In Re: Visitation M.L.B.: K.J.R. v. M.A.B.

RUSH, Justice. A child’s relationship with his grandparents is important, and can deserve protection under the Grandparent Visitation Act. But grandparent-visitation orders necessarily impinge, to some degree, on a parent’s constitutionally protected rights. An order granting grandparent visitation must therefore include findings that address four well-settled factors for balancing parents’ rights and the child’s best interests, and must limit the visitation award to an amount that does not substantially infringe on parents’ rights to control the upbringing of their children. In this case, the trial court’s grandparent-visitation order failed to meet either requirement. To provide the trial court with an opportunity to cure those defects, we remand for new findings and conclusions consistent with this opinion. Facts and Procedural History M.L.B. was born in 2004 to K.J.R. (“Mother”) and M.D.B. (“Father”). The parties were never married, and their relationship ended a few months after M.L.B.’s birth. At times, Mother has had a restraining order against Father. And even though paternity and support were established in 2008, Father did not pursue parenting time, and he has had essentially no contact with M.L.B. since 2007. The same is not true, though, for Father’s extended family. The paternal grandfather, M.A.B. (“Grandfather”), visited newborn M.L.B. at the hospital and saw him two or three times a month through his infancy. M.L.B. calls Grandfather and his wife “Papaw” and “Grandma,” and Mother generally allowed M.L.B. to have frequent contact with them and to attend extended-family functions, typically for a few hours in the afternoon, even after she married P.R. (“Stepfather”) in 2006. Beginning in 2007, though, Mother required that Father not be present as a condition of the visits. This voluntary arrangement continued uneventfully through Christmas 2009. But in early 2010, after Stepfather initiated a step-parent adoption of M.L.B., Mother curtailed the grandparent visits. Ultimately, Father contested the adoption, and Grandfather intervened in the proceedings to petition for a grandparent visitation order. At a consolidated hearing on both the visitation and adoption petitions, Mother testified that M.L.B. gets along well with Grandfather and the extended paternal family, and that she had no objection to allowing continued visitation between M.L.B. and Grandfather. The trial court entered an order granting Grandfather visitation one weekend per month from Friday evening to Sunday evening; a “summer family vacation of up to ten (10) days duration” in lieu of that month’s regular weekend; ten-hour visits for Easter, Thanksgiving, and Christmas; and a ten-hour visit within a week of M.L.B.’s birthday. The order also imposed no restric *585 tions on the biological father’s contact with M.L.B. — even though his parental rights were terminated the next day by a separate order granting the Stepfather’s adoption petition (which Father unsuccessfully appealed, see In re Adoption of M.L.B., No. 41A05-1107-AD-363, 2012 WL 2152816 (Ind.Ct.App. June 14, 2012)). Because the visitation order had been issued first, it survived termination of the Father’s rights under Indiana Code section 31-17-5-9. Mother appealed the visitation order, arguing that it violated her fundamental parental rights. A divided panel of the Court of Appeals affirmed, and we granted transfer. Standard of Review Because the Grandparent Visitation Act requires specific findings of fact and conclusions of law, Ind.Code § 31-17-5-6, we apply the two-tiered Indiana Trial Rule 52 standard of review, Megyese v. Woods, 808 N.E.2d 1208, 1213 (Ind.Ct.App.2004). We first determine whether the evidence supports the findings, and then whether the findings support the judgment, In re K.I., 903 N.E.2d 453, 457 (Ind.2009). We set aside findings of fact only if they are “clearly erroneous,” deferring to the trial court’s superior opportunity “to judge the credibility of the witnesses.” K.I., 903 N.E.2d at 457, quoting T.R. 52(A). In turn, “[a] judgment is clearly erroneous when ... the findings fail to support the judgment,” or “when the trial court applies the wrong legal standard to properly found facts.” K.I., 903 N.E.2d at 457, citing Fraley v. Minger, 829 N.E.2d 476, 482 (Ind.2005). Discussion I. Grandparent Visitation Generally. Historically, grandparents had no special common-law right to have visitation with a grandchild. To the extent they could seek court-ordered visitation, it was under the same standard applicable to any unrelated third party: by showing that they had “acted in a custodial and parental capacity,” so that the child would be harmed by loss of that relationship. See, e.g., Collins v. Gilbreath, 403 N.E.2d 921, 923-24 (Ind.Ct.App.1980) (affirming visitation award to a step-father on that basis). Even under that narrow standard, Collins cautioned that it did not “intend to open the door and permit the granting of visitation rights to ... myriad ... unrelated third persons, including grandparents, who happen to feel affection for a child,” believing that such a new policy should be adopted “in a legislative, not judicial, forum.” Id. at 923-24 & n. 1. Not until 1981 did an Indiana court recognize any limited right to grandparent visitation. See Krieg v. Glassbum, 419 N.E.2d 1015, 1018-19 (Ind.Ct.App.1981) (construing Indiana Trial Rule 24(A)(2) to allow grandparents to intervene of right in post-dissolution custody and stepparent adoption proceedings and petition for visitation). The very next year, the Legislature superseded Krieg by passing Indiana’s first Grandparent’s Visitation Statute. Ind.Code § 31-1-11.7-1 to 8 (1982). The statute then became the exclusive basis for a grandparent to seek visitation, and was available only if (1) the child’s father or mother was deceased or (2) the child’s parents had divorced. In re Visitation of J.O., 441 N.E.2d 991, 995 (Ind.Ct.App.1982). Apart from a 1989 amendment expanding the statute to include grandparents of children born out of wedlock, the substance of the statute has remained largely unchanged, even through its 1997 recodification to its current location at Indiana Code 31-17-5. In the same time frame, many other states also created statutory grandparent-visitation rights, affording varying degrees *586 of deference to natural parents’ decisions about grandparent involvement. Ultimately, in Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 120 S.Ct. 2054, 147 L.Ed.2d 49 (2000), the Supreme Court of the United States addressed the tension between those emerging rights and the fundamental right of fit parents to direct them children’s upbringing. Troxel acknowledged that because “grandparents and other relatives undertake duties of a parental nature in many households,” children’s relationships with grandparents may deserve protection. 530 U.S. at 64, 120 S.Ct. 2054. Nevertheless, Troxel broadly agreed that natural parents have a fundamental constitutional right to direct their children’s upbringing without undue governmental interference, and that a child’s best interests do not necessarily override that parental right. In striking a balance between parental rights and children’s interests, the Troxel plurality discussed several key principles, see 530 U.S. at 69-71, 120 S.Ct. 2054, which our Court of Appeals soon distilled into four factors that a grandparent-visitation order “should address”: (1) a presumption that a fit parent’s decision about grandparent visitation is in the child’s best interests (thus placing the burden of proof on the petitioning grandparents); (2) the “special weight” that must therefore be given to a fit parent’s decision regarding nonparental visitation (thus establishing a heightened standard of proof by which a grandparent must rebut the presumption); (3) “some weight” given to whether a parent has agreed to some visitation or denied it entirely (since a denial means the very existence of a child-grandparent relationship is at stake, while the question otherwise is merely how much visitation is appropriate); and (4)whether the petitioning grandparent has established that visitation is in the child’s best interests. McCune v. Frey, 783 N.E.2d 752, 757-59 (Ind.Ct.App.2003), citing Crafton v. Gibson, 752 N.E.2d 78, 96-98 (Ind.Ct.App.2001). Subsequent Court of Appeals decisions followed suit. E.g., In re Guardianship of J.E.M., 870 N.E.2d 517, 520 (Ind.Ct.App.2007), and In re Paternity of P.E.M., 818 N.E.2d 32, 37 (Ind.Ct.App.2004). Then in K.I., this Court approved of the four McCune factors, and took the additional step of declaring that a grandparent-visitation order “must address” those factors in its findings and conclusions. 903 N.E.2d at 462 (emphasis added). In connection with that requirement, we further explained that the “Grandparent Visitation Act contemplates only occasional, temporary visitation that does not substantially infringe on a parent’s fundamental right to control the upbringing, education, and religious training of their children.” Id. (internal quotations and citations omitted). II. Necessity of Troxel Findings. Applying those principles to this case reveals that the trial court’s findings, though proper so far as they go, are incomplete. As discussed above, trial courts must consider all four Troxel principles, as distilled by McCune and made mandatory by K.I. All three members of the Court of Appeals panel recognized that necessity and acknowledged the trial court had made no express findings on at least two of those factors. But the majority believed the findings sufficiently addressed those factors by implication, so that the omission was one of form, not substance. The dissent, by contrast, saw no consideration of the first two factors even implicitly and thus found the order constitutionally defective. We agree with the dissent and find *587 that the trial court’s order was not constitutionally permissible. The first three required factors implement the constitutionally protected right of fit parents to make child rearing decisions, and reflect the significant burden of proof grandparents must carry to override those decisions. Here, though, the order is insufficient as to all three. As to the first two factors, none of the trial court’s findings give any indication that it recognized the “presumption that a fit parent acts in his or her child’s best interests,” or gave “special weight ... to a fit parent’s decision to deny or limit visitation.” K.I, 903 N.E.2d at 462. Both factors are key to a constitutionally appropriate balance between a natural parent’s fundamental rights and a child’s best interests — and without findings reflecting that balance, a grandparent-visitation order is not constitutionally permissible. We agree with Judge Barnes’ dissent that the absence of those findings here is not simply an issue of “form over substance.” Those omissions, standing alone, would render this order unconstitutional. But in light of the extensive amount of visitation awarded, we also find it necessary to address the third factor: “whether the parent has denied visitation or has simply limited visitation.” K.I, 903 N.E.2d at 462. Again, this factor defines what interest of the child’s is at stake. If visitation has been denied unreasonably, then the stakes are whether the child will have any relationship with the grandparents, McCune, 783 N.E.2d at 759, which may strengthen the case for judicial intervention. But when a parent has already offered visitation voluntarily, albeit within reasonable limits, it is not the existence of a relationship at stake, but only on whose terms it will be. Id. In that event, a grandparent-visitation order particularly implicates the danger of “infring[ing] on the fundamental right of parents to make child rearing decisions simply because [a court] believes a ‘better’ decision could be made.” Troxel, 530 U.S. at 72-73, 120 S.Ct. 2054 (plurality opinion). Here, the trial court found a “denial” of visitation in the months leading up to the trial, concluding that Mother curtailed visitation after the adoption was filed in an effort “to end the relationship” between M.L.B. and Grandfather. But it is also undisputed that, for several years leading up to that denial, Mother had merely limited the amount of visitation — consenting to regular, meaningful visitation between M.L.B. and Grandfather, but rarely if ever overnight, and never for any extended trips out of state. While Mother’s recent denial of visitation is certainly relevant under Troxel, so is the parties’ earlier pattern, because it suggests an amount of visitation that might be awarded without unduly interfering in Mother’s fundamental right to direct M.L.B.’s upbringing. Though the trial court was within its discretion to order some degree of visitation to ensure that M.L.B.’s relationship with Grandfather would continue, the amount of visitation awarded far exceeds the parties’ earlier pattern. It even exceeds what Grandfather requested in this action, providing instead for two overnights per month, an annual 10-day trip out of state, and other visitation — which is nearly identical to the order Troxel overturned. 530 U.S. at 71, 120 S.Ct. 2054. Also, the order gives no consideration to Mother’s previously-imposed “limit” that Father not be present during grandparent visits — a condition that seems particularly important now that Stepfather’s adoption of M.L.B. is complete, so that his rights as a legal parent must also be protected. Ordering such extensive visitation, without the required findings to indicate why Mother’s prior limitations on duration and *588 Father’s presence were unreasonable, or how the sudden increase in visitation would affect M.L.B., risks exactly what Troxel forbids: “infring[ing] on the fundamental right of parents to make child rearing decisions” by substituting a court’s own judgment of what would be “a ‘better’ decision.” Id. at 72-73, 120 S.Ct. 2054. We end our analysis with the fourth factor: the child’s best interests. In this regard, the trial court’s findings are amply supported by the evidence. The court found that M.L.B. barely knows his largely absent biological father, but has had a good and consistent relationship with Grandfather and the paternal extended family for his entire lifetime, and he often sees them two to four times per month and for major holidays. The court further found that M.L.B. calls Grandfather “Grandpa,” and Grandfather’s wife “Grandma,” and has a loving, positive relationship with them. Those findings support the conclusion that “[i]t is in [M.L.B .’s] best interests to continue to have regular and meaningful contact with [Grandfather].” The best-interests factor is satisfied here. As we observed in K.I., “although the amount of visitation is left to the sound discretion of the trial court, the Grandparent Visitation Act contemplates only occasional, temporary visitation that does not substantially infringe on a parent’s fundamental right to control the upbringing, education, and religious training of their children.” 903 N.E.2d at 462 (internal citations, quotations, and substitutions omitted). Accordingly, despite the trial court’s ample “best interests” findings, the lack of findings on the other three factors, both standing alone and as compounded by the extensive visitation awarded without those necessary findings, violates Mother’s fundamental right to direct M.L.B.’s upbringing. III. Remedy on Remand. Having determined that the trial court’s order is defective, we must now determine the appropriate remedy. K.I., for example, resulted in remand “with instructions to enter appropriate findings and conclusions consistent with this opinion and the Grandparent Visitation Act.” 903 N.E.2d at 462-63. Several Court of Appeals decisions, including McCune, have also concluded that the remedy is a remand for new findings and conclusions based upon the existing record. E.g., In re Guardianship of A.L.C., 902 N.E.2d 343, 359-60 (Ind.Ct.App.2009) (remanding for “more specific findings and conclusions,” but “without a hearing”); 870 N.E.2d at 522 (remanding “for further consideration ... in light of’ McCune); Ramsey v. Ramsey, 863 N.E.2d 1232, 1240 (Ind.Ct.App.2007) (remanding for more specific findings and conclusions “in accordance with McCune ”); McCune, 783 N.E.2d at 759-60 (“we remand this case to the trial court for proceedings consistent with this opinion”). We agree that the same remedy is appropriate in this case. Even though the trial court’s findings are insufficient, that does not render its order void — that is, “of no effect whatsoever, ... incapable of confirmation or ratification.” P.E.M., 818 N.E.2d at 36-37. Rather, “[w]hen a trial court fails to issue specific findings in accordance with McCune, the order is voidable, and the remedy on appeal is a remand to the trial court instructing it to enter a proper order containing the required findings.” A.L.C., 902 N.E.2d at 359 (emphasis added). We therefore remand to the trial court for entry of new findings and conclusions revealing its consideration of all four McCune/K.1. factors, without a new hearing. *589 In ordering new findings on the old evidence, it is not our goal to impose a rigid formalism, under which any order that recites enough of Troxel’s “magic words” will be affirmed. Obviously, it will not be enough to merely recite those factors, unless there is also analysis of how the evidence as weighed by the trial court fits within that framework. Conversely, we also do not decide the extent to which a trial court’s findings that do not mention these factors by name might nevertheless sufficiently address them in substance. For today, it is enough to observe that this particular order wholly fails to address the first two factors, and is unclear at best as to its assessment of the third; and that each of those defects is of constitutional dimension. Accordingly, this order is voidable and requires remand to correct those defects through new findings and conclusions. Conclusion We remand this case to the trial court for new findings and conclusions as required by McCune and K.I., without hearing new evidence. DICKSON, C.J., and RUCKER, DAVID, and MASSA, JJ., concur.