Tenney v. Evans

Gilchrist, J. The first question in this case arises upon the admission of the acts and declarations of the guardian in relation to the property. The case finds, that in order to prove that the guardian owned the property, evidence was received of his acts and declarations at the times when he purchased it, and at other times before the attachment, tending to show the fraudulent character of the transactions. This evidence is of two descriptions. That part of it which relates to the guardian’s declarations at other times than those when he bought the property, must be considered in reference to the guardian’s position as a party to the record, for it is on that ground only that it is admissible. The plaintiff contends that the guardian was competent to testify, and therefore his declarations could not have been given in evidence. It is stated in the case of Ross vs. Knight, 4 N. H. Rep. 238, that the declarations of a person relating to a fact, who might have been called as a witness, are inadmissible. The cases cited in the argument for ■the plaintiff merely recognize the principle stated in Ross vs. Knight. But it is necessary to go somewhat farther than this, and to establish the position that the defendant might have compelled the guardian to testify, in order to exclude the evidence of his declarations. But the plaintiff’s position is not without authority to support it. In Cowling vs. Ely, 2 Starkie N. P. C. 366, a minor brought a suit by his guardian, and a witness was offered by the defendant to prove declarations made by the guardian, the defendant contending that they were competent, because the guardian was liable for the costs. But Abbott, J., was clear that they were not admissible against the plaintiff. The report of the case does not show on what ground the ruling was made. But in James vs. Hatfeild, Strange 548, Lord C. J. King allowed the defendant to give in evidence the declarations ■of the plaintiff’s guardian, on the ground that the guardian was liable for costs. It is said, in 1 Ph. & Am. on Ev. 47, note 1, that much confusion has arisen from inattention to [348] the distinction between the privilege of parties to a suit, and their incapacity in common with other interested witnesses. That a party to the record should not be compelled against his consent to become a witness in a court of law, is a rule founded in good sense and sound policy. It forms the point of the decision in the case of The King vs. Woburn, 10 East 395; per Tindal, C.J., in Worrall vs. Jones, 7 Bingh. 395; Mauran vs. Lamb, 7 Cowen 174. The rule is said not to be founded exclusively on the ground of interest, but on that also of public policy. Commonw. vs. Marsh, 10 Pick. 57. And it is recognized in Plattekill vs. New Paltz, 15 Johns. 305, and in Frear vs. Evertson, 20 Johns. 142. So in an action of ejectment on the several demises of two lessors, one of them is not compellable to gWe evidence for the defendant, though no title has been proved under his demise. Fenn vs. Granger, 3 Camp. 178. The lessors of the plaintiff, said Lord Ellenborough, are substantially the parties on the record. All are jointly liable ; that lessor upon whose title the recovery proceeds is generally the trustee of the other; and there are the same reasons for protecting them from being examined, which have produced the general rule of law, that the parties on the record cannot be compelled to give evidence against themselves, and are not permitted to swear in their own favor. Mayor of Colchester vs.-, 1 P. Wms. 595; Chenango vs. Birdsall, 4 Wend. 453; Commonwealth vs. Marsh, 10 Pick. 57; Columbian Man. Co. vs. Dutch, 13 Pick. 125; Page vs. Page, 15 Pick. 368. An administrator defendant cannot testify in a cause, because he is liable in the first instance for the costs. Fox vs. Whitney, 16 Mass. 118. If the guardian, then, could have been compelled to testify, the reason for rejecting his declarations does not exist. But the rule is, that the declarations of a party to the record, against his interest, are admissible. Spargo vs. Brown, 9 B. & C. 935. The leading case on the subject is Bauerman vs. Radenius, 7 T. R. 663, which decides that the [349] declarations of the plaintiff on record are admissible, although he appear to be only a trustee for a third person. Lord Kenyon said it would never have occurred to Sir M. Hale, or Lords Holt or Hardwicke, sitting in a court of law, that they could have gone out of the record and considered third persons as parties in the cause, and that it was “ an incontrovertible rule that an admission made by the plaintiff on record is admissible evidence.” This decision was followed by the case of Gibson vs. Winter, 5 B. & Ad. 96, where it was held that a trustee suing as plaintiff in a court of law must be treated in all respects as a party in the cause. In that case, a broker in whose name a policy of insurance was effected upon the property of another, brought an action upon it. The defendants pleaded payment to the plaintiff, and it was held that although there was no payment, as between the assured and the assurers, it was a good payment as between the plaintiff on record and the defendants, and therefore was an answer to the action. Several other cases warranting the decision are cited by Denman, C. J., in delivering the judgment of the court. And our opinion is that the declarations of the guardian in this case were legally competent as the admissions of a party to the record. The other declarations of the guardian accompanied the purchase of the property. In addition, therefore, to their having been made by a party to the record, they may be examined in relation to their constituting a part of the res gesta. The circumstances surrounding the principal fact may always be shown to the jury, if they are so connected with it as to illustrate its character; but it is impossible to lay down any precise general rule, pointing out the cases in which declarations are admissible as part of the res gesta, and those where they must be rejected as the mere assertions of the party. Pool vs. Bridges, 4 Pick. 378; Allen vs. Duncan, 11 Pick. 308. In this case the declarations had a peculiar pertinency, from the transaction which they accompanied. The question in controversy was, to whom the [350] property on the farm belonged. The ward now alleges it was his. But when it was placed there, the guardian had the control over it; and whether it belonged to him or to his ward, in managing it he exercised no more than a legal authority. It was the property of one or the other of them, and on the question of ownership nothing would be more likely to throw light, than the declarations of the person who was actually exercising the control of it. Blake vs. White, 13 N. H. Rep. 267. Personal property on the land of the ward, purchased and placed there by the guardian, must, prim,a facie, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, be considered as the ward’s. Tenney vs. Evans, 11 N. H. Rep. 346. But on its being shown that the guardian had no other property of the ward than the proceeds of the land, the question of ownership was somewhat less clear. The act of purchase might then be considered as somewhat equivocal, and its effect would depend on the intention or disposition from which it proceeded ; and this would best be denoted by the expressions accompanying it. Whether the guardian purchased the property with his own money or with that of his ward, was a subject of inquiry. Now, whenever the conduct of a person at a given time becomes the subject of inquiry, his expressions, as constituting a part of that conduct, and indicating his intention, cannot properly be rejected as irrelevant. In questions of fraud, or bona f des, where the intent with which an act is done is generally so important, it is difficult to form a correct judgment unless a view is had of the whole transaction, of course including the conversation which forms a part of it. When a man” does an act, the presumption is that his contemporary declaration accords with his real opinion and intention. Hadley vs. Carter, 8 N. H. Rep. 40. In that case the question was, whether a servant was enticed from the employ of the plaintiff; and it was held that his declaration, made at the time he left the plaintiff’s service, and showing that he went away of his [351] own accord and for reasons of his own, was admissible. And whenever evidence of an act done by a party is admissible, his declarations, made at the time, and having a tendency to elucidate or give a character to the act, and which may derive a degree of credit from the act itself, are also admissible. Sessions vs. Little, 9 N. H. Rep. 271. These remarks apply to the declarations of the guardian, made at the times of the purchases. They were competent, as part of the res geslce. The other declarations, tending to show the fraudulent character of the transaction, seem to be mere narration, and not a part of the res gestee, as they did not accompany any act, and are competent evidence, as admissions made by a party to the record. As to the other point in the case, there is no doubt that a guardian may purchase property for his ward; and if the latter, on coming of age, accept the property and ratify the transaction, the property will belong to him. But a guardian cannot purchase property and place it on the land of his ward, or any where else, to the injury of his creditors. In general, he cannot by his contract bind the person or estate of his ward. Jones vs. Brewer, 1 Pick. 317. But sales made by persons of full age to infants are voidable only by the infant. They could not be avoided by the guardian ; at any rate, where they were made by his assent. Oliver vs. Houdlet, 13 Mass. 238; Barnaby vs. Barnaby, 1 Pick. 221. In this case the property did not change its owner by being placed on the ward’s land. Nor could the ward make it his while he was under age. It remained the guardian’s until the ward became of age and ratified the purchase, whatever might have been the dealings between the guardian and the sellers, or whatever shape their contracts assumed. We think, therefore, that the instructions of the court were correct.. Judgment on the verdict.