Waldron v. Tuttle

Richardson, C. J. It is contended in behalf of the plaintiff, in this case, that lie is entitled to a new trial, because the deed of Felker was improperly rejected as evidence, and we shall examine this ground for a new trial in the first place. We have already decided, in this case, that it is not competent for a jury to presume, from the mere production of a collector’s deed, and from proof of possession; under it, that the sale of the collector was legal. 3 N. H. Rep. 340. We have, therefore, no hesitation in holding, that Under the circumstances of this case, the deed of Felker was not legal evidence of a conveyance of the land. There was no proof that he was a collector, and had authority to convey under any eircumstances^-no proof that the provisions of the statutes, which authorized a sale of lands for taxes, had been pursued. His deed must, therefore, be considered as wholly inoperative, as an instrument of conveyance. But there are cases in which a deed, thus inoperative as an instrument of conveyance, may be evidence as to the extent and character of possession. Thus it being a presumption of law, that he who enters under a deed, enters claiming according to his deed, and that his possession is adverse to all other titles, when: a party relies upon adverse possession against the legal title, a deed by which nothing passed, may be evidence of the extent and character of his possession. 3 N. H. Rep. 49, Lund v. Parker; ibid, 23, Riley v. Jameson. We are not however aware, that there is any case, in which a title to an. undivided portion of land can he acquired by possession against the real owner, while he remains in the occupation of the land. For, if he who enters into land must he presumed to enter claiming according [376] to his title, sorely, the real owner, while in possession, must be presumed to be there claiming according to his title, so that no lapse of time can, under such circumstances, form a bar to the legal title. In this case, the defendant and those under whom he claims, have been in the actual possession of the land, from a period long antecedent to the time when the plaintiff first made a claim, down to this day. And although the plaintiff may have occasionally entered and taken wood from the land, since the year 1789, neither the extent of his claim, nor the character of his possession, can be at all material in this case. For whatever may have been the extent of his claim, or the nature of his possession it cannot avail him against the legal owner, who has been in the possession of the land during the whole time. Possession, which constitutes a bar to the legal title, must, from the very nature of the thing, be exclusive. A case may, perhaps be imagined, where a conveyance of an undivided portion of a lot of land by him in whom the legal title has been shown to have been, to one who has jointly occupied the land with Mm, sharing the expense, and dividing the produce, for a great length of time, might be presumed from such joint occupation. And if these parties, and those under whom they claim, had so improved this lot as tenants in Common from 1789, down to this time, laboring jointly upon the land and managing it at their joint expense, perhaps such a joint occupation for so long a time, might now be left to a jury as evidence - of the regularity of the collector’s proceedings. But it has not been pretended, that there was ever any such joint occupation by these parties, and we are of opinion that the deed was properly rejected. Another ground, on which the plaintiff claims a new trial, is, that the deeds of 1769, 1771, and 1772, were admitted as evidence for the defendant without proper proof of their having been duly executed. [377] The rule is, that a deed thirty years old may be read in evidence, as an ancient deed, without proof of its execution, provided possession has constantly attended it. 3 Johns. 292, Jackson v. Blanshan. It is the accompanying possession which raises the presumption of authenticity in favor of an ancient deed. It is not, however, necessary, for this purpose, that the possession should be in the grantee named in the deed during the whole time. Possession is said to accompany a deed, when it remains in those who claim under the deed ; and possession was shown to have attended these deeds nearly half a century, and we entertain no doubt, that they were properly received as evidence without proof of their execution. But it is further contended, on the part of the plaintiff, that the testimony of Mrs. Cutts, that she had often heard that her grandfather was a native of Portsmouth, was improperly submitted to the jury. In order to understand the nature of this objection to the verdict, it is necessary to ascertain the point, which the testimony was intended to establish. The defendant endeavored to deduce his title from Thomas Beck, of Portsmouth. He had the copy of a deed from the said Thomas Beck to his son Joshua Beck ; and he had a regular chain of conveyances from the heirs of Joshua Beck, of Newburyport. To connect his title with Thomas Beck, of Portsmouth, it was necessary to shew that Joshua Beck, of Newburyport, was the son of Thomas Beck of Portsmouth. The testimony of Mrs. Cutts did not go directly to prove this point ; but it seems to have been introduced to render it probable that Joshua Beck, of Newburyport, was the son of Thomas Beck, of Portsmouth, because it had been commonly reported that Joshua was a native of Portsmouth. The evidence may then be considered as introduced to prove a pedigree, and must be tested by the rules which apply to that kind of testimony. [378] That hearsay evidence is admissible to prove a pedigree, has long been a well established exception to the general rule of law, which excludes that species of evidence. But it is an exception which has often been loosely and carelessly stated, in terms much too general, and has sometimes been incorrectly applied. An attentive examination of the adjudged cases, will show this exception to the general rule to be this ; the declarations of the deceased relations, who had at the time no interest to misrepresent, are evidence to prove a pedigree. The exception is confined to the declarations of persons deceased, because, if living, they ought to he called as witnesses. Philips Ev. 176; 2 Strange, 924, Pendrell v. Pendrell It is confined to the declarations of relations, because they are likely to be acquainted with the pedigree of each other, and if it were not so limited, it would be necessary on every occasion, before the testimony could be admitted, to enter upon an enquiry as to the degree of intimacy which subsisted between the person who made the declarations, and the person to whom they related, which would render the exception uncertain and difficult to apply. 2 Bing. 86, Johnson v. Lawson; 18 Johns. 37, Jackson v. Browner. It is confined to the declarations of relations who had no interest to misrepresent, because it is reasonable, that only such declarations, should be admitted as have in their favor a presumption of being consistent with the truth ; which presumption cannot belong to declarations which are made under a bias and feeling of interest. Philips Ev. 178. Such being the limitations of this exception to the general rule, it is clear, that the evidence of Mrs. Cutts does not come within the exception. It neither appears that [379] the persons, from whom she heard what she states, are dead nor that they were relations. And as this evidence was improperly submitted to the jury, there must be A new trial granted.