Fleming v. Bills

Upton, J. filed the following opinion: The constitution of the state prohibited lotteries and the sale of lottery tickets, and the statute makes a violation of this clause of the constitution punishable as a felony; other games of chance forbidden by statute are declared misdemeanors. The importance to the petitioners of this distinction is obvious. The recent inauguration of lotteries in a neighboring state, on a scale of such magnitude, and under such specious appearance of morality and even benefaction, as toiueludo this state within the circle of its influence and make it part of the thpatre of its practical operations, adds to the present interest and importance of every question of penal law on the subject. These considerations have led me to make a careful examination of all the authorities presented by counsel, and of such others as are accessible, touching what is treated as the principal question in the ease; that is, whether the game in question is one that is forbidden by the constitution and made punishable by imprisonment in the penitentiary. The following definitions of the word “lottery” have been laid doAvn by the law writers: “A game of hazard in which small sums are ventured for the chance of obtaining greater.” (Bell v. State, 5 Sneed, 507.) [290] “A scheme for the distribution of prizes by chance.” Bouv. Law Die. (Webster also uses the same words.) “ A game wherein a person paying money becomes entitled to money, or some other thing of value, on contingencies, to be determined by lot cast by the managers of the game.” 2 Bishop Cr. L. s. 946. Mr. Bishop says: “This definition has not been laid down in words by the tribunals.” “Payment of prizes in moneyis not essential to a lottery.” (3 Seld. 237.) “The art union scheme is a lottery.” (Id. 239.) Bouvier, in his dictionary, under the title “Gaming,” says: “There are some games which depend altogether upon shill, others upon chance, and some others are of a mixed nature. Billiards is an example of the first, lottery of the second, and backgammon of the last.” The petitioners claim that the game or scheme here presented differs from, and lacks the essentials of a lottery in these particulars: First, in this game the person paying the money casts the lot; Second, a scheme or game is not a lottery, unless all the ticket holders, or all the persons paying money, taken collectively, have, a certainty that some one or more of their number will gain the prize or prizes hazarded. They rely particularly on the definition given by Bishop. I have examined most of the authorities cited by Bishop, and I do not find it laid down that the lot must be actually cast or drawn by the managers of the game, or that a personal participation by the party paying, such as drawing a number with his own hand, would so change the character of the scheme that it would not be a lottery. These citations are (3 Seld. 228 and 240; 13 Barb. 577; 2 Denio, 88; 2 Mill, 128; 3 Zab. 465; 5 Rand. 652 and 715.) There is some reason drawn from the definitions cited to 'think that, if throwing the dice is an exhibition of skill on the part" of the person who pays for the chance, the circumstance is material — for it seems essential to constitute a lottery that the scheme should not be a game of skill. But is the throwing of the dice in an honest manner an exhibí [291] tion of skill? I think that mode is selected on the theory that the result of a fair throw of the dice is wholly a matter of chance. Nor do I find any adjudication to the effect that a scheme is not a lottery, unless each holder of a chance, or all of them collectively, has a certainty that a prize or prizes will be gained by some one of their number. If, as is claimed that the word “distribution,” used by Bouvier and Webster, tends to such an inference, it is certainly not a necessary deduction from the language of their definition. “ A scheme for the distribution of prizes by chance” may provide for distributing them all at one time or at several times, absolutely to one set of persons or conditionally to that set or class. It may allow one person to exhaust all his chances, before other persons accept a chance, and still the scheme is within that definition. Since no adjudication has been found directly in opposition to the decision of the police judge, that decision should not be reversed, unless some sound reason is found elsewhere for holding that he is in error. The American Cyclopaedia thus defines lottery: “A gaming contract, by which, for a valuable consideration, one may by favor of the lot obtain a prize of a value superior to the amount or value of that which he risks.” The writer says: “In its best and most frequent application, the word describes those schemes of this nature which are conducted under the supervision and guarantees of government.” The same work continues: “Two kinds of lottery may be distinguished. The Genoese or Numerical, and the Dutch or Class lottery.” This work describes the former as a scheme by which, out of ninety consecutive numbers, five are to be selected or drawn by lot. “The players fixed upon certain numbers, wagering that one, two or more of them would be drawn among the five, or that they ivould appear in a certain order.” Of the Dutch or Class lottery the author says: “ In this species the number and value of the prizes are regularly estimated, all the ticket holders are interested at once in* the play, and chance determines whether a prize or a blank shall fall to a given number.” [292] The position taken -by the petitioner’s counsel is, substantially, that no scheme is a lottery unless it comes within the last definition. What is called the Genoese lottery certainly does not come nearer to what is claimed by the defendant’s counsel as indispensable, than does the scheme presented in this case. In the Genoese lottery it is not essential that there éhould be tickets or ticket-holders, or that a given number of chances should be taken, nor that the holders of chances should have a certainty that a prize, or anything of value, would be gained by one or more of their number, or that there should be more than one person at the time betting, or venturing money against the managers of the game. From- my examination of the case I am not prepared to say that the committing magistrate erred in holding the game in question to be a lottery. I cannot, therefore, upon the writ of review, reverse his decision. The record discloses sufficient to cure the alleged defeat of form in the commitment. (Hurd on Habeas Corpus, 353.) When the charge was duly presented, and the defendants were brought before the magistrate, the magistrate had jurisdiction to proceed with the examination, and to decide every question of fact or law that was presented, including making the order of commitment. Such an order, made by a court having jurisdiction, is not void, even though it may be voidable, because of error of fact, or of law, but the imprisonment is legal until the order is set aside, consequently the petitioner is not entitled to be discharged solely for informality in the commitment. If I was satisfied’ that the order was erroneously made, it would be my duty to reverse it. But I am not satisfied that such is the case, and must deny the petition.