Robertson v. Stark

Parker, C. J. Where a note, or other obligation, is offered in evidence in connection with a mortgage, it is not necessary that all the particulars of it should be specified in the condition of the mortgage, in order to identify it as the note intended to be secured by the mortgage. It will be sufficient if it is so far described that it appeal’s, with reasonable certainty, to he the note or contract intended to be secured by the mortgage. If there should be certain particulars in which it agreed with the description in the condition, and certain other particulars in which it varied from it, the mere possession of it by the mortgagee might not furnish even primd fade evidence that it was the very note or contract intended to be described and secured ; although, if the variances were in immaterial matters, they might be regarded as unimportant upon the question of identity. But where the description is accurate as far as it goes, the paper offered in evidence merely containing other particulars, consistent with those set down in the condition, it seems to be quite clear that the possession and production of the instrument is prímá fade evidence that it is the same mentioned in the condition. In the present case, the instrument intended to be secured by the first mortgage is described as a note; but it is one to be paid in teaming; and we thus have, on the face of the condition, evidence that a promissory note payable in money was not the contract to be secured. The date, amount, and time of payment, are also stated as hi the contract. The additional particulars, that the teaming was to be from Warner to Boston, and at certain specified prices, do not take from the instrument the character of a note payable in teaming ; nor do they lead to any reasonable supposition that there might have been another note of that date, for that sum, signed by the same parties, payable to the plaintiff in teaming, on demand, with interest annually, and which has been paid or assigned to some other person. [113] And in the other ease, where the description is less perfect as to particulars, the date and sum, and the fact that the instrument purports to be payable to the plaintiff, or order, on demand, with interest annually, agree with the description in the mortgage. This is quite sufficient to show, primé fade, that the instrument produced is the one intended to be described, notwithstanding that it specifies that payment was to be made in teaming, at specified prices, and that it appears to have been signed by others than the mortgagor. These fact are not inconsistent with the description in the condition. In relation to the evidence respecting the value of the property in question, we are of opinion that there was an error in the ruling of the judge who tried the cause. As a general rule, the opinion of witnesses is not to be received in evidence merely because they may have had more experience, or greater opportunities of observation than others, unless they relate to matters of skill or science. 17 Wend. 137, Norman vs. Wells; 1 Paine's C. C. R. 539, 546, United States vs. Willard; 3 Yeates 527, Lessee of Forbes vs. Caruthers; 9 Bing. 333, Ramadge vs. Ryan; 7 Verm. R. 153, 161, Lester vs. Pittsford; 3 N. H. Rep. 349, Rochester vs. Chester; 2 Phillips's Ev. 290, note. Greater opportunities for observation, and greater study respecting certain subjects, may give the witness superior skill in relation to those subjects, and entitle his opinions to be received as those of an expert. Thus, witnesses who have made it a subject of study and observation may be admitted to give their opinion respecting handwriting, whether it is forged; 17 Pick. 490, Moody vs. Rowell; 4 Esp. 117, Rex vs. Cator; or feigned, 4 T. R. 497, Revett vs. Braham; 9 Conn. R. 55, 60, Lyon vs. Lyman ; or is that of a particular individual, 2 Pick. 47, Commonwealth vs. Carey; 5 Hamm. 6, 7, Hess vs. The State; 5 N.H. Rep. 367, The State vs. Carr ; 1 Greenl. Ev. § 577, note 1, et seq. So, observation of the particular habits of certain animals may entitle the observer to the character of an expert, the means of knowledge not being open to the community generally. 3 Fair-field 222, Cottrill vs. Myrick. In an action for breach of promise to marry, a person accustomed to observe the mutual conduct of [114] the parties, may give in evidence his opinion upon the question whether they were attached to each other. 4 Cowen 355, McKee vs. Nelson. A seal engraver may give his opinion whether an impression is or is not a genuine impression from the original seal. 3 Doug. 157, Polices vs. Chadd, per Ld. Mansfield. In an action of trespass, for making an embankment which was alleged to have caused the gradual choking up of a harbor, the opinions of scientific engineers were admitted as to the effect of such an embankment upon the harbor. Ib. A ship-builder maybe called as a witness to give his opinion of the seaworthiness of a ship, on facts stated by others. Peake 25, Thornton vs. The Royal Exchange Ass. Co. A secretary of a fire-insurance company, accustomed to examine buildings with reference to the insurance of them, and who, as a county commissioner, had frequently estimated damages occasioned by the laying out of railroads and highways, may be called to give his opinion as to the effect of laying a railroad, and the passing of locomotive engines within a certain distance, upon the rent and the rate of insurance of the building. 2 Met. 147, Webber vs. The Eastern Railroad. Eut it has been held in this State that opinions respecting the value of property in common use are not admissible. 10 N. H. Rep. 130, Whipple vs. Walpole; 6 N. H. Rep. 462, 464,Peterborough vs. Jaffrey; 3 N. H. Rep. 349, Rochester vs. Chester. And we are of opinion that there is nothing in the study or ordinary observation of horses and harnesses which entitle a witness to be introduced as an expert in relation to the value of such property. Opinions will necessarily vary greatly upon such subjects. Their value is not a matter to be brought to the test of skill or observation. The judgment of one witness respecting value may be better than that of another; but that is, in a great degree, because he has more intelligence, and a better capacity for forming a judgment; matters which a court cannot well weigh, in determining upon the admissibility of a witness, when sufficient mind for the formation of an opinion exists. And it is not necessary that an exception should be made in favor of such evidence. The property can be described, and the jury ordinarily have sufficient experience to enable them to judge. If such property [115] have a market value, that can be given in evidence; and from the description, the evidence of market value, and their own observation and means of judgment, juries have generally found no difficulty in arriving at results perhaps as satisfactory as if the conflicting opinions of witnesses respecting the value had been introduced for their consideration. The instructions to the jury in this case, although they limited the operation of the evidence in some particulars, did not exclude it from their consideration, and there must, therefore, be a New trial.