Warren v. Batchelder

Gilchrist, J. Tbe defendant owed Dow, and Dow owed tbe plaintiff. Tbe defendant and Dow agreed that tbe defendant should pay Dow’s debt to tbe plaintiff, and Dow left money in tbe defendant’s bands for that purpose. Tbe plaintiff was not a party to this arrangement, but subsequently made a demand upon tbe defendant, that be should pay tbe plaintiff tbe amount of bis debt against Dow. These are, shortly, tbe facts in tbe case ; and upon them two questions arise ; firstly, whether the plaintiff can maintain any action against tbe defendant; and, secondly, whether an action for money bad and received will he, as that is tbe form tbe plaintiff has adopted. In that very acute and logical book, Hammond on Parties to Actions 6, in treating of single rights ex contractu, tbe author states tbe general principle, that tbe legal interest in a simple contract resides with him from whom tbe consideration moves, and ihustrates it by saying, that “ were A to promise B, for some consideration be has given him, to pay C a sum of money, B and not C would be legally concerned in tbe agreement.” Another illustration of the principle is afforded by the case of Crow [133] vs. Rogers, Strange 592. A being indebted to B, C promised A that if he would make him a title to a house, he would pay B the debt, and B sued C upon this promise. But C had judgment, “ because the plaintiff was a stranger to the consideration.” In the case of Heaton vs. Angier, 7 N. H. Rep. 397, the plaintiff' sold the defendant a wagon, which the defendant immediately sold to one Chase. The throe parties then agreed that Chase should pay the plaintiff the purchase money for the wagon, for the defendant, and the plaintiff agreed that he would take Chase as his debtor. It was held that the debt due from the defendant to the plaintiff was extinguished by the plaintiff’s agreement to take Chase as his debtor, and that the plaintiff could not maintain assumpsit for the price of the wagon against the defendant. This case was decided upon the authority of the case stated by Buller, J. in Tatlock vs. Harris, 3 D. & E. 180. In the case of Butterfield vs. Hartshorn, 7 N. H. Rep. 345, the plaintiff, having a claim against an estate, the executor sold property belonging to the estate, and left a part of the purchase money in the hands of the purchaser, who promised the executor to pay the plaintiff’s debt. It was hold that the plaintiff could not maintain a suit against the purchaser, to recover the amount of his debt, as he had never assented to the arrangement before he commenced his suit, and had never agreed to accept the purchaser as his debtor, and had not demanded the money. The question is raised as to the effect of a demand of the money, and it is said to bo questionable whether anything can operate as an extinguishment of the original debt, but payment, or an express agreement by the creditor. An extinguishment of the original debt is held to be necessary. In the supposed case put by Butter, J. in Tatlock vs. Harris, 3 D. & E. 180, so often referred to in the books for its condensed way of stating the point, there was an agreement between A, B and C, that A should pay C the £100 which B owed him, and this is said to extinguish B’s debt. In Wilson vs. Coupland, 5 B. & Ald. 228, Taillaison & Co. being indebted to the defendants for money had and received, and being indebted to the plaintiffs, transferred to the plaintiffs [134] the sum due from the defendants, for which the defendants gave the plaintiffs them promissory note. It was held, that as all the parties had assented, and as the demand of Taillaisson & Co. on the defendants was for money had and received, the defendants were liable to the plaintiffs, in an action in that form. There does not appear to have been any express agreement in terms, by the plaintiffs, to accept the defendants as their debtors, but it seems to have been implied from the facts in the case. In Cuxon vs. Chadley, 3 B. & C. 591, Sweet had sold goods to the defendant, and Robert Ohadley owed the defendant. Sweet, at the request of Robert, charged the goods he had sold the defendant to Robert’s account. It was held that the defendant was still liable to Sweet’s assignees for the goods sold him by Sweet. Abbott, C. J. says, “ Sweet is not proved ever to have said,£ I will take you, Robert, as my debtor and discharge James.’ He is not proved ever to have said or done anything which would have the effect of discharging James.” In the case of Hodgson vs. Anderson, 3 B. & C. 842, cited by the counsel for the defendant, the suit was between the original parties, and the question whether an action would lie in favor of a third person did not arise. In Wharton vs. Walker, 4 B. & C. 163, Lythgoe owed the plaintiff ¿64 5s., and gave him an order on the defendant, who was Lythgoe’s tenant, to pay the plaintiff that sum out of the next rent that became due. The plaintiff sent the order to the defendant, but had no other communication with him. Lythgoe having demanded the rent of the defendant, the latter produced the order, and promised Lythgoe to pay its amount to the plaintiff, and paid Lythgoe the difference between it and the rent, and Lythgoe thereupon gave him a receipt for the whole sum. The plaintiff then brought an action for money had and received, against the defendant, but it was held that no action would lie. Bayley, J. says, “ if, by an agreement between the three parties, the plaintiff had undertaken to look to the defendant and not to his original debtor, that would have been binding, and the plaintiff might have maintained an action on the agreement; but in order to give him that right of action, there must be an extin [135] guishment of the intermediate debt. No such bargain was made between the parties in this case.” It was held, also, that the action would not lie, “ because no money was ever had and received by the defendant to the use of any person, which objection existed in Israel vs. Douglas, 1 H. Black. 239, and has caused the propriety of that decision to be since doubted.” It was said by Littledale, J. that “ even if the parties had met and agreed, and the debt from Lythgoe had been discharged, still no money having been received by the defendant to the plaintiff’s use, the latter must have declared specially on the agreement, and could not have recovered in this form of action.” In Israel vs. Douglas, the defendants owed Delvalle for brokerage, and Delvalle owed the plaintiff on a promissory note, and gave him an order on the defendants for the sum they owed him, and the defendants promised the plaintiff to pay him the sum they owed Delvalle. It was held that an action for money had and received would lie. But Wilson, J. dissented, on the ground that no money was actually had and received. He says also, “ I cannot accede to this, as a general proposition, that whenever a man is my debtor, I am entitled to bring an action against Mm for money had and received.” In the case of Holly vs. Rathbone, 8 Johns. 148, the defendant, having in his hands money belonging to a pauper, promised the plaintiff to pay Mm a debt wMch he had against the pauper, and it was held that an action would lie. It is not clear that this decision can be maintained as law, for there was no consideration moving from the plaintiff, and Ms debt was not extinguished. In Arnold vs. Lyman, 17 Mass. 400, HutcMns, owing the plaintiff, conveyed property to the defendant, who, in consideration thereof, promised Hutchins to pay Ms debt to the plaintiff, and it was held that the plaintiff might recover the amount of Ms debt of the defendant. It was said by Parker, C. J. “ there seems to be no reason why the promise should not be treated as a promise to the creditors.” It was argued that no consideration moved from the plaintiff, but this is not adverted to by the court. In Hall vs. Marston, 17 Mass. 575, Bradford owed the plaintiff', and sent the defendant a bill of exchange, with direc [136] tions to pay a part of the proceeds of it to the plaintiff; and it was held that he might recover that part of the defendant, on « the ground that the latter had money in his hands which he ought equitably to pay over to the plaintiff, and that the silence of the defendant, and his receiving the contents of the bill, must be construed to be an assent to pursue his instructions, and that thereupon the plaintiff had a legal right to sue. But in the three cases last cited, and in some other cases similar to them which are to be found in the books, the true principle which should have governed their decision seems to us to have been overlooked. That the legal interest in a simple contract, and the right to enforce it, reside in the person from whom the consideration moves, we understand to be a cardinal point in the law. A contrary decision involves the result, that he from whom the consideration moves is not the party to sue, if any other person is intended to be benefited by the contract. And it is to be observed that Heaton vs. Angier, Butterfield vs. Hartshorn, Tatlock vs. Harris, Wilson vs. Coupland, Cuxon vs. Chadley, and Wharton vs. Walker, all recognize the principle that the party must sue who furnishes the consideration, which consideration was, upon the. facts of those cases, the extinguishment of the plaintiff’s debt. In the case before us, the consideration did not move from the plaintiff. His debt was not extinguished, and he can maintain no action. We do not mean to say that there must have been an express agreement by the plaintiff to accept the defendant as his debtor, and extinguish his original debt; but such an agreement must be proved, either by direct evidence, or by proof of facts which show that it must have been made. It is unnecessary to determine the question, whether an action for money had and received would lie in this case. No money was actually received by the defendant, although, when he was summoned in the trustee suit against Dow, he retained money in his hands on account of his supposed liability to the plaintiff. The case of Wharton vs. Walker, above. cited, is strongly in point to show that the suit could not be maintained in this form; but on this point we express no opinion. Verdict set aside.