a core proceeding under 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(2)(L). Although Trustee and Debtor disagree on the legal standard that should be used to calculate the size of Debtor’s “household,” the relevant facts are not in dispute. The following seven people have lived within Debtor’s home for at least a portion of the last six months: Debtor, his wife1 (“Wife”), Debtor’s seven and nine year old children, and Wife’s seven, twelve, and eighteen year old children. Debtor is divorced from his children’s mother and has custody of the children for eight out of every fourteen days. Debtor claimed one of his children on his 2012 income tax return. Neither Debtor nor Trustee specify the amount of time Wife’s children live with Debtor, but Debtor’s bankruptcy petition lists Wife’s three children as dependents. Wife claimed one of her children on her 2012 income tax return. Debtor’s calculation of CMI lists monthly gross wages of $4,647.43, monthly rental and other real property income of $1,225.00, and a $2,000.00 monthly contribution from Wife, for CMI of $7,872.42. When multiplied by twelve, Debtor’s annualized CMI is $94,469.16. The applicable median income for a seven person household within Ohio, as determined by the United States Census Bureau (“Census Bureau”), is $98,570.00, which is greater than Debtor’s annualized CMI. However, if Debtor’s household size is reduced to six members, the applicable median household income is $90,470.00, which is below Debt- or’s annualized CMI.2 The median family income within Ohio that corresponds with Debtor’s household size will hereinafter be referred to as the “applicable median.” While Debtor only claims $2,000.00 of Wife’s income in his CMI, her 2012 tax return shows gross income of $40,443.00, which equates to monthly gross income of $3,370.25. According to Wife’s paystubs for the six months immediately preceding Debtor’s bankruptcy, her average monthly gross income is $3,868.73 and her average monthly net income is $2,568.02. Law and Analysis Section 1325 of the bankruptcy code (the “Code”) governs the confirmation requirements of a chapter 13 plan, including the length of time a chapter 13 debtor must make plan payments. This timeframe is known as the “applicable commitment period,” the length of which is: (i) 3 years; or (ii) not less than 5 years, if the current monthly income of the debtor and the debtor’s spouse combined, when multiplied by 12, is not less than ... (II) in the case of a debtor in a household of 2, 3, or 4 individuals, the highest median family income of the applicable State for a family of the same number or fewer individuals; or (III) in the case of a debtor in a household exceeding 4 individuals, the highest median family income of the applicable State for a family of 4 or fewer individuals, plus $675 per month for each individual in excess of 4; and (B) may be less than 3 or 5 years, whichever is applicable under subpara-graph (A), but only if the plan provides — 875 — for payment in full of all allowed unsecured claims over a shorter period. 11 U.S.C. § 1325(b)(4). Therefore, if a debtor’s annualized CMI is above the median income for a household of the same size within the same state, the debtor must make plan payments for sixty months unless the creditors are paid in full at an earlier date. As Debtor’s Amended Plan proposes to pay 0% to unsecured creditors, his chapter 13 plan cannot be confirmed unless his annualized CMI is below median or he agrees to make plan payments for sixty months. To determine if a debtor is above the applicable median, his CMI must be calculated. CMI, a term defined by the bankruptcy code, is “the average monthly income from all sources that the debtor receives (or in a joint case the debtor and the debtor’s spouse receive) without regard to whether such income is taxable income, derived during the 6-month period” starting with the month immediately preceding the commencement of the bankruptcy case. 11 U.S.C. § 101(10A). CMI is not limited to the debtor’s income, as it also “includes any amount paid by any entity other than the debtor (or in a joint case the debtor and the debtor’s spouse), on a regular basis for the household expenses of the debtor or the debtor’s dependents.” Id. § 101(10A)(B). Thus, by definition, income from a nondebtor that is not paid to the debtor for household expenses -will not be part of a debtor’s CMI. 8 Collier on Bankruptcy, ¶ 1325.11[4][d] (Alan N. Resniek & Henry J. Sommers eds., 16th ed. 2013). Before a court can compare a debtor’s CMI to the applicable median, the size of a debtor’s “household” must be determined. While the term “household” is used within § 1325(b)(4), as well as other sections of the Code,3 the term is undefined. Johnson v. Zimmer, 686 F.3d 224, 232 (4th Cir.2012); In re Smith, 396 B.R. 214, 216 (Bankr.W.D.Mich.2008). A number of similar terms are used or cross-referenced by § 1325, such as “family,” “dependent,” and “dependent children,” but like the term “household,” the Code does not define these terms either. Johnson, 686 F.3d at 230. For example, § 1325(b) requires a debtor with annualized CMI above the applicable median to satisfy the requirements of the § 707(b) “means test.” A debtor that falls under the “means test” may only take expenses “reasonably necessary to be expended ... for the maintenance and support of the debtor or a dependent of the debtor.” 11 U.S.C. § 1325(b)(2) (emphasis added). A debtor’s “reasonably necessary” expenses under the “means test” are fixed by the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) National Standards and Local Standards.4 Therefore, many debtors prefer to be below the applicable median in order to avoid the one-size-fits-all procrustean “means test.” Additionally, if a debtor is below median, he — 876 — is only required to make chapter 18 plan payments for thirty-six months. After the court has determined the size of a debtor’s “household,” it must then compare the debtor’s annualized CMI to the applicable median. In Ohio, median household income for a single person household is $42,814.00, a two person household is $53,218.00, a three person household is $60,960.00, a four person household is $74,270.00, and each household member above four results in an additional $8,100.00.5 The significant increase in median family income based on each additional member of a debtor’s “household” illustrates the significance of the court’s determination. I. Determining the size of Debtor’s “Household” As noted above, the word “household” is used throughout the Code but is not defined. When interpreting an undefined word, the court’s goal is to give rise to congressional intent, and the starting point is the existing statutory text. Lamie v. U.S. Tr., 540 U.S. 526, 534, 124 S.Ct. 1023, 157 L.Ed.2d 1024 (2004). Therefore, the court should give an undefined term its plain meaning, unless such a meaning results in an absurd outcome. Hartford Underwriters Ins. Co. v. Union Planters Bank, N.A., 530 U.S. 1, 6, 120 S.Ct. 1942, 147 L.Ed.2d 1 (2000). When determining a term’s plain meaning, a court should not consider the word in a vacuum, but instead within the statutory context in which the term appears. Smith v. United States, 508 U.S. 223, 229, 113 S.Ct. 2050, 124 L.Ed.2d 138 (1993); Johnson, 686 F.3d at 230. If a term remains ambiguous, even after analyzing it within the statutory context, a court should turn to the statute’s intended purpose for guidance. Milner v. Dep’t of the Navy, — U.S. -, 131 S.Ct. 1259, 1266, 179 L.Ed.2d 268 (2011); Jones v. R.R. Donnelley & Sons Co., 541 U.S. 369, 376-77, 124 S.Ct. 1836, 158 L.Ed.2d 645 (2004). While an official form may help a court identify a term’s meaning, if the statutory language is in conflict with the official form, the statutory language must prevail. In re Arnold, 376 B.R. 652, 654-55 (Bankr.M.D.Tenn.2007); In re Law, 2008 WL 1867971, at *7 (Bankr.D.Kan.2008). In order to preserve statutory continuity, a term is also presumed to have the same meaning each time it appears within a single statutory framework. Cohen v. de la Cruz, 523 U.S. 213, 220, 118 S.Ct. 1212, 140 L.Ed.2d 341 (1998). Finally, when Congress decides to use different words within the same statutory framework, each word should normally be given a different meaning. Johnson, 686 F.3d at 233. Courts, when applying the above rules of statutory construction, have reached three different definitions of “household:” (1) “heads-on-beds;” (2) “IRS dependent;” and (3) “economic unit.” Each definition often results in very different outcomes under the same factual circumstances. While the Sixth Circuit has not decided which definition to use, the Fourth Circuit has adopted the “economic unit” definition. Johnson, 686 F.3d 224. Within the Sixth Circuit, bankruptcy courts have adopted either the “heads-on-beds” or “economic unit” definition. Compare In re Fleck, 2013 WL 4462202, at *3 (Bankr.N.D.Ohio 2013) (using the “economic unit” definition), and In re Jewell, 365 B.R. 796 (Bankr.S.D.Ohio 2007) (same), with In re Smith, 396 B.R. 214 (adopting the “heads-on-beds” definition). Based on the analy — 877 — sis below, the court maintains its use of the “economic unit” definition, a) The “Heads-on-Beds” Definition The “heads-on-beds” definition has been adopted by at least one court within the Sixth Circuit, In re Smith, 396 B.R. 214, as well as a number of courts in other circuits. See e.g., In re Epperson, 409 B.R. 503, 507 (Bankr.D.Ariz.2009); In re Bostwick, 406 B.R. 867, 872-73 (Bankr.D.Minn.2009); In re Ellringer, 370 B.R. 905, 910-11 (Bankr.D.Minn.2007). Neither Debtor nor Trustee ask the court to adopt the “heads-on-beds” definition. Courts that have adopted the “heads-on-beds” definition claim to do so based on the rule of statutory construction requiring an undefined term to be given its plain meaning, unless such a meaning results in an absurd outcome. Hartford, Underwriters Ins. Co., 530 U.S. at 6, 120 S.Ct. 1942. However, the word “household” has two dictionary definitions: (1) “[a] group of people who dwell under the same roof’; or (2) “[a] family living together.”6 Black’s Latv Dictionary 808 (9th ed. 2009); see also In re Smith, 396 B.R. at 216. Faced with these two competing definitions, courts applying the “heads-on-beds” definition have adopted the broad definition of “household.” Courts make this choice because a debtor’s annualized CMI is compared to the applicable median from Census Bureau information, making it fair to use the Census Bureau’s definition of household: “all the people who occupy a housing unit.”7 In re Smith, 396 B.R. at 216; see also 11 U.S.C. § 707(b)(2)(A)(ii)(II); In re Law, 2008 WL 1867971; 6 Collier on Bankruptcy, ¶ 707.04[3][b] (“Because the median family income amounts are derived from census data, it is logical to use the census definition of ‘household’ to determine the number of people in the household for purposes of this test.”). Additionally, the broad definition of “household” is supported by other sections of the Code, such as § 707(b)(2)(A)(ii)(II), which uses both “household” and “family” when listing the specific people a debtor can care for and also include the associated expenses within his bankruptcy schedules while maintaining compliance with the “means test.”8 Because Congress is presumed to use words intentionally, Congress would not use the terms “household” and “family” unless each word was intended to have a distinct and separate meaning. Russello v. United States, 464 U.S. 16, 23, 104 S.Ct. 296, 78 L.Ed.2d 17 (1983); Johnson, 686 F.3d at 233 (“Congress used the word “household” [in § 1325(b)(4)] as opposed to “family,” “dependent child” or “dependent,” all of which are used elsewhere in the surrounding and cross-referenced Code provisions,” suggesting that “Congress intended the term ‘household’ to mean something other than what those terms mean”). Because “family” is de — 878 — fined as “[a] group of persons connected by blood, by affinity, or by law,” the inference is that “household” must require a less intimate connection, making simply living together sufficient. See Black’s Law Dictionary 679 (9th ed. 2009). Therefore, under the “heads-on-beds” definition, a debtor’s “household” “depends solely on the number of residents in a structure and is unconcerned with the presence of a familial or economic relationship between the individuals.” In re Robinson, 449 B.R. 473, 478-79 (Bankr.E.D.Va.2011); In re Smith, 396 B.R. at 217. This broad reading often allows a debtor to claim the largest number of individuals within his bankruptcy “household,” thus increasing the applicable median and reducing the likelihood a debtor will be required to comply with the “means test” and sixty month applicable commitment period. b) The “IRS Dependent” Definition While no court within the Sixth Circuit has adopted the “IRS dependent” definition, it has been adopted by courts in other circuits. See e.g., In re Frye, 440 B.R. 685, 687 (Bankr.W.D.Va.2010); In re Law, 2008 WL 1867971, at *5; In re Napier, 2006 WL 4128358, at *2 (Bankr.D.S.C.2006). Trustee asks the court to adopt this definition. The courts adopting this definition believe that the use of the term “dependent” when determining a debtor’s expenses should be consistently applied to a debtor’s income and “household” size. See In re Napier, 2006 WL 4128358, at *2. Section 1325(b)(2) of the Code, when discussing the allowable expenses for an above median debtor, only allows expenses “for the maintenance or support of the debtor or a dependent of the debtor,” and later references the § 707(b) “means test” for help in determining the allowable expenses, (emphasis added). However, § 1325(b)(4), which determines if a debtor is above median, and therefore whether the “means test” applies, references the debtor’s “household.” Because §§ 1325(b) and 707(b) contain two parts of the same calculation, and one uses “household” while the other uses “dependents,” there is logic in defining the terms consistently. Johnson, 686 F.3d at 238. Additionally, courts adopting this definition believe inequitable results will occur if income and expenses are determined using different standards. For example, if a debtor’s “household” can include any person living within his home, but he can only take expenses associated with a dependent, a debtor’s calculation of disposable income will be distorted. See In re Plumb, 373 B.R. 429, 437 (Bankr.W.D.N.C.2007). Therefore, even though § 1325(b)(3) and (4) reference a debtor’s “household,” they “must be read in conjunction with § 707(b) (2) (A) (ii) (I), which allows expenses only associated with a debt- or, his spouse, and dependents.” In re Napier, 2006 WL 4128358, at *1. These courts also note that the legislative history indicates that § 1325(b)(3) was not intended to alter or expand the scope of the “means test,” a result that would occur if a broad definition of “household” is adopted. Id. at *2. Under the “IRS dependent” definition, a debtor’s “household” only includes those people he is able to claim as a dependent on his income tax return. The IRS has adopted a dependency test requiring an individual to satisfy each of the following requirements in order to qualify as an IRS tax dependent: “(1) a relationship test; (2) an age test; (3) a residency test; (4) a financial support test; (5) a joint return test; and (6) a special test for dependent children of more than one person.” In re Frye, 440 B.R. at 687. The “IRS dependent” definition is narrow, as it only allows individuals that can satisfy each requirement of the IRS test to be included within a debtor’s “household.” — 879 — c) The “Economic Unit” Definition The “economic unit” definition has been applied at least twice in the Sixth Circuit. In re Fleck, 2013 WL 4462202; In re Jewell, 365 B.R. 796. Additionally, the “economic unit” definition appears to be the majority position. Debtor urges this court to adopt the “economic unit” definition. Courts adopting the “economic unit” definition do so because they believe it most closely aligns with the purpose of the Code, while also comporting with the statutory text. See generally Johnson, 686 F.3d 224. These courts note that the Code does not define “household,” and as the “heads-on-beds” and “IRS dependent” definitions help illustrate, the proper meaning is unclear. Even the dictionary definition of “household” is inconclusive, as it can either be incredibly broad (“[a] group of people who dwell under the same roof’), or more restrictive (“[a] family living together”). Black’s Law Dictionary 808 (9th ed. 2009). Because the statutory text is ambiguous, a court should turn to the goals of the Code for guidance. See In re Jewell, 365 B.R. at 801. The ultimate purpose of the Code is to give the honest debtor a fresh start, but not a head start. Indus. Ins. Servs., Inc. v. Zick (In re Zick), 931 F.2d 1124, 1130 (6th Cir.1991). Similarly, under § 1325(b), “the entire purpose of identifying a debtor’s household size is to use that number to determine his or her financial obligations and ability to pay [creditors]” before granting a bankruptcy discharge. Johnson, 686 F.3d at 237. Therefore, courts adopting the “economic unit” definition believe it furthers the Code’s goal of providing a debtor a fresh start (but not a head start), by giving an accurate picture of the debtor’s true financial position and thus his actual ability to pay his creditors, while also remaining consistent with the Code’s text. Under the “economic unit” definition, “household” is defined as all individuals who act as a single economic unit with the debtor, or, in other words, “those the debt- or financially supports and those who financially support the debtor.” Johnson, 686 F.3d at 237; In re Morrison, 443 B.R. 378, 386 (Bankr.M.D.N.C.2011). This definition is not as broad as the “heads-on-beds” definition, which allows the debtor to claim another person simply because they reside in the same structure. However, the method is broader than the “IRS dependent” definition, which would not allow a debtor to include a minor child he supports that fails one of the six IRS requirements. The “economic unit” definition strikes a middle ground, allowing a debtor to claim those individuals who are sufficiently economically connected with the debtor, reflecting the Debtor’s true economic circumstances. d) The “Economic Unit” Definition is Best When evaluating § 1325(b), it becomes clear that the Code does not require a specific definition of “household.” Instead a court must decide on the appropriate definition based on some combination of the statutory language, congressional intent, and the Code’s overall purpose. See Johnson, 686 F.3d at 234-35; In re Sawdy, 362 B.R. 898, 904 (Bankr.E.D.Wis.2007) (addressing a different legal issue, but noting that if statutory language is “so plain, so clear, so unambiguous, that the Court need look no further to determine its meaning ... then how could six courts have interpreted it one way and five courts have interpreted it in exactly the opposite way? Doesn’t the concept of ‘plain’ meaning carry with it the implication that the same meaning would be ‘plain’ — ordinary, literal and obvious — to every reader.”). Therefore, the court’s duty “is to find that interpretation which can most fairly be said to be imbedded in the statute, in the — 880 — sense of being most harmonious with its scheme and the general purposes that Congress manifested.” Comm’r v. Engle, 464 U.S. 206, 217, 104 S.Ct. 597, 78 L.Ed.2d 420 (1984). With these goals in mind, the court adopts the “economic unit” definition. The “heads-on-beds” definition, at first glance, appears to align with the plain meaning of the statute. However, the term “household” has two very different dictionary meanings. Johnson, 686 F.3d at 233, 235; Black’s Law Dictionary 808 (9th ed. 2009). While § 1325(b) does cross reference the Census Bureau’s median income tables, “that is not sufficient to demonstrate a congressional intent to adopt the usage utilized by the Census Bureau in its wholly separate sphere of government work.” Johnson, 686 F.3d at 235. The Census Bureau’s definition of “household” is nicely tailored to the purpose of obtaining accurate demographic information, but “is wholly unrelated to any bankruptcy purpose and does not serve the Code’s objective of identifying a debtor’s deductible monthly expenses and, ultimately, his or her disposable income.” Johnson, 686 F.3d 224; In re Jewell, 365 B.R. at 801. The “heads-on-beds” definition can also lead to unintended results, by, for example, allowing a debtor who lives with another individual who is not supported by or supporting the debtor to be included within the debtor’s “household.” See Jewell, 365 B.R. at 800. Therein lies the main problem with the “heads-on-beds” definition, it allows a debtor to include an individual within the debtor’s bankruptcy “household” who will have little to no impact on the debtor’s actual financial situation, obscuring the Code’s goal of discovering the amount a debtor can realistically pay to his creditors. It would be puzzling to utilize a method that is unconcerned with economic relationships when the entire purpose is to determine fairness based on economics. The “IRS dependent” definition is also flawed, as it only allows a debtor to claim a person as a member of his “household” if the person can be claimed as a dependent on his tax return. Because the income and expense portions of §§ 1325(b) and 707(b) use different terms, it is logical to define the terms consistently. However, no portion of the Code expressly states that the IRS definition of dependent should be used. Johnson, 686 F.3d at 238-39; see also Ransom v. FIA Card Servs., N.A., — U.S. -, 131 S.Ct. 716, 726 n. 7, 178 L.Ed.2d 603 (2011). Additionally, the purposes of the tax code and the bankruptcy code are very different. The tax code’s purpose is to collect tax revenue for the government, while the term “household” within the Code seeks to determine a debt- or’s disposable income and the amount he can pay to creditors. See Morrison 443 B.R. at 387-88; In re Jewell, 365 B.R. at 801. Additionally, if Congress had intended the term “household” to refer only to a debtor’s dependents that satisfy IRS requirements, a very simple wording change could have achieved that result. Finally, the IRS definition of dependent often fails to reflect the economic realities of a debt- or. For example, the definition could result in a debtor being unable to claim a child who lives with him, but for either formal or informal reasons the debtor is unable to claim the child on his tax return (such as a divorce agreement allowing the other spouse to claim the child). See Johnson, 686 F.3d at 239. Similarly, the “IRS dependent” definition would likely not allow a debtor to claim live-in elderly parents whom he cares for. Id. The “economic unit” definition best aligns with the purposes of the Code, comports with the statutory language, and gives the court the flexibility to adapt to a debtor’s unique living situations. See generally id. at 237. “A definition of ‘household’ that is ... tailored to reflect a debt881 or’s financial situation focuses directly upon the ultimate purpose of the Code.” Id.; see also In re Robinson, 449 B.R. at 481. The “economic unit” definition realizes that there may be individuals who have a significant impact on a debtor’s financial reality that do not qualify as a dependent for IRS purposes, or that an individual can live with the debtor without affecting his ability to pay creditors. While the “IRS dependent” and “heads-on-beds” definitions are under and over inclusive, the “economic unit” definition “affords bankruptcy courts the ability to calculate a debtor’s disposable income under § 1325(b) in a way that satisfies the language of the Code, all the while steering clear of creating an unrealistic assessment (in either direction) of the debtor’s disposable income.” Johnson, 686 F.3d at 239. e) Presumptions and Evidentiary Burdens When Using the Economic Unit Approach In most situations, bankruptcy courts presume that the information a debtor provides in his bankruptcy schedules is accurate and the burden rests with the Trustee or other objecting party to come forward with evidence showing the falsity. See In re Jewell, 365 B.R. at 802. To encourage a debtor to be truthful, bankruptcy courts have a number of tools at their disposal. For example, if the court learns a debtor has been untruthful, the court can deny the debtor’s discharge under § 727 or pursue criminal charges under 18 U.S.C. § 152. Assuming that the debtor has put forward truthful information and requiring the trustee or other objecting party to prove inaccuracies streamlines the bankruptcy process. In order to further assure the accuracy of a debtor’s schedules, the trustee reviews the debtor’s bankruptcy schedules. If something out of the ordinary is found, the trustee is normally able to investigate the item by obtaining information from a bank, credit card company, governmental agency, or a number of other independent sources. In contrast, a debtor’s living situation is normally a very personal matter that can change very quickly and no bank, credit card company, governmental unit, or other source maintains accurate up-to-date records.9 The trustee’s normal processes to check the accuracy of a debtor’s bankruptcy schedules is therefore ineffective when monitoring a debtor’s “household.” The nature of a debtor’s living situation justifies a departure from the normal presumption that a debtor’s bankruptcy schedules are accurate. The first reason justifying the departure is that who is within a debtor’s “economic unit” is not information a trustee is able to gather through traditional avenues. To obtain the most accurate information the trustee may need to camp out in a van down the street with binoculars. The court has no interest in encouraging a bankruptcy structure where debtor surveillance becomes the most effective way to counter a debtor’s “household” size. Second, the evidence of a debtor’s “household” size is uniquely in the hands of the debtor, making it significantly cheaper and easier for the debtor to prove “household” size, instead of the trustee disproving it. See Extrusion Painting, Inc. v. Awnings Unlimited, Inc., 40 Fed.Appx. 97, 101-02 (6th Cir.2002) (indicating that rules should be — 882 — designed to allocate the burden to the ‘“least cost avoider’ — that is, the party who can avoid the [issue] at the lowest price.”); In re L & S Industries, Inc., 112 B.R. 886, 887 (Bankr.N.D.Ohio 1990) (allocating the burden of proving the amount of certain administrative expenses to the individual claiming the expenses, requiring more than simply listing the information in an expense schedule); see also Thomas R. Lee, Pleading and Proof: The Economics of Legal Burdens, 1997 BYU L. Rev. 1, 17 (1997) (“Because of the differentials in access to proof, the allocation of burdens performs important economizing functions. ... Where defendant’s direct costs of producing “core” evidence are lower than plaintiffs, assigning the risk of non-persuasion to the defendant decreases the direct cost of producing that evidence.”). Finally, financial information, while it may be confusing and complex, often will have one correct answer, making it possible for a debtor who intentionally makes false statements under oath to be charged criminally under 18 U.S.C. § 152. The size of a debtor’s “economic unit” is a much more inexact inquiry, making a conviction under § 152 implausible, essentially eliminating one of the incentives a debtor has to provide accurate information. Based on the above, the court adopts the following rebuttable presumption: If an individual is listed as a dependent on the debtor or the debtor’s non-filing spouse’s most recent income tax return, that individual is presumed to be a member of the debtor’s bankruptcy “household.” Either party can successfully rebut the presumption by providing documentation or other evidence. This is subject to further countervailing evidence. If an individual is not listed as a dependent on the debtor or debtor’s non-filing spouse’s most recent tax return, that individual is rebuttably presumed to not be a part of the debtor’s “household.” The party desiring a different conclusion has the initial burden of providing evidence showing the individual satisfies the “economic unit” definition. If that party can provide satisfactory evidence, the burden shifts to the opposing party to provide countervailing evidence. While the determination of whether an individual is within the debt- or’s “economic unit” should be determined on a case-by-case basis after evaluating all of the evidence, certain information may be especially helpful. A domestic relations order, such as a separation agreement or child custody order, may distribute a child’s care in a manner that may assist the court in determining if a child is part of a debtor’s “economic unit.” However, the court should be cognizant of a domestic agreement that attempts to “even things out” and may not represent the economic realities of the parties. An official document completed before the debt- or’s contemplation of bankruptcy, such as an application for a residential loan or governmental assistance, which includes the debtor’s household size may be relevant. Other information, such as receipts, bank statements, or credit card statements which either show or do not show costs consistent with caring for another may also be beneficial. However, a bald statement that an individual either is or is not part of the debtor’s “household,” without more, is insufficient when a good faith challenge is asserted. The court also believes that an adult capable of supporting himself, but who is not working without reasonable cause and lives off the generosity of the debtor, usually should be excluded from the debtor’s “household,” even if the adult would otherwise satisfy the requirements of the “economic unit” definition. A contrary rule would result in a debtor’s creditors subsidizing the adult’s decision not to work. There are obvious, appropriate ex — 883 — ceptions to this rule that will be developed on a case-by-case basis. f) Application of the Presumptions and “Economic Unit” Definition In the current case, Debtor claims seven people in his bankruptcy household: Debtor, Wife, Debtor’s two children, and Wife’s three children. Debtor claimed one of his two children on his 2012 federal income tax return. Wife claimed one of her three children on her 2012 federal income tax return. Because Debtor is divorced from his ex-wife, his children spend eight out of every fourteen days with Debtor and the remainder with his ex-wife. Debtor believes that his relationship with Wife and their five children represent a single economic unit. Trustee does not voice her opinion of Debtor’s “household” size under the “economic unit” definition. The court first notes that Debtor’s 2012 federal income tax return creates a rebut-table presumption that one of his children is in his bankruptcy “household.” Trustee provides no evidence to counter the presumption. However, Debtor’s bankruptcy petition claims both of his children within his “household.” In support of this position, Debtor’s brief notes that both of his children live with him every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, while alternating weekends with his ex-wife. Debtor hopes that his children’s living arrangements will convince the court that both children are part of his “economic unit.” However, Debtor does not provide any evidence of his children’s living arrangements except for the statement in his brief. Debtor’s bald statement, without any corroborating evidence, is insufficient to rebut the presumption that a child who is not claimed on a debtor’s most recent income tax return is not a part of the debtor’s “household.” Wife claims one child on her 2012 income tax return, creating a rebuttable presumption that the child is within Debt- or’s “household.” Trustee provides no evidence to counter the presumption. Debtor provides no evidence asserting that Wife’s other two children are part of his “household,” except for bare statements in his brief and bankruptcy petition. Statements, without more, are insufficient. After accounting for the presumptions, Debtor’s “household” consists of four members: Debtor, Wife, one of Debtor’s children, and one of Wife’s children. The applicable median for a four person household in Ohio is $74,270.00. Debtor calculates his annualized CMI, which includes a $2,000.00 monthly contribution from Wife, at $94,469.16. Debtor’s annualized CMI is above the applicable median. Debtor must make chapter 13 plan payments for sixty months unless his debts are paid in full at an earlier time. However, when Debtor and Trustee compiled their legal arguments and evidence in support of their respective positions, both were unaware of the court’s above adopted presumptions. As will be illustrated below, even assuming that Debtor provided evidence sufficient to rebut the presumptions and Trustee did not produce enough countervailing evidence, the ultimate outcome of this opinion does not change. For the ensuing analysis, the court assumes Debtor has rebutted the presumption that his and Wife’s children that were unclaimed on their most recent income tax return are not within their bankruptcy “household.” When determining if an individual is part of the debtor’s “economic unit,” courts have utilized a number of factors: 1) the degree of financial support provided to the individual by the debtor; 2) the degree of financial support provided to the debtor by the individual; 3) the extent to which the individual and the debtor share income and expenses; 4) the extent to which there is joint ownership of property; — 884 — 5) the extent to which there are joint liabilities; 6) the extent to which assets owned by the debtor or the individual are shared, regardless of title; and 7) any other type of financial intermingling or interdependency between the debtor and the individual. In re Morrison, 443 B.R. at 388. Most courts addressing the issue have applied the “economic unit” definition expansively. For example, in In re Morrison, 443 B.R. 378, the debtor and her boyfriend lived in the same home. The boyfriend paid the mortgage while the debtor paid for food, utilities, and other household goods. Id. at 382. Even though the two did not share any joint debts, the court concluded that because the two shared a “significant amount of their income and expenses,” they should be considered one economic unit. Id at 388. Similarly, in In re Herbert, 405 B.R. 165 (Bankr.W.D.N.C.2008), the debtor lived with his girlfriend, his biological child, and his girlfriend’s eight children from a previous relationship. While the girlfriend contributed $1,600.00 per month to household food expenses, the debtor still provided significant support to his girlfriend and her children. Id. at 167, 170-71. Even though the debtor and girlfriend were not married, the court still determined that the entire family operated as one economic unit and a “household” of eleven was appropriate. Id. at 170-71. Finally, in In re Jewell, 365 B.R. at 797-98, married debtors lived with their adult daughter and her three children. Because the debtors’ daughter and her children were reliant on the debtors for financial support, the court determined that the daughter and her children were part of the debtors’ economic unit. Id. This court agrees with the reasoning of In re Morrison, In re Herbert, and In re Jewell. Debtor and Wife live in the same dwelling. Each contributes economic resources to the maintenance and support of each other, as well as the children.10 The two are now married, resulting in greater joint-ownership of assets. The two also share a residence. Therefore, Debtor has satisfied a number of the factors outlined in In re Morrison, while also being at least as economically intertwined, if not more so, than the debtors in In re Morrison, In re Herbert, and In re Jewell. The court concludes that Debtor, Wife, Debtor’s two children and all three of Wife’s children are part of Debtor’s economic unit. However, the problem of how to count Debtor’s children remains unresolved. Debtor’s children, like many split households, spend some of their time with one parent, and the remainder with the other. This presents a dilemma, as the court must determine if a “part-time” child should count as one member of the debt- or’s “household,” a fractional or “part-time” member, or no member at all. The court adopts the “part-time” approach, holding that a child that lives with the debtor some of the time, but also spends time living with another person, should be counted based on the percentage of time the child spends with the debtor. This “part time” approach approximates a debt- or’s actual costs. Johnson, 686 F.3d at 240-42; In re Robinson, 449 B.R. 473. The following example, simplified to more clearly demonstrate the benefits of the “part time” approach, illustrates how a different approach may lead to inequitable results. Married parents have two children and then divorce. Because Mother and Father were in very similar financial — 885 — situations at the time of divorce, neither pays the other any type of support and evenly split custody of their two children, except for slight variations approved by the other parent for vacations or other events. Mother and Father both remarry, but fall upon tough economic times in their new relationships. Both file for bankruptcy at the same time. In their respective bankruptcy “households,” should Mother claim both children, should Father claim both children, should neither claim a child, or should each claim one child? The proper result, and the result which basic fairness points towards, is that Mother and Father each claim one child. The “part time” approach leads to such a result. If a non-fraetional approach is used, the court would attempt to discover which parent pays slightly more for support or has custody of the children for a longer period of time. Therefore, if Mother allows the children to attend a vacation or family event with Father, Father would likely claim both children within his “household” because he had custody for a slightly longer period of time, while Mother cannot claim either. In the above situation, the non-fractional approach is clearly at odds with the Code’s goal of discerning a debtor’s true economic situation. Even though the court adopts the “part time” approach, it does so acknowledging its flaws. Some of a debtor’s expenses are fixed and will not change based on the amount of time a child stays with the debtor (such as rent for a dwelling with the appropriate number of bedrooms), while other expenses are variable (such as food and clothing). In re Robinson, 449 B.R. at 483-84. A calculation of “household” that focuses on the number of days a child lives with the debtor fails to properly account for the debtor’s fixed expenses. See id. at 484. However, the “part time” approach strikes a balance between accuracy and complexity, providing an easy calculation that satisfactorily estimates the true economic impact of a “part time” child. Additionally, Official Bankruptcy Form B22C gives a debtor flexibility in accounting for variable and fixed expenses, helping to offset any harmful consequences of the “part time” child approach. Id. It is possible that additional math or developments may further refine the process. In the current case, Trustee did not object to Debtor claiming one child within his “household.” The argument is really about the other- — the child Debtor did not claim on his 2012 income tax return. However, both children must be analyzed collectively to reach an accurate result under the “part time” approach. Debtor’s two children live with him every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, while alternating weekends with his ex-wife. The custody arrangement results in Debtor’s children living with him eight out of every fourteen days. Applying the fractional approach, Debtor’s two children spend approximately the same amount of time with Debtor as one “full-time” child. For purposes of Debtor’s bankruptcy “household,” Debtor’s two children count as one member. The court in In re Robinson, 449 B.R. 473, applied the “part time” approach and reached a similar result. In In re Robinson, the debtor was the father of four children, each of which spent four days per week with the debtor and the remainder with the mother. Id. at 475. The court determined that since each child spent approximately four-sevenths of each week with the debtor, “they mathematically approximate, when viewed in the aggregate, two full members of the economic unit.” Id. at 482. Based on Debtor’s lack of supporting evidence, Debtor has failed to rebut the court’s presumptions and is only able to claim those children listed as dependents on Debtor and Wife’s most recent income tax returns. Trustee has not provided any evidence to counter the dependents — 886 — claimed on Debtor and Wife’s 2012 income tax returns. Therefore, Debtor’s “household” contains four members. The applicable median for a four person household within Ohio is $74,270.00. Debtor calculates his annualized CMI, which includes a $2,000.00 monthly contribution from Wife, at $94,469.16. Debtor’s annualized CMI is above the applicable median. Even assuming Debtor produced evidence sufficient to rebut the court’s presumption, Debtor’s bankruptcy “household” would only consist of six members: Debtor, Wife, Debtor’s children with a fractional amount of one, and all three of Wife’s children. The applicable median for a six person household within Ohio is $90,470.00, meaning Debtor’s CMI nevertheless remains above the applicable median. Debtor must make chapter 13 plan payments for sixty months unless his debts are paid in full at an earlier time. Because Debtor’s annualized CMI is above the applicable median, this court need not address Trustee’s argument that Debtor’s inclusion of only a portion of Wife’s income in Debtor’s annualized CMI is improper.11 The court needs to note for the casual reader that this living arrangement is not unusual. It has become impossible to describe a range of typical living arrangements. Part-time living arrangements among individuals running a gamut of blood and non-blood relationships have multiplied explosively. It is beyond the ken of the courts to reduce these countless variations to a number based upon a tested algorithm. These limitless living arrangements have profound, splintering economic consequences. Just as an example, Debt- or’s schedules reflect that Debtor jointly owns a motor vehicle with a man who is the father of one or two (it is unclear) of Wife’s children. It is not possible to ascribe traditional numbers to these types of situations. We should not kid one another. We are just doing the best we can. The search for a one-size-flts-all numerical straitjacket test is at best imprecise. Conclusion The court adopts the “economic unit” definition, concluding that Debtor’s “household” contains four members. Because Debtor’s own calculation of his annualized CMI is above the applicable median, Debtor’s applicable commitment period must be sixty months unless his creditors are paid in full at an earlier date. Debt- or’s plan does not propose to pay his creditors in full. Therefore, because Debtor’s plan only proposes payments for thirty-six months, instead of the required sixty months, confirmation of Debtor’s chapter 13 plan is DENIED. An order will be entered simultaneously with this opinion. — 887 — [[Image here]] — 888 — [[Image here]] — 889 — [[Image here]] — 890 — [[Image here]] — 891 — [[Image here]] — 892 — [[Image here]] — 893 — [[Image here]] — 894 — [[Image here]] Footnotes [1] At the time Debtor filed his bankruptcy petition Debtor and Wife were living together, but were not married. On August 2, 2013, Debt- or and Wife married. [2] Census Bureau Median Family Income by Family Size, U.S. Department of Just. (Sept. 27, 2013), http://www.justice.gov/ust/eo/ bapcpa/2013 050 l/bci_data/median_income_ table.htm (Attached as Ex. A). [3] See, e.g., 11 U.S.C. § 101(8) (defining “consumer debt” as "debt incurred by an individual primarily for a personal, family, or household purpose”) (emphasis added); id. § 522(d)(3) (allowing a debtor to take an exemption for “household furnishings, household goods, wearing apparel, appliances, books, animals, crops, or musical instruments, that are held primarily for the personal, a family, or household use of the debtor or a dependent of the debtor.”) (emphasis added); id. § 707(b)(2)(A)(ii)(II) (allowing "the continuation of actual expenses paid by the debtor that are reasonable and necessary for care and support of an elderly, chronically ill, or disabled household member or member of the debtor's immediate family” within the means test calculation) (emphasis added). [4] Census Bureau, IRS Data and Administrative Expense Multiplies, U.S. Department of Just. (Aug. 5, 2013), http://www.justice.gov/ust/eo/ bapcpa/20130501/meanstesting.htm (Attached as Ex. B). [5] Census Bureau Median Family Income by Family Size, U.S. Department of Just. (Sept. 27, 2013), http://www.justice.gov/ust/eo/ bapcpa/20131115/bci_data/median_income_ table.htm (Attached as Ex. A). [6] Black’s defines “family” as: (1) "[a] group of persons connected by blood, by affinity, or by law;” (2) “[a] group consisting of parents and their children;” or (3) “[a] group of persons who live together and have a shared commitment to a domestic relationship.” Black's Law Dictionary (¡79 (9th ed. 2009). [7] Current Population Survey (CPS)-Definitions, U.S. Census Bureau, http://www. census.gov/cps/abou1/cpsdef.html (last updated Oct. 29, 2013) (Attached as Ex. C). [8] Section 707(b)(2)(A)(ii)(II) states: In addition, the debtor’s monthly expenses may include, if applicable, the continuation of actual expenses paid by the debtor that are reasonable and necessary for care and support of an elderly, chronically ill, or disabled household member or member of the debtor’s immediate family (including parents, grandparents, siblings, children, and grandchildren of the debtor, the dependents of the debtor, and the spouse of the debtor in a joint case who is not a dependent) and who is unable to pay for such reasonable and necessary expenses, (emphasis added). [9] It is true that the Census Bureau (or often times a bank before authorizing a loan) may inquire into who lives with the debtor. Any information gathered may not be up-to-date, as data gathering may be sporadic or rarely updated. Additionally, unlike a bank or credit card statement which provides very accurate data from which further analysis is often not needed, a document stating the size of a debtor’s household will require additional analysis and information before the trustee can determine if the people listed within the document are part of the debtor's "economic unit." [10] Based on Wife's pay stubs, her average monthly gross income is $3,868.73. After subtracting taxes and other payroll expenses, Wife’s average monthly net income is $2,568.02. Debtor includes a monthly contribution from Wife of $2,000.00 in his CMI. [11] If, for example, the court calculated Debt- or’s “household” size at seven, Debtor's annualized CMI would have been below median. At that point, the court would have analyzed the amount of Wife's income Debtor should include in his annualized CMI, as any increase may cause Debtor to move from below to above median.