Smith v. Nashua & Lowell Railroad

Bell, J. The declaration in this case claims to charge the defendants as depositaries only. And the first question which presents itself is, whether they are such. The ordinary case of a deposit is where the owner of goods delivers them to another, to be kept for him, without any agreement expressed or reasonably to be implied that the person to whom they are delivered shall receive any compensation for his services or care. But there is a large class of deposits where there is no actual delivery to keep, and no actual agreement to accept the goods, or to keep or take care of them, and where the contract of a depositary is implied from the nature of the transaction or occurrence by which the property comes into the hands of one not the owner, and from the principles of equity and justice, which ought to govern the conduct of men towards each other. Generally, no person can be compelled to become a depositary without his own consent; but there are cases where a person may be subjected to the duties and liabilities of a depositary simply, or of a depositary for hire, without an intention on his part to enter into any contract, or to assume any liability in regard to the property in question. ¡The finder of the property of a person unknown, is not bound to interfere with it. He may pass by it, if he pleases, and has then no responsibility in relation to it. But if he takes it into his possession, he becomes at once bound, without any actual contract, and perhaps without any actual intention to bind himself to the owner of the property for its safe keeping and return, f And by the better opinion, we think, the duties of a finder of property are, in law, precisely the same, except so far as they may be varied by the provisions of our statutes, as those of a person, who has volun — 91 — tarily received a deposit of goods to be kept for the owner without charge. 1 Banv. Inst. 428; Story on Bailments 61; Isaac v. Clark, 2 Bulst. 306; 1 Parsons on Contracts 579; Story on Contracts 257; 6 Bac. Ab. 681. If, however, it is provided by statute that the finder shall be entitled to a compensation for the keeping, or if an agreement to that effect may, under the circumstances, be reasonably inferred, the presumed contract of the finder and his liabilities will be those of a depositary for hire, which differ essentially from those of a simple, that is, gratuitous depositary. Story on Bailments 289; Jones on Bailments 97; 1 Banv. Inst. 406. A much more numerous and frequent class of cases, where the law imposes the duty of a depositary without any actual contract for that purpose, is where the property of one person is voluntarily received by another, by delivery of the owner, for some different purpose from that of keeping it, and upon an express or implied agreement of a different kind, which has been answered or performed, and the property remains in the hands of such party without further agreement. In such cases the law, having regard to the requirements of justice between men, implies a contract for the keeping of the property, until it shall be restored to the proprietor, or his agent; and the contract thus implied is ordinarily that of a depositary. The holder is bound to take care of, keep and preserve the property, not for the sake of any benefit to himself, nor upon any expectation of compensation for his services; but solely for the convenience and accommodation of the owner. Story on Bailments 292, 347; Ostrander v. Brown, 15 Johns. 35; In re Webb, 8 Taun. 443; Hyde v. Trent and Mersey Nav. 5 D. & E. 389; Garside v. Trent and Mersey Nav. 4 D. & E. 581; Fisk v. Newton, 1 Denio 45; 1 Parsons on Contracts 459; Thomas v. B. & P. R. R. 10 Met. 472. The slightest degree of care known to the law is that of a depositary, such slight care as is taken by every man of — 92 — common sense of his own property, under like circumstances, as it was well laid down by the court below. This, presumptively, is the extent of the responsibility of one upon whom is thrown the care and custody of property, where he has not voluntarily assumed any liability directly for these purposes. 1 Banv. Inst. 431; Story on Bailments 41; 2 Kent’s Com. 560; Ang. Car. 293. Where a right to receive a compensation for bis services may be reasonably inferred from the circumstances of the case, the duty of the bailee becomes that of a depositary for hire, and his liability is increased to a responsibility for ordinary neglect, which is the want of such reasonable care as men in general take of their own property, under similar circumstances. 1 Banv. Inst. 406; Jones on Bailments 49, 96, 97; Story on Bailments 289; Caileff v. Danvers, Peake 114: Finneane v. Small, 1 Esp. 315; 2 Kent’s Com. 586. There is this distinction between the case of the finder of goods and that of the person in whose possession such property has remained at the close of a previous bailment. The person who finds an article may leave it untouched. He in whose house or premises the property of another is casually left, may treat it as damage feasant. He may suffer it to remain undisturbed, or he may take it and remove it to a near and convenient distance, and there leave it in a suitable place for the use of the owner, doing it no unnecessary damage while he is removing it, and he will thereby incur no responsibility, speaking without reference to the statute provisions. 2 Saund. PI. & Ev. 388; 2 Ch. PL 548; Peaslee v. Wadleigh, 5 N. H. Rep. 317. But the party into whose hands the property of another has come, by virtue of a contract for some other purpose, cannot, when that purpose is accomplished, either leave it where it happens to be, or lay it by and neglect it, unless that may be fairly inferred from the nature of the contract to be the intention and understanding of the parties; but he still continues to owe a duty to the owner, still remains — 93 — liable for the care and custody of the property, until he has delivered it to the owner, or his agent, or has placed it in such a situation as may be fairly regarded as equivalent to a delivery to him. Ostrander v. Brown, 15 Johns. 35; Fisk v. Newton, 1 Denio 45; 1 Parsons on Contracts 659; Story on Bailments 347; Ang. Car’. 289. The present is a case of this kind. The goods, the loss of which is now in controversy, were delivered by the owner, or his agent, to the defendants, to be transported by them, in the regular and ordinary course of their business as common carriers, from Boston to Nashua. They were accepted by the agents of the corporation for that purpose, and the corporation then became bound to transport the goods, and the plaintiff became bound to pay them a reasonable compensation for their services. The goods were safely transported to Nashua, and after their arrival the plaintiff had notice of it, and opportunity to take them away, but did not remove them. It is clear that the plaintiff, being present at the depot, and having reasonable opportunity to take them away, the duty of the defendants, as common carriers, was fully discharged, and their responsibility as such terminated. Thomas v. B. & P. R. R. 10 Met. 477; Young v. Smith, 3 Dana 91. The freight agent of the defendants, at this time, told the plaintiff they could not keep or store the hides, they had no place to put them in, and requested him to take them away; but they still remained in their keeping. The case furnishes no evidence of any actual agreement to store or keep them, or to take any care or responsibility about them. And it is not suggested by either party that there is any pretence that the company assumed any liability, as warehouse keepers, to keep or store the property for the plaintiff till any future time, for a compensation to be paid for the service. The goods remained in the keeping of the corporation, subject to such duties and responsibilities as the law implies from the relative situation of the parties, and their conduct in respect — 94 — to the property. It is not suggested by the defendants that they are liable in any other capacity than as depositaries, if they are liable at all, to this plaintiff. They deny any responsibility whatever. The persons employed by this corporation did, in fact, remove and place the hides in an out-building, which, as the event proved, was unsuitable and insecure, and though the servants of the company were aware that the hides had been wet by rain, in consequence of the defects of the building, and were, consequently, exposed to injury, no further care was taken of them until they had sustained the damage complained of in this action. The jury, under the direction of the court, have found that the defendants were chargeable with gross negligence in regard to these hides. Arid the great question before us is in regard to the instructions of the court, upon which the verdict was founded. ' These were that it was not necessary that any express power should be given to the corporation, by their charter, to enter into the contract, and to assume the liabilities of depositaries. It was contended that unless the corporation were authorized by their charter, in express terms, to enter into this contract, they had no power to bind themselves in that way. But we are of the opinion that the ruling of the court upon this subject was entirely correct. Contrary to what would seem to many to be the true principle, the common law gives to all corporations the powers belonging to corporations of their class, unless there is something in the nature of the corporation, or in the terms of its charter or act of incorporation, inconsistent with the exercise of such powers, or there is some general statute restricting their powers. The power to make contracts, to contract obligations as natural persons may do, is laid down in all the elementary books, as one of the ordinary incidents of all corporations not specially restricted. 2 Black. Com. 475; 2 Kent’s Com. 277; 1 Banv. Inst. 78; A. & A. on Corporations — 95 — 84; Kyd on Corporations 70; 1 Parsons on Contracts, ch. 10. It is not suggested that there is any special restriction upon the power of this corporation to contract. Upon examining the railroad charters in this State, there is as much difficulty to find in them an express authority to the corporation to engage in the business of common carriers, either of persons or property, which is their principal business, as to find such authority to keep warehouses, or to receive deposits. From the powers granted by the charter, and the general principles of the common law, it is inferred that they have the power to transport goods and persons, — a power now recognized by statute. It may be just as readily inferred that they may make any contracts, and contract any obligations naturally connected with and incident to their business. The jury were also instructed that it was competent for the defendants, after completing their duties as common carriers, to decline to enter into any contract of deposit; but that though the servants of the defendants, in the beginning, refused to enter into a contract to receive and keep the plaintiff’s hides, yet the jury might find, from the subsequent acts of those agents, that the refusal was waived, and the responsibility assumed by the corporation. There can be no doubt, we think, that a common carrier, or other bailee for hire, may refuse to enter into any new contract for keeping the goods, after he has completed his first undertaking for the carriage or the like, and has discharged himself from further responsibility by a delivery of the goods to the bailor, or by a tender or offer to deliver them, or by such an act as the law regards as equivalent to a delivery, as, for instance, in some cases, by depositing them in the storehouse of a responsible warehouse man. And in such a case, if the bailee persists in his refusal, and does not further interfere with the goods, or does only what every man has a right to do, who finds the goods of — 96 — another on his premises without authority, that is, remove them to a convenient distance and there leave them in a suitable place, without injury, for the use of the owner, he cannot be charged with any further responsibility. In the present case, if it had been made a question, it would have been for the jury to decide whether there was such a delivery of the goods to the plaintiff as would discharge the company of any liability for the goods, or if there was such a tender as would be equivalent to a delivery. But no question of this sort was made at the trial, or here, upon the argument. The transaction was apparently not so understood by either party; and there seems no ground to insist that the defendants had discharged themselves of the custody of these goods. The position taken by them was, that by the neglect of the plaintiff to remove the goods, when he was requested to do so by the freight agent, and by leaving them on the company’s premises, he had constituted the servants of the company, who were prohibited to receive goods at the risk of the company, his own agents, and therefore any neglect and consequent loss was his own, and the company was not responsible. This was merely a question of fact, upon which the jury might have passed, if the question had been raised for their consideration, but it was urged as a matter of law, and the court requested to charge upon it .as such. Neither of these matters of fact being insisted upon, we must take it upon the case that the goods remained in the possession of the company, subject to such responsibility, on their part, as the law imposes in such case, which is that of a gratuitous depository. But if the fact in this particular should be taken to be, that the defendants had discharged themselves of all duty or liability to the plaintiff, by what passed between him and their agent, still it might well be a question, as it was made in this case, whether, notwithstanding the refusal of the agent to keep or store these hides, the corporation, by their — 97 — subsequent acts, had not waived that refusal and assumed the keeping of them. As an individual may at first refuse to engage in a business proposed, and yet may afterwards, on further consideration change his opinion and accept the offer, there can be, we think, no doubt of the powers of such corporations or their agents, to do the same. No party is estopped or concluded by such a refusal. And the same kind of evidence will be admissible to prove the waiver of such refusal and the making of such contract, as if no such refusal had occurred. It may be direct proof of a bargain closed in express terms, or evidence of such acts, from which a bargain may be reasonably inferred, or implied. / Many, and perhaps most contracts, not required to be in writing, may be proved by evidence of the conduct and actions of the parties. This may be done on two grounds; first, because it may be a fair inference from such conduct, that the parties actually meant so to contract, so understood and intended at the time; and secondly, not because the parties in fact contemplated, or understood, or intended any contract or agreement of that description, or of any kind, but because justice and equity prescribes such a rule of duty between the parties in the relative situations in which they have placed themselves. The law always implies an agreement to do what a man’s legal duty requires him to do. A party may therefore decline to enter into any particular contract, he may refuse in the strongest terms to contract, and the parties may separate without coming to an agreement, and yet the party in whose possession property has been rightfully placed, may owe a duty to the owner, which may bind him by an implied contract, or he may by contemporaneous or consequent conduct furnish evidence, by which he may be bound, perhaps by the same contract, into which he had in express terms refused to enter. I There is no difference in these respects between the case of an individual and that of a corporation, except that which — 98 — results from the necessity of proving the authority of the agents, by whom alone the corporation usually act. Their powers may be express, and to be proved by the corporate • records, or they may be implied, resulting from the official position of the agent, and from the usual course of the operations and business of the corporation. Juries are to judge by the words and the actions of men. These may be and usually are consistent with each other; but where there is a purpose to be answered, or a responsibility to be evaded by false professions, they may be entirely irreconcilable, and credit is to be given to the one or to the other, as they seem to the jury to be best entitled to it. It is not in the power of a principal, either individual or corporation, to limit his liability by restrictions upon the powers of his agents, while he adopts or allows a course of business inconsistent with those restrictions, and indicating more extensive authority. In the present case, if we were to understand that the agent of the railroad did in fact utterly decline to store the hides in question, to take any care or responsibility as to them, and the parties separated without an agreement, yet it was competent for the jury regarding the facts, that the hides came rightfully into the possession of the defendants, that they did not insist on their right to leave them as they were or to throw them off their premises, if they had such right, and that the agents of the corporation removed them from the cars and placed them in their building usually occupied for storing hides, to infer that those agents had changed their minds and concluded to take care of them. In that event there could be but one legal conclusion, that having undertaken to keep them and take some care of them, they were bound to take such care as the law requires in such cases. The instruction of the court as to the degree of care and the measure of their liability was correct. They were bound to use slight diligence. They were answerable only for gross neglect. The ruling requested by the defendants, that if the agent — 99 — of the defendants declined to keep or store the hides, and so informed the plaintiff and requested him to take them away, and he nevertheless went off and left them there, it must be presumed that he made the agents of the defendants his own, and must suffer the loss, and that being so left there, the stowing them away by the agents was no more than the defendants’ duty, and the corporation, by that act, were not made liable in this action, was entirely improper. It cannot be overlooked, that this proposed ruling is inconsistent with itself. The first position is that under the circumstances stated, it must be presumed that the plaintiff made the defendants’ agents his own. If that were so, those acts of those agents were the acts of the plaintiff, and done at his risk. The defendants were in no way responsible for them. The second position is that the stowing away of the hides was no more than the duty of the defendants, and the corporation by that act were not made responsible. If it was the mere duty of the defendants, when done by their agents, it would naturally be presumed to be done by the agents, as the duty of the defendants, and not by them as the agents of the plaintiff. If these inconsistent propositions were regarded as designed to be in the alternative, and unconnected, both are unsound. We see no ground, in fact, for inferring any employment of the railroad agents by the plaintiff’. No evidence tends to show any employment of them at that time to do this service, nor any previous engagement of them, nor any subsequent ratification or approval of them, as acts done on his account. If the defendants had supposed there was ground for such a presumption, it was a mere question of fact, upon which the jury might have been asked to pass their judgment; but there does not seem to us a shadow of ground for saying that there was any presumption of law either the one way or the other. If the fact of the agency of these persons was to be proved like other facts, by the party who asserted it, and the jury were to weigh the evi — 100 — dence, the court could with no propriety have given the charge requested by the defendants. If the court were properly requested to instruct the jury that the stowing away of the hides was no more than the defendants’ duty, we are entirely unable to concur in the conclusion that the defendants were not in point of law responsible. If it was the duty of the defendants to store these hides, and no more, then the question arises, what was the measure of that duty, and then, have they performed that duty? The liability of the defendants must, then, depend upon the decision of these matters of fact, which were precisely those submitted to the jury, and determined by them. The deposition was properly detained from the jury. The common rule is, that if a deposition contains matter objected to and not put in evidence, it cannot go to the jury. Judgment on the verdict.