Sanborn v. Emerson

Woods, J. Several reasons are assigned for setting aside the verdict. The first is, that there was a special contract proved, which ought to have been declared on. It is contended that the implied promise relied upon by the plaintiffs was excluded by the fact of the existence of the express promise proved ; and that, therefore, the action, which is in-debitatus assumpsit, could not be maintained. It is undoubtedly a general rale of law, that where the parties have made an express contract, the law will not imply a contract ; and that so long as the contract remains in — 62 — force, and is neither rescinded, waived nor annulled, the party seeking redress for the breach of it will not be al~ lowad to declare in indebitatus assumpsit, but will be compelled to take his remedy upon the contract, and according to the terms of it, and must necessarily declare specially upon the contract itself. Whiting vs. Sullivan, 7 Mass. R. 107; Worthen vs. Stevens. 4 Mass. R. 448; Perkins vs. Hart, 11 Wheat. 237; Wheelock vs. Freeman, 13 Pick. 165. But this general rule is not inflexible, and has its exceptions ; and it would seem that when the special contract is not under seal, it is, under some circumstances, optional with the plaintiff, either to declare on the implied promise, or to set out the contract specially in the declaration. Tousey vs. Preston, 1 Conn. R. 175; Morris vs. Wills, 5 Har. &. 120. And it is a reasonable and recognized rule of law, forming an exception to the general rule, that where there is a special agreement, the terms of which contain nothing more, and confer no other rights, and impose no other duties or obligations than the law itself, in the absence of such express agreement, would imply, from the transactions of the parties and the circumstances of the case, an action may be maintained upon the implied agreement. Gibbs vs. Bryant, 1 Pick. 118. That action was indebitatus assumpsit, for money paid, laid out and expended. The plaintiff sought to recover a sum of money which he had been compelled to pay as surety upon a promissory note, signed by the plaintiff and Thomas Bryant, and payable to one Warner. At the time of making the note, the defendant and said Thomas Bryant executed to the plaintiff a written contract of indemnity. The making of the note, the purpose for which it was made, the payment of it by the plaintiff, and the fact of the joint interest of the defendant and said Thomas in the money which the note was given to secure, were proved. It was decided that the action was well brought upon the implied promise, and the — 63 — plaintiff had judgment for the amount paid, and interest thereon from the time of the payment. The court, in pronouncing their judgment in that ease say: “ The first reason for setting aside the verdict is, that there was a special agreement which ought to have been declared on. This objection cannot avail the defendant, because the written contract produced contained nothing more than the law would imply.” Does the case under consideration, upon the facts reported, fall within the operation of the principle of law stated and recognized in the case last cited. The plaintiff had receipted the property of the defendant, attached in sundry suits commenced against him, and had the actual custody of it, and at the request of the defendant he delivered the property to him. The implied understanding of the parties must have been, and the implied undertaking on the part of the defendant clearly was, that of indemnity to the plaintiff, either by the payment of the debts and a discharge of the suits, or in some other way. The delivery and restoration of the property to the possession and custody of the defendant, at his request, by the plaintiff, who had the right to retain it, was, under the circumstances, equivalent to an assent on the part of the defendant to the act of the plaintiff in receipting for the property at the time of the attachment. And such assent would most clearly raise an implied promise of indemnity on the part of the party thus assenting and requesting. The express agreement found by the case contains nothing more, substantially, than a contract of indemnity to the plaintiff, to be performed by the payment of the demands sued, or in some other way, saving the plaintiff harmless of the obligation resting upon him in consequence of his receipting the property attached; and therefore this case would seem to come directly within the principle of the decision in Gibbs vs. Bryant — the special contract, as it appears, containing nothing more than the law would imply. On this branch of the case, then, we hold that the action is well maintained, — 64 — notwithstanding the existence of the special contract of indemnity, and the omission to set it out in the declaration; and the objection that the action should have been brought on the express contract, is therefore overruled. But a farther objection to the maintenance of the action, stated in the case, is, that no money was paid, prior to the commencement of the action, for the use or which went to the benefit of the defendant. And if this objection be well founded in fact, it must prevail. If the money paid was a mere voluntary payment, which the plaintiff was not legally bound to make ; or if it was made to one not authorized to receive it, and to discharge the claims against the defendant, upon which the payment was intended to be made, then, indeed, the money could not he said to have been paid to the use of the defendant, so as to imply a promise in law on his part to repay the same to the plaintiff, and consequently this action could not be maintained. What are the facts touching this branch of the case ? Judgments were recovered in all the actions against the defendant on which the property receipted for by the plaintiff was attached; executions were duly issued thereon, and within thirty days after the rendition of the judgments, were placed by the creditors in the hands of the officer who had attached the property; and the property was duly demanded by him of the defendant within said thirty days; and the executions remained in the officer’s hands until the winter of 1836, when the plaintiff paid to the officer so holding the executions the debt and cost thereof, and interest thereon, together with the officer’s fees, and for those sums a verdict was taken in this case! The money was then paid to the officer who had both the actual and rightful custody of the executions, and the possession and control of the plaintiff’s receipt given for the property attached, which attachment charged the officer with the duty of satisfying said executions, or of offering a legal excuse for omitting so to do. The objection is, that he had no authority to receive the money — 65 — at the time when it was paid to him. It cannot be pretended that the officer, at the time he received the executions, had no authority to receive the amount thereof in money, in discharge of them. He was so authorized, as well by the fact of the delivery of them to him by the creditors, as by the express command of the precepts themselves then in force. He was, in fact and in law, the agent of the creditors in the executions for that very purpose ; and the mere reception of it for that purpose would have operated a discharge of the executions, without any other act whatever. And the case finds no express revocation of that authority at any time, nor any intention on the part of the creditors to revoke it. Did the fact that, at the time the money was paid to the officer, the executions had become invalid as such for the purpose of compelling payment by a seizure and sale, of property, operate a revocation of the authority to receive the amount from one offering to pay, and thereupon to discharge the executions ? The executions remained in the hands of the officer, and so-did the receipt. It cannot be doubted that he had the right to have brought suit on the receipt, and to have received the sum due thereon. Upon the receipt of the executions and the demand, that right was perfect and the liability of the plaintiff was complete. For what purpose and to what end had he such right ? Most clearly, for the purpose of the payment and discharge of the executions, and of indemnity against his liability incurred by reason of the original attachment. Such was the object of taking the receipt. In fact, the executions being placed in the hands of the officer, we hold that, without express revocation, his authority continued, until all legal means for the satisfaction of the same, over which he had control, were exhausted. We therefore have no hesitation in holding, that at the time of the reception of the money the plaintiff was liable to pay, and the officer’s authority continued for receiving payment and discharging the executions. The question whether the verdict was returned for too — 66 — large a sum, does not properly arise upon this case, as no exception on that ground was taken at the trial. Interest upon the amount of the executions was included in the verdict. That was urged at the argument, as a ground of exception to the verdict, for which it should be set aside and a new trial granted. It was contended that the plaintiff was not liable upon his receipt to the officer for any thing beyond the amount of the executions, and that the defendant’s liability upon his contract of indemnity was to the same extent. But we think, if this exception had been seasonably taken, and could avail at all, (which we do not decide) it could avail only for the reason that the verdict embraced interest on the executions prior to the time when the executions were delivered to the officer for collection and satisfaction, and could have been satisfied by reasonable diligence, in due course of law relative to the sale of property on execution. No question is made of the sufficiency of the property attached and receipted to satisfy the demands sued, as the same were liquidated by the several judgments therein. It has been decided that, under such circumstances, in an action against the officer who made the attachment and failed to satisfy the judgment recovered, and offered no legal excuse for omitting to do so, the true rule of damages is the amount of the execution, with interest after the same ought to have been levied upon the property originally attached. Fairfield vs. Baldwin, 12 Pick. 388. It was conceded at the argument, by the defendant’s counsel, that the liability of the defendant was coextensive with that of the plaintiff himself to the officer, and that the extent of the officer’s liability was the true measure of the liability of the plaintiff by reason of his receipt, he having restored the property to the custody of the debtor. Taking that view of the law to be correct — and a more favorable view for the defendant could not be sustained — no doubt remains of the liability of the defendant to the extent at least of the amount of the executions and interest thereon after such lapse of time from the time of the — 67 — delivery of the executions to the officer for collection, as is prescribed by law for the sale of personal property on execution ; for such was the extent of the liability of the officer himself to the creditors, according to the decision in Fairfield vs. Baldwin. Moreover, if the verdict were manifestly too large, for the reason alleged, the excess, being a sum readily ascertainable by mere arithmetical computation, might be remitted, and the court would not, in such case, set aside a verdict and grant a new trial, on account of the excess so remitted. Lambert vs. Craig, 12 Pick. 199. On the whole, we are all of the opinion that in this case the exceptions taken at the trial cannot prevail, and that there must be Judgment on the verdict.